https://thehillside.info/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=SheldonBoleThe HILLSIDE - User contributions [en-gb]2026-05-19T12:44:53ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.5https://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Materials_and_finishes_-_Internal_Floor_Finishes&diff=6163Materials and finishes - Internal Floor Finishes2026-04-22T10:34:27Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>= CONTEXT =<br />
<br />
<span id="overview-finishes-in-the-healthcare-environment"></span><br />
== Overview: Finishes in the healthcare environment ==<br />
<br />
“Flooring occupies every square inch of measured healthcare facility space providing a major life cycle investment opportunity to help realise positive healthcare outcomes.” (Centre for Health Design, 2012)<br />
<br />
Build''i''ng finishes account for a large proportion of the overall cost of constructing a healthcare facility. According to Shohet et al. (2002), interior finishing and interior construction accounts for 32% of the initial budget. Maintenance and cleaning of finishes add substantially to the ‘whole-life costs’ of finishes within a hospital or healthcare facility.<br />
<br />
Despite this, finishes are often treated as optional and purely aesthetic components of the building and the spaces within it. When budget constraints are implemented, the finishes are usually the first area to suffer. Institutions will often standardise finishes across a spectrum of rooms/facilities for economy in replacement and/or cleaning regimes.<br />
<br />
Interior finishes, however, play a vital role in the healthcare environment, and contribute substantially to the delivery of healthcare service and the protection of staff and patients.<br />
<br />
<span id="until-the-germ-theory-was-developed-more-men-were-dying-from-small-wounds-and-diseases-than-from-major-traumas-on-the-frontlines.-but-as-soon-as-germ-theory-was-developed-a-whole-new-paradigm-a-better-way-of-understanding-what-was-happening-made-dramatic-significant-medical-improvement-possible-covey-1992"></span><br />
===== ''“Until the germ theory was developed, more men were dying from small wounds and diseases than from major traumas on the frontlines. But as soon as germ theory was developed a whole new paradigm, a better way of understanding what was happening made dramatic significant medical improvement possible” (Covey, 1992)'' =====<br />
<br />
In a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) in association with the University of Sheffield and Queen Margaret University College, 2004, the comments from the majority of people who visited hospitals, including staff and patients, included “cold, depressing, dehumanising, Kafkaesque, dirty, smelly, frightening, impersonal, confusing, dull shabby, windowless, grim, stressful…”. While it is a fact that most patients interviewed may have been negative as a result of their being ill, it does highlight a problem of the inhumane and threatening appearance of hospital environments (historically) where even more attention should be paid to creating a caring atmosphere.<br />
<br />
It is this paradigm shift that is required when considering and selecting finishes. The role of finishes in a healthcare facility has become as important an aspect of design as room sizes and relationships.<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1d-image6.jpeg|221x161px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Building finishes are usually seen as a separate and final application to the building structure (Dean, 1996).<br />
<br />
There are however, instances where the finish is integral to the structure. These documents therefore include finishes and materials in such cases.<br />
<br />
How to use this document:<br />
<br />
Review the selection criteria – Part B<br />
<br />
Select a room/department name in Part D, and note the performance category.<br />
<br />
'''Refer to Table 1 for the properties that make up that performance category.'''<br />
<br />
'''Refer to Part C to assess flooring types that could satisfy those performance requirements.'''<br />
<br />
Suite of documents<br />
<br />
This document forms part of a series of documents addressing internal materials and finishes in health facilities, which in turn form part of the suite of documents created under the IUSS Project. The aim of the materials and finishes suite of documents is to provide guidance on design and specification for the various building components where current legislation, including the National Building Regulations, does not adequately cover suitability of finishes in the healthcare facility context.<br />
<br />
While the guidelines speak mostly to new building work, most of the principles are consistent with refurbishment projects to existing buildings as well.<br />
<br />
Other IUSS health facility guides in this series include: ''<br /><br />
''<br />
<br />
* Internal Ceiling Finishes (draft document rev 4)<br />
* Internal Wall Finishes (draft document rev 4)<br />
* Joinery and Storage Systems (to follow)<br />
