Sustainability - Revision history

Tmojanaga: /* REFERENCES */

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REFERENCES

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	#[https://www.cityenergy.org.za/uploads/resource_82.pdf SEA 2006, . Sustainable Energy Africa. Cape Town.]		#[https://www.cityenergy.org.za/uploads/resource_82.pdf SEA 2006, . Sustainable Energy Africa. Cape Town.]
	#[http://www.woodybpower.biz/Sans%20204.pdf South African Bureau of Standards. 2007. SANS 204 Energy Efficiency in Facilities]		#[http://www.woodybpower.biz/Sans%20204.pdf South African Bureau of Standards. 2007. SANS 204 Energy Efficiency in Facilities]
	#[[WWF 2004. Living Planet Report 2006.World Wildlife Fund]].		#[http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/lpr_living_planet_report_2004.pdf WWF 2004. Living Planet Report 2006.World Wildlife Fund].

	==APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION PLANS==		==APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION PLANS==

Tmojanaga: /* REFERENCES */

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REFERENCES

Tmojanaga: /* REFERENCES */

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REFERENCES

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	#[http://www.cidb.org.za/publications/Documents/Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emission%20Baselines%20and%20%20Reduction%20Potentials%20from%20Buildings%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf CIDB, 2009. South African Report on Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction, Potentials from Facilities, A Discussion Document. Construction Industry Development Board. Page 22].		#[http://www.cidb.org.za/publications/Documents/Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emission%20Baselines%20and%20%20Reduction%20Potentials%20from%20Buildings%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf CIDB, 2009. South African Report on Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction, Potentials from Facilities, A Discussion Document. Construction Industry Development Board. Page 22].
	#. DEAT, 1995. Urban Open Space: Guidelines for effective management. Discussion document based on Agenda 21 and the RDP		#. DEAT, 1995. Urban Open Space: Guidelines for effective management. Discussion document based on Agenda 21 and the RDP
	#DEAT, 1998. National Environmental Management Act. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Chapter 1.		#[https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/nema_guidelines_g33333gen654_0.pdf DEAT, 1998. National Environmental Management Act. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Chapter 1.]
	#DEAT 2009, State of the Environment Report Accessible from http://soer.deat.gov.za/themes.aspx?m=387		#DEAT 2009, State of the Environment Report Accessible from http://soer.deat.gov.za/themes.aspx?m=387
	#DEAT, 2009a, The National Climate Change Response Policy. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Page 8.		#DEAT, 2009a, The National Climate Change Response Policy. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Page 8.

Tmojanaga: /* REFERENCES */

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REFERENCES

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	==REFERENCES==		==REFERENCES==

	#CIDB, 2009. South African Report on Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction, Potentials from Facilities, A Discussion Document. Construction Industry Development Board. Page 22.		#[http://www.cidb.org.za/publications/Documents/Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emission%20Baselines%20and%20%20Reduction%20Potentials%20from%20Buildings%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf CIDB, 2009. South African Report on Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction, Potentials from Facilities, A Discussion Document. Construction Industry Development Board. Page 22].
	#. DEAT, 1995. Urban Open Space: Guidelines for effective management. Discussion document based on Agenda 21 and the RDP		#. DEAT, 1995. Urban Open Space: Guidelines for effective management. Discussion document based on Agenda 21 and the RDP
	#DEAT, 1998. National Environmental Management Act. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Chapter 1.		#DEAT, 1998. National Environmental Management Act. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Chapter 1.

Tobyvan: /* CHAPTER 1 */

2021-05-03T11:58:26Z

CHAPTER 1

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	~~==CHAPTER 1==~~

	~~===1.1 HISTORY===~~
	Legionnaires’ disease was first described after a pneumonia outbreak at an American Legion Convention held in Philadelphia during 1976. In total, 182 delegates were affected and 29 died before workers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) based in Atlanta, USA isolated the causative organism in January 1977. The organism was placed in the family Legionellaceae, genus Legionella to commemorate the first victims of the disease. The first species was named Legionella pneumophila (Greek for “lung loving”).

	It soon became clear that legionellae were not really new; retrospective studies showed that an organism isolated for the first time in 1944 (called Tatlockia micdadei) actually belonged to the genus Legionella. The first strain of L pneumophila was isolated already in 1947 from a guinea pig that had previously been inoculated with blood from a patient with what was called an “unknown febrile disease” at the time. The two decades following the discovery of the family Legionellaceae was marked by rapid developments in Legionella detection and the identification of numerous new species. Twenty-eight new Legionella species and two “Legionella-like amoebal pathogens” (LLAPs) (LLAP-1 and LLAP-6) were isolated during the 1980s, mostly from sources in the USA. The 1990s were marked by an increase in Legionella isolation from countries in Europe and Australia with fifteen new Legionella species being described for the first time.

