Infrastructure Guidance for COVID-19/Alternate Care Sites/Case Studies: Difference between revisions

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[[Infrastructure Guidance for COVID-19/Alternate Care Sites#Typology Dictates]]
[[Infrastructure Guidance for COVID-19/Alternate Care Sites#Typology Dictates]]
==SARS ACS precedents ==
<hr>
==== <big>Site type: Existing Hospital</big> ====
'''Response:''' Minor Adaptive Reuse
'''Service Model:''' Clustered Cohort
'''Examples:'''
'''Sung-Shan Military Hospital Taipei'''<ref>Fung, C., Hsieh, T., Tan, K., Loh, C., Wu, J., Li, C., . . . Lee, C. (2004). Rapid Creation of a Temporary Isolation Ward for Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Taiwan. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 25(12), 1026-1032. doi:10.1086/502339 [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/rapid-creation-of-a-temporary-isolation-ward-for-patients-with-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-in-taiwan/8387561595A67A21F5183E44E4474C69]</ref><br>
Conversion of existing non-isolation buildings to isolation wards for the treatment of SARS patients. Steps for conversion and implementation described. Nosocomial infection rate 0.6% ascribed to non-compliance with procedures. <br>
<u>Infrastructure steps were taken: </u>
# Clear buildings of people & equipment.
# Fans (commercial grade 3 X 1 m blades, 65W, 60Hz) above each window.
# Plug doors to create negative pressure relative to the corridor (0.028-0.07 water gauge in rooms to 0.0 in corridors.)
# Close stairways between floors.
# Creating three zones at the ground floor for entry A: clean zone for changing and administration; B: Intermediate zone for removing the inner layer of PPE, showering; C: contaminated zone for removing the outer layer of PPE;
# Cleaning regime described.
# Patient transport described;
# Treatment of SARS patients and handling of the equipment described: Interesting: Centralize facilities to better manage and train health care workers and control nosocomial infection.
'''Response:''' Augmentation
'''Service Model:''' Mass ICU
'''Examples:'''
'''Richmond University Medical Center in West Brighton'''<ref>Joseph Ostapiuk, 2020 [https://www.silive.com/coronavirus/2020/03/staten-island-hospitals-boosting-capacity-to-meet-potential-coronavirus-scenarios.html https://www.silive.com/coronavirus/2020/03/staten-island-hospitals-boosting-capacity-to-meet-potential-coronavirus-scenarios.html]</ref><br>
A medical tent is stationed outside [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_University_Medical_Center Richmond University Medical Center in West Brighton]
[[File:Richmond University Medical Center.png|600px|thumb|none|A medical tent is stationed outside Richmond University Medical Center in West Brighton]]
----
==== <big>Site type: Existing Hotel</big> ====
'''Response:''' Minor Adaptive Reuse
'''Service Model:''' Obligate - Cellular/ single room
'''Examples:'''
'''Theory Only'''<ref>Salus, 2020, [https://www.salus.global/article-show/architecture-a-critical-ingredient-of-pandemic-medicine https://www.salus.global/article-show/architecture-a-critical-ingredient-of-pandemic-medicine]</ref><ref name="Schroer">Shroer, 2020 [https://www.ashe.org/what-if-we-used-hotel-patients https://www.ashe.org/what-if-we-used-hotel-patients]</ref><br>
<gallery mode=packed heights=300px>
Triage Assessment Scenario.png|Triage Assessment Scenario <ref name="Schroer"/>
covid19_facility.png|Covid19 Hotel Facility.png <ref name="Schroer"/>
</gallery>
<hr>
==== <big>Site type: Conference Centre</big>====
'''Response:''' Repurposing
'''Service Model:''' Mass ICU
'''Examples:'''