* Doors and Ironmongery (to follow)<br />
* Sanitary ware (to follow)<br />
* Signage and Wayfinding (to follow)<br />
<br />
These guidelines are updated and revised periodically, and can be accessed at [http://www.iussonline.co.za/ <u>www.iussonline.co.za</u>].<br />
<br />
The primary objective of this technical guide is to assist decision-makers with the selection of ‘appropriate’ floor finishes in the health facility context.<br />
<br />
The guide looks at the context (Part A), then examines various selection criteria (Part B) then summarises technical information of various floor finishes (Part C) to assist with assessing the best finish for the facility. Finally, the selection criteria are grouped together to form performance categories (Part D) and a matrix of rooms which indicates the most relevant performance category.<br />
<br />
<span id="policy-context"></span><br />
== Policy context ==<br />
<br />
This document offers guidance on the selection of appropriate floor finishes in health facilities. While the aim is to inform project and design teams about the wide range of considerations to take into account when selecting finishes, it does not diminish the responsibility of the design team to comply with all applicable professional and regulatory obligations and to specify materials and finishes ‘fit for purpose’.<br />
<br />
Some of the pertinent regulations are the following:<br />
<br />
* National Building Regulations and Building Standards ACT, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977) amended 30 May 2008.<br />
* SANS 10400, Code of Practice for the application of the National Building Regulations, first Rev. August 1990.<br />
<br />
SANS 204 Energy efficiency in buildings (General)<br />
<br />
SANS 281 Hardwood block and strip flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 586 Resin modified vinyl floor tiles<br />
<br />
SANS 784 Design edition 1 for access and mobility – tactile indicators<br />
<br />
SANS 786 Flexible vinyl flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 978 Wood mosaic flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 1042 Polymer floor dressings<br />
<br />
SANS 1375 Woven carpeting<br />
<br />
SANS 1415 Textile floor coverings (needle-punch)<br />
<br />
SANS 1419 Carpet underlays<br />
<br />
SANS 1449 Ceramic wall and floor tiles<br />
<br />
SANS 1549 and 52825 Raised access flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 2001 EM2 Construction works EM2 – Surface finishes – concrete floors<br />
<br />
SANS 2001 EF1 Construction works EF1 – Floor coverings and wall linings<br />
<br />
SANS 6160 Electrical resistance of floors<br />
<br />
SANS 10043 The installation of wood and laminate flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 10070 The installation of resilient thermoplastic/flexible floor covering materials<br />
<br />
SANS 10109-1 and 2 Finishes to concrete floors<br />
<br />
SANS 10177-4: Fire-testing of materials Part 4: Surface fire index of floor coverings<br />
<br />
SANS 10245 The maintenance of textile floor coverings<br />
<br />
SANS 13746 Textile floor coverings – guidelines for installation and use on stairs<br />
<br />
R158, Government Notice dated Feb 1980 (updated March 1993) Regulation pertaining to control of Private Hospitals, (revised 05 November 1996, but not gazetted).<br />
<br />
* R187, Regulations Governing Private Health Establishments, Western Cape, 22 June 2001.<br />
<br />
The design principles on the above documents must be taken into account alongside the recommendations of this document. Furthermore, the South African National Standards (SANS 10400) addresses numerous aspects involving materials and finishes. (Refer specifically to Parts J and T.) Current South African national standards applicable are as follows:<br />
<br />
Other provincial policy documents are also applicable:<br />
<br />
* KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Health Policy Document for the Design of Structural Installations, Rev.7, January 2013.<br />
* Eastern Cape Department of Roads and Public Works and Department of Health Hospital Design Guide, Rev. August 2004.<br />
<br />
<span id="selection-criteria"></span><br />
= SELECTION CRITERIA =<br />
<br />
<span id="scope"></span><br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image7.jpeg|212x138px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Flooring is probably the most important dimension of a health facility contributing to public and patient perceptions and affecting numerous other aspects, which will be examined under the selection criteria.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image9.jpeg]]Floor finishes cannot be considered independently of their applicable subfloor, installation, adhesives or underlays and the relevant cleaning protocols. These integrated flooring systems need to be evaluated as a whole in terms of the various criteria.<br />
<br />
In the flooring industry there are four main categories of floor finish:<br />
<br />