	More than half of the currently known Legionella species are potentially pathogenic to humans. L. pneumophila is still implicated in >80% of infections; however, as more species are isolated from environmental sources worldwide, even those species not yet associated with disease should be considered as potentially pathogenic until proven otherwise. For example, L. longbeacheae, often isolated from potting soil, is considered the most common cause of legionellosis in Australia. Legionellae are faintly staining gram negative, rod-shaped, non acid fast bacteria that to not form spores or capsules. All species except L. oakridgensis are motile. Legionellae are typically between 0.3 and 0.9 µm wide and 1- 20 µm long. However, shorter forms measuring 1- 2 µm in length are often observed in clinical specimens or under conditions of iron deprivation.

	The ability of legionellae to grow in water is influenced by several factors. They can grow at temperatures between 20°C and 60°C, with optimal growth occurring between 37°C and 45°C. They prefer a pH in the range of 5.0 9.5 and only grow in the presence of Lcysteine, HCl and iron salts. Legionella-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) are very similar to Legionella species in that they are gram negative, infect amoebae and can survive and multiply intracellularly. However, they cannot be cultured on laboratory media. The first LLAP was isolated 1from soil in Poland in 1954 and was named Sarcobium lyticum. The next isolation of an LLAP was in England more than 20 years later. Since then, LLAPs have been isolated from various sources, mostly associated with confirmed cases or outbreaks of 2 3Legionnaires’ disease. Three of the LLAPs have since been reclassified as L. drozanskii, L. rowbothamii and L falloni. The currently known LLAPs are listed in Table 1.2.

	~~=== 1.2 INTERACTIONS WITH PROTOZOA ===~~
	Legionellae are slow-growing organisms that require a combination of nutrients for growth. Due to their fastidious nature and lack of antibiotic activity, they may be replaced by faster growing organisms if they do not have an alternative means of survival in aquatic environments. The fact that legionellae are ubiquitous in these environments suggests that protozoa, especially amoebae, play a supportive role in their survival and multiplication. In fact, their natural habitat, parasitic to protist hosts, has now been 4proven.

	Rowbotham was the first to demonstrate interactions between legionellae and protozoa. To date, protozoa of the genera Acanthamoeba, Tetrahymena, Naegleria, Echinamoeba and Vanella species have been implicated in these interactions. Not much is known about the metabolic and physiological status of legionellae after passage through protozoa, but in vitro studies have shown changes in their physiological status resulting in iron deprivation, possibly changing the susceptibility of the released bacteria to chemical inactivation. Although they can survive extracellularly, this phase is believed to be only temporary while they are searching for new hosts to 6infect. Furthermore, it was recently documented that very few Legionella bacteria are needed to start intracellular replication. Some workers have reported a 7000 times increase in Legionella colony forming units (CFU) after intracellular replication buth there is no consensus yet as many believe that this intracellular replication cycle is not necessary for the proliferation of legionellae within mixed bacterial populations. From these studies it is clear that there is still extensive research to be done on this aspect of Legionella survival in the environment. Until more becomes known, it is unsafe to assume that the absence of protozoa within water samples prevents the survival of legionellae; as long as there are other bacterial species present, appropriate measures should be taken to prevent Legionella proliferation.

	~~=== 1.3 HOW DOES THE INTERACTION WITH PROTOZOA BENEFIT LEGIONELLAE? ===~~
	Amoeba trophozoites feed and multiply in water and biofilm. When conditions become unfavourable, these trophozoites are transformed into cysts with hard, impermeable outer walls that provide protection for ingested Legionella organisms. When conditions become more favourable, the cysts change to trophozoites again and the bacteria are set free. Legionellae have been 7recovered from cysts treated with 50 parts per million (ppm) chlorine suggesting a high level of protection by the cysts. This high resistance of amoebal cysts to biocides may be the mechanism for the apparent reseeding of water systems by legionellae often experienced in the water treatment industry. However, recontamination may also occur via transmission of airborne cysts acting as carriers for the legionellae.