'''NHS Nightingale Hospital, London'''<ref name="NHS Nightingale Hospital London">Coronavirus: Building NHS Nightingale Hospital London, 2020 [https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-52092253 https://www.bbc.com/news]</ref>, '''Javits Center, New York'''<ref name="architectmagazine">KATHARINE KEANE 2020, [https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/these-architects-are-addressing-covid-19-health-care-infrastructure-capacity_o These Architects Are Addressing COVID-19 Health Care Infrastructure Capacity]</ref>, '''Los Angeles Convention Centre'''<ref>Annlee Ellingson 2020, L.A. Convention Center transforming into a field hospital during coronavirus crisis, [https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2020/03/30/l-a-convention-center-transforming-into-a-field.html]</ref>
<gallery mode=packed heights=400px>
NHS Nightingale Hospital London.png|NHS Nightingale Hospital London <ref name="NHS Nightingale Hospital London"/>
Javits Center temporary hospital patient space.png|Javits Center temporary hospital patient space <ref name="architectmagazine"/><ref>Governor Cuomo, 2020 [https://www.flickr.com/photos/governorandrewcuomo/49705378921/in/album-72157713647404916/ www.flickr.com]</ref>
Los Angeles Convention Center overflow management study.png|Los Angeles Convention Center overflow management study <ref name="architectmagazine"/>
</gallery>
<hr>
==== <big>Site type: Open Field</big> ====
'''Response:''' Modular Construction
'''Service Model:''' Cellular / Single Room
'''Examples:'''
'''Volumetric Building Companies (VBC) Philadelphia'''<ref name="Mike Beirne">Mike Beirne, 2020[https://www.probuilder.com/modular-builders-mobilize-deliver-prefab-modules-coronavirus-care https://www.probuilder.com</ref>  (Linear format),
'''MAII – USA'''<ref name="Courtesy Philip Patrick Sun">Courtesy Philip Patrick Sun</ref> (Clustered configuration)
<gallery mode=packed heights=400px>
Floor plan for modular self-contained care unit.png|Floor plan for modular self-contained care unit <ref name="Mike Beirne"/>
MAII - USA (Clustered Configuration).png|MAII - USA (Clustered Configuration) <ref name="Courtesy Philip Patrick Sun"/>
</gallery>
'''Response:''' Repurposed Shipping Containers
'''Service Model:''' Mass ICU
'''Examples:'''
'''CURA, Milan'''<ref name="Matthew Marani">Matthew Marani, 2020, CURA aims to retrofit shipping containers into COVID-19 treatment centers [https://archpaper.com/2020/03/cura-shipping-containers-into-covid-19-treatment-centers/#gallery-0-slide-0]</ref>
<gallery mode=packed heights=400px>
Axonometric diagram of how the containers would be laid out.png|Axonometric diagram of how the containers would be laid out <ref name="Matthew Marani"/>
Visualisation of CURA concept.png|thumb|Visualisation of CURA concept <ref name="Matthew Marani"/>
</gallery>
'''Response:''' Tented Construction
'''Service Model:''' Mass ICU or Triage
'''Examples:'''
'''Central Park, New York''' <ref name="Ben Kesslen">Ben Kesslen, 2020, Central Park tent hospital admits first COVID-19 patient [https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/2020-04-01-coronavirus-news-n1173686/ncrd1174261#blogHeader https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/]</ref>
'''Brescia, Lombardy, Italy''' <ref name="Francesca Volpi">Francesca Volpi/Bloomberg, 2020 [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-02/the-world-just-hit-1-million-coronavirus-infections https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-02/the-world-just-hit-1-million-coronavirus-infections]</ref>
<gallery mode=packed heights=400px>
A temporary hospital in Central Park's East Meadow on March 31, 2020 in New York.png|A temporary hospital in Central Park's East Meadow <ref name="Ben Kesslen"/>
Triage tent in Brescia, Lombardy.png|thumb|Medical personnel work inside a triage tent at a hospital in Brescia, Italy on March 13.Photographer: Francesca Volpi/Bloomberg <ref name="Francesca Volpi"/>
</gallery>