Hard finishes<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image11.jpeg]]This would include rigid finishes such as porcelain or ceramic, marble tiles, or seamless coatings such as cementitious or epoxy coatings.<br />
<br />
Resilie'''n'''t finishes<br />
<br />
This would include flexible and semi-flexible sheeting such as vinyl, linoleum, rubber or cork.<br />
<br />
Soft finishes<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image13.jpeg]]This would include textiles such as carpets as well as walk-off mats and anti-fatigue mats.<br />
<br />
Hybrid finishes<br />
<br />
This new generation floor finish combines various materials finished with a wear layer. These layers are fused under heat and pressure.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image15.jpeg]]Each floor type has different applications and resultant benefits and disadvantages. The various characteristics would need to be weighed up against the functions of the various rooms within a healthcare facility. Other important aspects to consider in flooring are skirting, transitions or changes in floor finishes, and changes in level including ramps and stairs. These are discussed in more detail under Section C5.<br />
<br />
The following factors relating to construction and specification will also influence the floor finish:<br />
<br />
* Specifications for substrate preparation and installation must be prepared in conjunction with the supplier of the floor finish, <u>before</u> construction commences<br />
* Variance in floor finish thicknesses or falls in floors, e.g. rooms with floor drains may affect floor structure levels. Engineer input may be needed as it could potentially impact cover to reinforcement steel<br />
* Structure and substrates, e.g. concrete floors during construction need to cure and dry adequately before the application of screeds and likewise, the screed, before the application of the final floor finish.<br />
* Involvement of the floor finish supplier from specification, throughout construction and at final completion, i.e. sign-off<br />
*<br />
* Floor finish product guarantees, and prescriptive conditions that could have an impact on construction, such as quality of substrate, installation by approved installers, etc.<br />
<br />
<span id="environmental-aspects-in-the-choice-of-finishes"></span><br />
== Environmental aspects in the choice of finishes ==<br />
<br />
A guide of finishes would be incomplete without highlighting the environmental aspects in the choice of finishes.<br />
<br />
This is an extremely broad factor covering the following:<br />
<br />
* Embodied energy of materials<br />
* Life cycle costing/sustainability<br />
* Toxicity and effects of indoor environment quality<br />
<br />
<span id="embodied-energy-of-materials"></span><br />
=== Embodied energy of materials ===<br />
<br />
The term embodied energy refers to the total energy measure required to manufacture a product. This includes:<br />
<br />
* Harvesting/mining of the raw material<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Source: Alcorn and Wood, 1998.<br />
|-<br />
! Material<br />
! Embodied Energy in MJ/kg (million joules per kilogram)<br />
|-<br />
| Concrete (in situ)<br />
<br />
Concrete (precast)<br />
<br />
Hardwood timber, kiln dried, rough sawn<br />
<br />
Softwood timber, kiln dried, finished<br />
<br />
Cement<br />
<br />
Plywood<br />
<br />
Steel (virgin)<br />
<br />
Felt underlay to Carpet<br />
<br />
Carpet (polypropylene/needle-punch)<br />
<br />
Ceramic tile<br />
<br />
Rubber (natural latex)<br />
<br />
Rubber (synthetic)<br />
<br />
Vinyl flooring<br />
<br />
Linoleum<br />
| 1.0 – 1.6<br />
<br />
2.0<br />
<br />
2.0<br />
<br />
2.5<br />
<br />
7 – 8<br />
<br />
10.4<br />
<br />
32<br />
<br />
18.6<br />
<br />
95.4<br />
<br />
2.5<br />
<br />
67.5<br />
<br />
110.0<br />
<br />
79.1<br />
<br />
116.0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="section"></span><br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
Processing the material<br />
<br />
* Manufacturing the product<br />
* Transporting /delivering the product to the manufacturing plant, retail outlets and finally the end user<br />
* Labour or mechanical energy spent on placing the product in its finished position<br />
<br />
Buying locally-produced materials is an easy and achievable way to lower embodied energy of a building. The table below gives an indication of the embodied energy of various typical building materials.<br />
<br />
<u>Embodied energy of common flooring materials (finish and substrates)</u><br />
<br />
While health facility design may limit your selection of materials in terms of other performance factors, which are more critical, every opportunity to reduce the embodied energy of materials should be pursued. Manufacturers are increasingly aiming at reducing embodied energy, as well as the carbon footprint in the manufacture of their products. This is driven by the market demand and designers can contribute by choosing materials that support green initiatives in this regard.<br />