	~~=== 1.4 HOW IMPORTANT IS LEGIONELLA IN SOUTH AFRICA? ===~~
	~~<br />~~
	==INTRODUCTION==		==INTRODUCTION==

Tmojanaga: /* INTRODUCTION */

2020-10-29T04:28:32Z

INTRODUCTION

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	== CHAPTER 1 ==		==CHAPTER 1==

	== HISTORY ==		===1.1 HISTORY===
	Legionnaires’ disease was first described after a pneumonia outbreak at an American Legion Convention held in Philadelphia during 1976. In total, 182 delegates were affected and 29 died before workers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) based in Atlanta, USA isolated the causative organism in January 1977. The organism was placed in the family Legionellaceae, genus Legionella to commemorate the first victims of the disease. The first species was named Legionella pneumophila (Greek for “lung loving”).		Legionnaires’ disease was first described after a pneumonia outbreak at an American Legion Convention held in Philadelphia during 1976. In total, 182 delegates were affected and 29 died before workers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) based in Atlanta, USA isolated the causative organism in January 1977. The organism was placed in the family Legionellaceae, genus Legionella to commemorate the first victims of the disease. The first species was named Legionella pneumophila (Greek for “lung loving”).

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	The ability of legionellae to grow in water is influenced by several factors. They can grow at temperatures between 20°C and 60°C, with optimal growth occurring between 37°C and 45°C. They prefer a pH in the range of 5.0 9.5 and only grow in the presence of Lcysteine, HCl and iron salts. Legionella-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) are very similar to Legionella species in that they are gram negative, infect amoebae and can survive and multiply intracellularly. However, they cannot be cultured on laboratory media. The first LLAP was isolated 1from soil in Poland in 1954 and was named Sarcobium lyticum. The next isolation of an LLAP was in England more than 20 years later. Since then, LLAPs have been isolated from various sources, mostly associated with confirmed cases or outbreaks of 2 3Legionnaires’ disease. Three of the LLAPs have since been reclassified as L. drozanskii, L. rowbothamii and L falloni. The currently known LLAPs are listed in Table 1.2.		The ability of legionellae to grow in water is influenced by several factors. They can grow at temperatures between 20°C and 60°C, with optimal growth occurring between 37°C and 45°C. They prefer a pH in the range of 5.0 9.5 and only grow in the presence of Lcysteine, HCl and iron salts. Legionella-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) are very similar to Legionella species in that they are gram negative, infect amoebae and can survive and multiply intracellularly. However, they cannot be cultured on laboratory media. The first LLAP was isolated 1from soil in Poland in 1954 and was named Sarcobium lyticum. The next isolation of an LLAP was in England more than 20 years later. Since then, LLAPs have been isolated from various sources, mostly associated with confirmed cases or outbreaks of 2 3Legionnaires’ disease. Three of the LLAPs have since been reclassified as L. drozanskii, L. rowbothamii and L falloni. The currently known LLAPs are listed in Table 1.2.

			=== 1.2 INTERACTIONS WITH PROTOZOA ===
			Legionellae are slow-growing organisms that require a combination of nutrients for growth. Due to their fastidious nature and lack of antibiotic activity, they may be replaced by faster growing organisms if they do not have an alternative means of survival in aquatic environments. The fact that legionellae are ubiquitous in these environments suggests that protozoa, especially amoebae, play a supportive role in their survival and multiplication. In fact, their natural habitat, parasitic to protist hosts, has now been 4proven.

			Rowbotham was the first to demonstrate interactions between legionellae and protozoa. To date, protozoa of the genera Acanthamoeba, Tetrahymena, Naegleria, Echinamoeba and Vanella species have been implicated in these interactions. Not much is known about the metabolic and physiological status of legionellae after passage through protozoa, but in vitro studies have shown changes in their physiological status resulting in iron deprivation, possibly changing the susceptibility of the released bacteria to chemical inactivation. Although they can survive extracellularly, this phase is believed to be only temporary while they are searching for new hosts to 6infect. Furthermore, it was recently documented that very few Legionella bacteria are needed to start intracellular replication. Some workers have reported a 7000 times increase in Legionella colony forming units (CFU) after intracellular replication buth there is no consensus yet as many believe that this intracellular replication cycle is not necessary for the proliferation of legionellae within mixed bacterial populations. From these studies it is clear that there is still extensive research to be done on this aspect of Legionella survival in the environment. Until more becomes known, it is unsafe to assume that the absence of protozoa within water samples prevents the survival of legionellae; as long as there are other bacterial species present, appropriate measures should be taken to prevent Legionella proliferation.