Revision as of 15:59, 24 April 2020

Infrastructure Guidance for COVID-19/Alternate Care Sites#Typology Dictates

SARS ACS precedents

Site type: Existing Hospital

Response: Minor Adaptive Reuse

Service Model: Clustered Cohort

Examples:

Sung-Shan Military Hospital Taipei[1]
Conversion of existing non-isolation buildings to isolation wards for the treatment of SARS patients. Steps for conversion and implementation described. Nosocomial infection rate 0.6% ascribed to non-compliance with procedures.

Infrastructure steps were taken:

  1. Clear buildings of people & equipment.
  2. Fans (commercial grade 3 X 1 m blades, 65W, 60Hz) above each window.
  3. Plug doors to create negative pressure relative to the corridor (0.028-0.07 water gauge in rooms to 0.0 in corridors.)
  4. Close stairways between floors.
  5. Creating three zones at the ground floor for entry A: clean zone for changing and administration; B: Intermediate zone for removing the inner layer of PPE, showering; C: contaminated zone for removing the outer layer of PPE;
  6. Cleaning regime described.
  7. Patient transport described;
  8. Treatment of SARS patients and handling of the equipment described: Interesting: Centralize facilities to better manage and train health care workers and control nosocomial infection.


Response: Augmentation

Service Model: Mass ICU

Examples:

Richmond University Medical Center in West Brighton[2]
A medical tent is stationed outside Richmond University Medical Center in West Brighton

A medical tent is stationed outside Richmond University Medical Center in West Brighton


Site type: Existing Hotel

Response: Minor Adaptive Reuse

Service Model: Obligate - Cellular/ single room

Examples:

Theory Only[3][4]

  • Triage Assessment Scenario [4]
    Triage Assessment Scenario [4]
  • Covid19 Hotel Facility.png [4]
    Covid19 Hotel Facility.png [4]

Site type: Conference Centre

Response: Repurposing

Service Model: Mass ICU

Examples:

NHS Nightingale Hospital, London[5], Javits Center, New York[6], Los Angeles Convention Centre[7]

  • NHS Nightingale Hospital London [5]
    NHS Nightingale Hospital London [5]
  • Javits Center temporary hospital patient space [6][8]
    Javits Center temporary hospital patient space [6][8]
  • Los Angeles Convention Center overflow management study [6]
    Los Angeles Convention Center overflow management study [6]

Site type: Open Field

Response: Modular Construction

Service Model: Cellular / Single Room

Examples:

Volumetric Building Companies (VBC) Philadelphia[9] (Linear format), MAII – USA[10] (Clustered configuration)

  • Floor plan for modular self-contained care unit [9]
    Floor plan for modular self-contained care unit [9]
  • MAII - USA (Clustered Configuration) [10]
    MAII - USA (Clustered Configuration) [10]


Response: Repurposed Shipping Containers

Service Model: Mass ICU

Examples:

CURA, Milan[11]

  • Axonometric diagram of how the containers would be laid out [11]
    Axonometric diagram of how the containers would be laid out [11]
  • Visualisation of CURA concept [11]
    Visualisation of CURA concept [11]


Response: Tented Construction

Service Model: Mass ICU or Triage

Examples:

Central Park, New York [12] Brescia, Lombardy, Italy [13]

  • A temporary hospital in Central Park's East Meadow [12]
    A temporary hospital in Central Park's East Meadow [12]
  • Medical personnel work inside a triage tent at a hospital in Brescia, Italy on March 13.Photographer: Francesca Volpi/Bloomberg [13]
    Medical personnel work inside a triage tent at a hospital in Brescia, Italy on March 13.Photographer: Francesca Volpi/Bloomberg [13]
  1. ↑ Fung, C., Hsieh, T., Tan, K., Loh, C., Wu, J., Li, C., . . . Lee, C. (2004). Rapid Creation of a Temporary Isolation Ward for Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Taiwan. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 25(12), 1026-1032. doi:10.1086/502339 [1]
  2. ↑ Joseph Ostapiuk, 2020 https://www.silive.com/coronavirus/2020/03/staten-island-hospitals-boosting-capacity-to-meet-potential-coronavirus-scenarios.html
  3. ↑ Salus, 2020, https://www.salus.global/article-show/architecture-a-critical-ingredient-of-pandemic-medicine
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Shroer, 2020 https://www.ashe.org/what-if-we-used-hotel-patients
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Coronavirus: Building NHS Nightingale Hospital London, 2020 https://www.bbc.com/news
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 KATHARINE KEANE 2020, These Architects Are Addressing COVID-19 Health Care Infrastructure Capacity
  7. ↑ Annlee Ellingson 2020, L.A. Convention Center transforming into a field hospital during coronavirus crisis, [2]
  8. ↑ Governor Cuomo, 2020 www.flickr.com
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mike Beirne, 2020[https://www.probuilder.com/modular-builders-mobilize-deliver-prefab-modules-coronavirus-care https://www.probuilder.com
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Courtesy Philip Patrick Sun
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Matthew Marani, 2020, CURA aims to retrofit shipping containers into COVID-19 treatment centers [3]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Ben Kesslen, 2020, Central Park tent hospital admits first COVID-19 patient https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Francesca Volpi/Bloomberg, 2020 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-02/the-world-just-hit-1-million-coronavirus-infections
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