<br />
<span id="life-cycle-costing-and-sustainability"></span><br />
=== Life cycle costing and sustainability ===<br />
<br />
Life cycle costs are described as the social, economic and environmental costs of a material or product from cradle to grave – that is, from the extraction of the raw ore needed to make it, through the manufacturing, to the end use to disposal or recycling. (Daniel D. Chiras. The New Ecological Home, 2004''')'''<br />
<br />
The durability of materials is a key element in the life cycle cost assessment. A product may have a low embodied energy, but require more frequent replacement in the building.<br />
<br />
Specifiers should investigate the service life of materials with the respective manufacturers to establish its life span. This element should also be highlighted to funders who often place more emphasis on reducing the capital cost of a facility, without considering the long-term cost.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image17.jpeg]]The graph below indicates how capital outlay costs compare to life span costs – emphasising the importance of life cycle costs.<br />
<br />
Sustainability should be considered in all four stages of product life:<br />
<br />
* Manufacture<br />
* Use<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image19.jpeg|thumb|300px]]<br />
* Maintenance<br />
* Disposal<br />
<br />
The Green Building Council of South Africa has developed Green Star <sup>TM</sup> rating tools which will credit materials with the following:<br />
<br />
* Reuse of existing material<br />
* Recycling properties<br />
* Local sourcing<br />
<br />
As a practical example, and to indicate the benefit of comparing life cycle costing, the table left shows the comparative life cycle costs of various floor finishes - in this instance demonstrating the low life cycle costs of a rubber product, even though the installation cost for this product was the highest at the outset.<br />
<br />
<span id="toxicity-and-effect-on-indoor-environment"></span><br />
=== Toxicity and effect on indoor environment ===<br />
<br />
Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) is one of the nine categories of the Green Building Council of South Africa’s Green Star <sup>TM</sup> Rating Tools. These rating tools are used to assess environmental performance of a building and/or materials and through improvement in IEQ, the wellbeing of the occupant is protected.<br />
<br />
IEQ is measured in terms of the following:<br />
<br />
* Internal noise levels (this is discussed in more detail under Selection Criteria: Acoustics)<br />
* Mould prevention (this is discussed in more detail under Selection Criteria: Humidity)<br />
* Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)<br />
<br />
Materials such as paints and polyvinyl-chlorides can emit VOCs (gasses) when finishes are new and these reduce over the life span of the product. Sealants and adhesives also give off VOCs, having a negative effect on indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
VOCs can cause irritation and odour annoyance and could lead to behavioral, neurotoxic, hemotoxic and genotoxic effects (Meininghaus et al., 2000; Hoskins, 2003; Hodgson et al., 2000)<br />
<br />
According to Hoskins (2003), VOCs can be carcinogenic, depending on the compound.<br />
<br />
When considering the toxic impact on the environment in which the various floor finishes will be installed, the finish as a whole – complete with sealants, substrate material and adhesives – must be taken into account.<br />
<br />
A further important aspect to consider is the use of non-toxic materials in '''mental health facilities,''' where patients are prone to chew and ingest any materials that can be uplifted off surfaces, from paint to flooring.<br />
<br />
Every effort must be made when specifying materials and finishes in these facilities to ensure that materials and their junctions are well secured and cannot be peeled back or picked off by patients. The toxicity of the material content should also be clarified with manufacturers to ensure that these materials are safe and fit for this purpose.<br />
<br />
<span id="evidence-based-design"></span><br />
== Evidence-based design ==<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image20.jpeg|203x152px|C:\Users\Marlene\Dropbox\Marlene Personal\KHAYELITSHA HOSPITAL\023.JPG]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Determining which criteria to apply when selecting finishes appropriate for health facilities could be very subjective. However, in recent years, there have been substantial advances made by various researchers in providing scientific evidence for the impact of the healthcare environment on healthcare outcomes. Many studies, such as Ulrich et al., (2008) demonstrated connections between the design of facilities and the effect on patients, staff and the public utilising healthcare buildings. This has led to a growing understanding of what are priorities in designing health facilities:<br />
<br />