			=== 1.3 HOW DOES THE INTERACTION WITH PROTOZOA BENEFIT LEGIONELLAE? ===
			Amoeba trophozoites feed and multiply in water and biofilm. When conditions become unfavourable, these trophozoites are transformed into cysts with hard, impermeable outer walls that provide protection for ingested Legionella organisms. When conditions become more favourable, the cysts change to trophozoites again and the bacteria are set free. Legionellae have been 7recovered from cysts treated with 50 parts per million (ppm) chlorine suggesting a high level of protection by the cysts. This high resistance of amoebal cysts to biocides may be the mechanism for the apparent reseeding of water systems by legionellae often experienced in the water treatment industry. However, recontamination may also occur via transmission of airborne cysts acting as carriers for the legionellae.

			=== 1.4 HOW IMPORTANT IS LEGIONELLA IN SOUTH AFRICA? ===
			<br />
	==INTRODUCTION==		==INTRODUCTION==

Tmojanaga: /* INTRODUCTION */

2020-10-29T04:21:42Z

INTRODUCTION

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:21, 29 October 2020
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			== CHAPTER 1 ==

			== HISTORY ==
			Legionnaires’ disease was first described after a pneumonia outbreak at an American Legion Convention held in Philadelphia during 1976. In total, 182 delegates were affected and 29 died before workers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) based in Atlanta, USA isolated the causative organism in January 1977. The organism was placed in the family Legionellaceae, genus Legionella to commemorate the first victims of the disease. The first species was named Legionella pneumophila (Greek for “lung loving”).

			It soon became clear that legionellae were not really new; retrospective studies showed that an organism isolated for the first time in 1944 (called Tatlockia micdadei) actually belonged to the genus Legionella. The first strain of L pneumophila was isolated already in 1947 from a guinea pig that had previously been inoculated with blood from a patient with what was called an “unknown febrile disease” at the time. The two decades following the discovery of the family Legionellaceae was marked by rapid developments in Legionella detection and the identification of numerous new species. Twenty-eight new Legionella species and two “Legionella-like amoebal pathogens” (LLAPs) (LLAP-1 and LLAP-6) were isolated during the 1980s, mostly from sources in the USA. The 1990s were marked by an increase in Legionella isolation from countries in Europe and Australia with fifteen new Legionella species being described for the first time.

			More than half of the currently known Legionella species are potentially pathogenic to humans. L. pneumophila is still implicated in >80% of infections; however, as more species are isolated from environmental sources worldwide, even those species not yet associated with disease should be considered as potentially pathogenic until proven otherwise. For example, L. longbeacheae, often isolated from potting soil, is considered the most common cause of legionellosis in Australia. Legionellae are faintly staining gram negative, rod-shaped, non acid fast bacteria that to not form spores or capsules. All species except L. oakridgensis are motile. Legionellae are typically between 0.3 and 0.9 µm wide and 1- 20 µm long. However, shorter forms measuring 1- 2 µm in length are often observed in clinical specimens or under conditions of iron deprivation.

			The ability of legionellae to grow in water is influenced by several factors. They can grow at temperatures between 20°C and 60°C, with optimal growth occurring between 37°C and 45°C. They prefer a pH in the range of 5.0 9.5 and only grow in the presence of Lcysteine, HCl and iron salts. Legionella-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) are very similar to Legionella species in that they are gram negative, infect amoebae and can survive and multiply intracellularly. However, they cannot be cultured on laboratory media. The first LLAP was isolated 1from soil in Poland in 1954 and was named Sarcobium lyticum. The next isolation of an LLAP was in England more than 20 years later. Since then, LLAPs have been isolated from various sources, mostly associated with confirmed cases or outbreaks of 2 3Legionnaires’ disease. Three of the LLAPs have since been reclassified as L. drozanskii, L. rowbothamii and L falloni. The currently known LLAPs are listed in Table 1.2.

	==INTRODUCTION==		==INTRODUCTION==

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	#Are opening areas located to support effective natural ventilation?		#Are opening areas located to support effective natural ventilation?
	#Is the area of openings provided compliant with SANS 10400 XA:2011? <!-- add citation -->		#Is the area of openings provided compliant with SANS 10400 XA:2011?<!-- add citation -->

	Air tightness		Air tightness

Tobyvan: /* The contribution of the built environment */ -Comments

2020-09-08T08:54:25Z

The contribution of the built environment: -Comments

Show changes

Tmojanaga: /* Provision for cycling */

2020-09-08T07:20:21Z

Provision for cycling

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	===Provision for cycling===		===Provision for cycling===
	Making provision that encourages cycling helps to ensure that people cycle to health facilities instead of using motorised vehicles. Cycling can be encouraged by providing secure cycle storage, changing or showering facilities and safe, easy-to-use local routes.		Making provision that encourages cycling helps to ensure that people cycle to health facilities instead of using motorised vehicles. Cycling can be encouraged by providing secure cycle storage, changing or showering facilities and safe, easy-to-use local routes.