Extensive research by The Center for Health Design (CHD) Research Coalition on Evidence-Based Design literature led to the Evidence-based design glossary (Phase 1 Report Healthcare Environmental Terms and Outcome Measures) November 2011.<br />
<br />
Various unrelated research papers were gathered with intersting results. These included:<br />
<br />
* Environmental factors influencing the contamination of inanimate surfaces (including interior finish materials of flooring and furniture, as well as surface cleaning methods) Anderson, Mackle, Stoler and Mallison 1982, and Lankford, Collins, Youngberg, Rooney, Warren and Noskin 2006).<br />
* Reducing background noise in operating theatres and the impact on surgical errors (Moorthy, Munz, Dosis, Bann and Darzi, 2003).<br />
* Multiple environmental factors affecting patient fall rates (Calkins, Biddle and Biesan, 2011 and Becker et al., 2003).<br />
* Patient satisfaction with quality of care when sound-reflecting ceiling tiles were replaced with sound-absorbing tiles to reduce noise (Hagerman and Colleagues, 2005).<br />
* Positive visual distractions, including windows, nature photographs, etc. and the effect on patients’ restless behaviour in waiting rooms (Nanda, 2010, Pati and Nanda, 2011).<br />
* Nurses’ exposure to daylight correlating to job satisfaction (Alimoglu and Donmez, 2005).<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image22.jpeg]]Noise as a source of stress and its negative impact on staff (Morrison, Haas, Shaffner, Garett and Fackler, 2003).<br />
* Textile materials containing microbial agents (Takai et al., 2002).<br />
* Aesthetic appeal and its effect on patient and staff satisfaction and patient waiting (Becker and Douglass, 2008).<br />
<br />
Arising out of an overview of these studies, the following selection criteria have been identified:<br />
<br />
* Infection prevention<br />
* Cleaning and maintenance<br />
* Safety<br />
* Indoor air quality – humidity<br />
* Indoor air quality – emissions<br />
* Acoustics<br />
* Aesthetics<br />
<br />
Although all these factors are important, the specific functions of each space or room will re-order the priority of fulfilling each aspect.<br />
<br />
To assist with establishing these priorities and assessing the effects of each criterion, these are examined in more detail in the next section.<br />
<br />
<span id="selection-criteria-1"></span><br />
== Selection criteria ==<br />
<br />
''“Outbreaks of infection have been related to the design, plan layout, function and/or <u>finish</u> of the built environment.”''<br />
<br />
''Cotterill et al. 1996 and Kumari et al. 1998.''<br />
<br />
Infection prevention<br />
<br />
The South African Patients’ Rights Charter (1997) states: “Everyone has the right to a healthy and safe environment that will ensure their physical and mental health or wellbeing including … protection from all forms of environmental danger, such as pollution, ecological degradation or infection.”<br />
<br />
According to a survey conducted by Rohde (2002), materials and finishes have in the past been selected according to the following characteristics in <u>declining</u> order of importance: Aesthetics, durability, ease of maintenance, client preference, initial cost, cost of maintenance, infection control, ease of installation and life cycle cost.<br />
<br />
Selecting the correct finish is a complex process with many aspects to consider, and the many and varied room types in a health facility extend the options. However, in healthcare facilities, the importance of the effect of a particular finish on the prevention of infection control must be prioritised. While it is understood that not every area of a hospital or health facility will carry infection prevention as the highest priority, this aspect remains the most pressing issue in selection of finishes in health facilities.<br />
<br />
“Ideal features of surfaces that satisfy sustainability, infection prevention and safe patient outcomes include cleanability, resistance to moisture and reducing the risk of fungal contamination.” (Bartley, 2010 based on CDC and HICPAC Guidelines 2003)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"| Risk categories<br />
|-<br />
| Extreme<br />
| High<br />
| Medium<br />
| Low<br />
|-<br />
| Operating theatres<br />
| General wards<br />
| Pathology units<br />
| Offices<br />
|-<br />
| Intensive care units<br />
| Dispensary production areas<br />
| Outpatients units<br />
| Engineering workshops<br />
|-<br />
| Sterile supply units<br />
| Treatment rooms<br />
| Dispensaries<br />
| Medical records<br />
|-<br />
| Neonatal<br />
| Nurseries<br />
| Radiology<br />
| Plant rooms<br />
|-<br />
| Delivery units<br />
|<br />
| Kitchenettes/ward kitchens<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Burns units<br />
|<br />
| Mortuaries<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Oncology units<br />
|<br />
| Public areas<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Renal units<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The rising incidence of HAIs in hospital and medical facilities supports the view that the selection of materials must first address infection prevention. This impacts the choice of materials in two aspects. The first is whether the surfaces are likely to become reservoirs for infectious agents. This is a function of the surface conditions and structure of the flooring. The second is the ability to clean the finish, and this is discussed further in the next section.<br />
<br />
The Center for Disease Control in the United States quoted statistics in 2010 of one out of every 20 hospitalised patients contracting HAIs, particularly in relation to sepsis and pneumonia.<br />
<br />
Although there is no known direct evidence linking HAIs in patients to particular floor finishes, there have been numerous studies conducted on microbial counts on floor finishes – particularly in soft textiles such as carpets. Beyer and Belsito (2000) proved that carpets acted as a reservoir for fungi and bacteria.<br />
<br />
Anderson, et al., (1982) also carried out microbiological studies comparing patient rooms with and without carpets. The study found higher microbial counts and more E. coli and other organisms on carpet samples than bare floors.<br />
<br />
There are two schools of thought in relation to the contentious issue of the use of carpets in healthcare facilities. The one approach builds on the studies listed above and cautions against the use of carpeting where spills would result in damp settings, which are then conducive to growth of bacteria. The role of cleaning in these circumstances would be paramount, but a study by Joseph (2006) found that contamination levels quickly returned to pre-cleaning status and hence were not a reliable means of maintaining a clean surface.<br />
<br />
The other approach maintains that carpets neatly trap micro-organisms, which can then be removed by HEPA filter vacuum cleaners. This is compared to hard or resilient surfaces which encourage the redistribution of particles into the air during sweeping or mopping. (Radke, 1997)<br />
<br />
The emphasis would then shift to cleaning protocols and management issues. Notwithstanding, it is recommended that carpets be avoided where patients are at greater risk of infection. Above is a table adapted from NSW Health: Infection Control Policy (PD 2007-035), which sets out patient risk categories.<br />
<br />
When selecting finishes for a room/area that has an extreme or high infection control risk, special care has to be taken to select an appropriate finish. The available types of skirting to suit the floor finish chosen, must also be considered.<br />
<br />
<span id="a-note-about-skirtings"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image24.jpeg]]A note about skirtings ====<br />
<br />
The specifier must ensure that there is proper detailing to the joint between the wall and floor finish. In high risk functional areas, such as an operating theatres, or where immunocompromised patients are accommodated (such as ICU wards), there should be no joint between the horizontal and vertical surfaces, but rather a rounded integral skirting as a continuation of the floor finish.<br />
<br />
Skirting in clinical areas should be a minimum of 150 mm and 100 mm high in non-clinical areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-can-be-one-of-the-following"></span><br />
==== Skirtings can be one of the following: ====<br />
<br />
* Integral or coved skirting, which is achieved by installing the floor finish over a 20 to 35 mm radius-coved fillet at the junction of the wall and floor, which supports the continuation of the floor finish up the wall surface for a short distance. This removes the edge of the floor-sheet, and the ‘joint’ with the wall finish from the corner and makes it more accessible and open for cleaning and maintenance. The top edge of the flooring must be finished with a capping strip, secured and sealed so as to not compromise infection control. This is achievable with sheeting products such as vinyl or linoleum.<br />
* Pre-formed set-in skirtings can also be used, and are applied with adhesives, and seal the joint between floor and walls.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image25.jpeg|302x264px|C:\Users\Marlene\Dropbox\Marlene Personal\KHAYELITSHA HOSPITAL\076.JPG]]Sit-on skirtings can vary, from timber to specially formed skirtings, which are not integral. Textile floor finishes are normally applied with a flat, i.e. not coved integral skirting.<br />
<br />
Refer to Part D for the individual types of flooring and related skirting, applicable to each floor finish.<br />
<br />
Floors that resist the spread of infection will have qualities that can be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
* Smooth<br />
* Impervious<br />
* Joint-less/seamless<br />
<br />
On the opposite side of this spectrum, where infection prevention is the lowest priority, flooring will have the following properties:<br />
<br />
* Perforated<br />
* Textured<br />
* Jointed<br />
<br />