	#Are there safe direct cycle routes to and around the health facilities site from neighbouring areas? (see also criteria 4 for detail)		#Are there safe direct cycle routes to and around the health facilities site from neighbouring areas? (see also criteria 4 for detail)

Tmojanaga: /* APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION PLANS */

2020-09-08T07:16:31Z

APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION PLANS

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:16, 8 September 2020
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	==APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION PLANS==		==APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION PLANS==
	~~Area Targets Strategy Monitoring~~		<br />
	~~Sustainability performance area Sustainability targets and requirements Proposed strategy and process Progress on achievement of targets~~
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:52, 5 May 2021
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	#. DEAT, 1995. Urban Open Space: Guidelines for effective management. Discussion document based on Agenda 21 and the RDP		#. DEAT, 1995. Urban Open Space: Guidelines for effective management. Discussion document based on Agenda 21 and the RDP
	#[https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/nema_guidelines_g33333gen654_0.pdf DEAT, 1998. National Environmental Management Act. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Chapter 1.]		#[https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/nema_guidelines_g33333gen654_0.pdf DEAT, 1998. National Environmental Management Act. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Chapter 1.]
	#DEAT 2009, State of the Environment Report Accessible from http://soer.deat.gov.za/themes.aspx?m=387		#[https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/State_of_Environment_Report_2009_2010-08.pdf DEAT 2009, State of the Environment Report] Accessible from http://soer.deat.gov.za/themes.aspx?m=387
	#DEAT, 2009a, The National Climate Change Response Policy. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Page 8.		#[https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/legislations/national_climatechange_response_whitepaper_0.pdf DEAT, 2009a, The National Climate Change Response Policy. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Page 8.]
	#DEAT, 2009b, The National Climate Change Response Policy. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Page 14		#[https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/legislations/national_climatechange_response_whitepaper_0.pdf DEAT, 2009b, The National Climate Change Response Policy. Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Page 14]
	#DEAT, 2009c, The National Climate Change Response Policy. Policy Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Page 20.		#[https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/legislations/national_climatechange_response_whitepaper_0.pdf DEAT, 2009c, The National Climate Change Response Policy. Policy Department of Environment and Tourism, Pretoria. Page 20].
	#EMM and GDACE, 2007. Environmental Management Framework for Ekurhuleni. Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality and Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and the Environment		#[https://www.ekurhuleni.gov.za/council/reports/environmental-reports/469-environmental-managment-framework-2008/file.html EMM and GDACE, 2007. Environmental Management Framework for Ekurhuleni. Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality and Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and the Environment]
	#Hewitson, B. Engelbrecht, F Tadross, M. and Jack, C., 2005. General conclusions on development of plausible climate change scenarios for southern Africa, in: R. E. Schulze (ed.), Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation, Water Research Commission, WRC Report 1430/1/05, Pretoria, South Africa.		#[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260034209_General_conclusions_on_development_of_plausible_climate_change_scenarios_for_southern_Africa Hewitson, B. Engelbrecht, F Tadross, M. and Jack, C., 2005. General conclusions on development of plausible climate change scenarios for southern Africa, in: R. E. Schulze (ed.), Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation, Water Research Commission, WRC Report 1430/1/05, Pretoria, South Africa.]
	#IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007, Synthesis Report. Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007.Page 7		#[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4_syr_full_report.pdf IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007, Synthesis Report. Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007.Page 7]
	#SEA 2006, ~~State of Energy in South African Cities~~. Sustainable Energy Africa. Cape Town.		#[https://www.cityenergy.org.za/uploads/resource_82.pdf SEA 2006, . Sustainable Energy Africa. Cape Town.]
	#South African Bureau of Standards. 2007. SANS 204 Energy Efficiency in Facilities		#[http://www.woodybpower.biz/Sans%20204.pdf South African Bureau of Standards. 2007. SANS 204 Energy Efficiency in Facilities]
	#WWF ~~2006~~. Living Planet Report 2006.World Wildlife Fund~~. Accessed from www.panda.org~~.		#[[WWF 2004. Living Planet Report 2006.World Wildlife Fund]].

	==APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION PLANS==		==APPENDIX A: SUSTAINABILITY INTEGRATION PLANS==