<span id="a-note-about-antibacterial-treatments-and-additives-to-flooring-products"></span><br />
==== A note about antibacterial treatments and additives to flooring products: ====<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers tout the additional benefit of anti-microbial treatment in paints or grout to combat bacteria. The use of antimicrobial additives in the built environment is growing, for example - the impregnation of wood framing with silver nitrate to prevent microbial and mould growth, and extend the life span of the wood.<br />
<br />
“Over the last few years, some carpet manufacturers have treated their products with fungicidal and/or bactericidal chemicals. Although these chemicals may help to reduce the overall numbers of bacteria or fungi present in carpet, their use does not preclude the routine care and maintenance of the carpeting”<br />
<br />
Center for Disease Control –<br />
<br />
Guideline for Environmental Infection Control: 2003<br />
<br />
The CDC HICPAC guidelines (CDC 2003) indicate that there is no evidence that antimicrobial-impregnated articles will prevent disease. There is a need for further research on products treated with these chemicals in terms of their potential risk and benefit.<br />
<br />
* The US Carpet and Rug Institute issued a technical bulletin in 2007 in this regard to curb ‘over-zealous marketing claims’ regarding these treatments and what they achieve. Since the treatment is applied to the carpet fibres or the backing – or both - no implicit human health claims can be made about the finished product unless that finished product has been tested and registered through an accredited independent testing organisation.<br />
* Synthetic fibres, such as polypropylene textile and vinyl sheeting for example, in themselves do no provide a nutrient source which microbes need to survive, but some finishes can trap soil, dust and moisture which do provide that source.<br />
* The American Institute of architects has cautioned against the overzealous adoption of antimicrobial surface finishes without the existence and review of independently validated evidence for dosage, efficacy and efficacy claims.<br />
* The application of antimicrobial surface finishes in is only recommended in South African burns units and where independently validated evidence of efficacy, dosage and safety are available, reviewed and approved.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance"></span><br />
=== Cleaning and maintenance ===<br />
<br />
Cleaning and maintenance of floor finishes is interconnected to infection control, occupational health safety (OHS), slips, trips and falls (STFs) and life cycle costing.<br />
<br />
The ability of the floor finish to be cleaned will define the extent to which infectious agents can be removed and prevented from multiplying. For cleaning to be effective, the floor finish must be able to withstand regular and fairly vigorous cleaning.<br />
<br />
Sufficient access to all areas of the finish or adversely, the absence of any inaccessible gaps, voids, joints is of critical importance, to prevent breeding areas for bacteria, etc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image27.jpeg]]A further aspect to consider is the level of disruption required to carry out the cleaning of the floor finish regularly. While textile finishes can reduce cold and institutional environments, they would be totally unsuitable in areas with a high infection control risk and a high incidence of soiling.<br />
<br />
Damage or shortened life spans of floor finishes are greatly reduced by dirt traps or walk-off carpets at main entrances. Refer to Section C5.<br />
<br />
It is also important for the manufacturer of the floor finish to convey the cleaning and maintenance required for product guarantees to remain, to the end-user or institution. An effective cleaning regime is the primary means of defence in terms of controlling infection.<br />
<br />
Floors that have a high priority for easy cleaning and low dirt retention can be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
* Low maintenance<br />
* Washable<br />
<br />
<span id="safety"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image29.jpeg]]Safety ===<br />
<br />
Safety as a selection factor for floor finishes can be broadly discussed under the following subheadings:<br />
<br />
* Slips, trips and falls (STF)<br />
* Occupational health safety (OHS)<br />
* Slip resistance<br />
* Wheeled equipment use<br />
* Fire performance<br />
<br />
<span id="slips-trips-and-falls-stf"></span><br />
==== Slips, trips and falls (STF) ====<br />
<br />
The following factors impact on the incidence and prevention of STFs:<br />
<br />
* Frictional/slip resistance characteristics of the floor finish<br />
* Presence of moisture or fluids, e.g., water, cleaning agents, blood, etc. on the floor<br />
* Cleaning of the floor<br />
* Pedestrian footwear<br />
* Human movement across floor, e.g., walking on crutches, pushing a bed/trolley, carrying objects<br />
* Lighting levels on floor<br />
* Change in level of floor, e.g., ramps, stairs<br />
* Change in floor finish<br />
* Age of pedestrian – the aged and children are most prone to STFs<br />
<br />
<span id="occupational-health-safety-ohs"></span><br />
==== Occupational health safety (OHS) ====<br />
<br />
For the purpose of this document, OHS is highlighted in terms of the safety of the staff working in the health facility.<br />
<br />
Floor finishes can impact on staff as follows:<br />
<br />
* Risk of STFs, as dealt with above<br />
* Negative impacts on feet and legs from standing and walking<br />
* Movability of wheeled equipment, such as trolleys and beds<br />
* Risk of injury while cleaning surfaces<br />
<br />
Hard surfaces such as porcelain tiles cause more feet and leg fatigue than resilient surfaces, such as vinyl and linoleum. Suitable footwear can also alleviate the fatigue.<br />
<br />
Negative OHS impacts on cleaning staff tasked with regular cleaning of rough surfaces and should also be considered, such as possible arm and shoulder injuries.<br />
<br />
<span id="slip-resistance"></span><br />
==== Slip resistance ====<br />
<br />
Slip resistance of a floor finish is impacted on the following basic factors:<br />
<br />
* Surface macro roughness<br />
* Surface micro roughness<br />
* Surface profile<br />
* Properties of the footwear in contact with the floor<br />
* Slope or angle of the floor, e.g., ramps<br />
* Potential for the presence of moisture through regular cleaning or by accidental spills e.g., blood)<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image31.jpeg]]The potential risk of reduced slip resistance, caused by cleaning operations, should be considered. Adequate visual notices such as: “Cleaning in progress/Caution wet floors” and the cordoning off of wet areas and allowing sufficient time for drying of the floor, are basic methods of managing the risk. Selecting the appropriate cleaning agent and applying it in correct concentration, also affects the slip resistance of a floor.<br />
<br />
<span id="wheeled-equipment-use"></span><br />
==== Wheeled equipment use ====<br />
<br />
Wheeled equipment, such as beds, trolleys, wheelchairs, etc. are used frequently in health facilities. The ease with which wheeled equipment can be used on a floor should be considered when selecting a finish. This is of critical importance to rehabilitation and acute departments. The movement of obese patients should also be considered generally.<br />
<br />
A general rule is that the larger the wheels’ diameter, the more the manoeuvrability of the equipment increases.<br />
<br />
The material that the wheels are made of also has an impact. Softer materials, like rubber and inflated wheels, suit hard or resilient finishes. Hard or solid wheel materials, like nylon, suit resilient finishes better. Damage can also be caused by wheeled equipment, particularly if heavy use levels occur or where heavy equipment, e.g. mobile X-Ray machine is used and this should be considered when the floor finish is selected.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image33.jpeg]]This factor would be relevant where rooms may have a higher risk due to the above features, and in this instance, flooring with properties that could be beneficial in these circumstances would be indicated thus:<br />
<br />
Safety<br />
<br />
Note: The requirement for fire safety in respect will not vary much from room to room within a health facility, and is therefore considered a global requirement in the overall building, rather than a ‘selection criteria’ for an individual space. The specifier would need to consult the fire regulations applicable to the building type.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality"></span><br />
=== Indoor air quality ===<br />
<br />
There are two critical aspects to be considered when selecting floor finishes under the heading of indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
* The first is the effect of the functions in that environment on the flooring material - namely water/moisture in wet spaces.<br />
* The second is the effect of the material on the floor material - namely the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).<br />
<br />
<span id="humidity"></span><br />
==== Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Proper moisture control is essential in order to reduce health risks and sick building syndrome in an enclosed space<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''Mortenson et al., 2005''<br />
</blockquote><br />
Certain rooms and areas of health facilities are by nature of the function they house, wet spaces. These are spaces specifically used for the purpose of cleaning, washing, bathing or food preparation. These rooms will generate more moisture than others, and as a result will require moisture resistant finishes. If the floor finishes are hygroscopic, these finishes can be prone to mildew and mould growth. Surfaces must remain dry and clean in order to prevent the growth of fungus. (Hodgson et al., 2000)<br />
<br />
Non-porous materials that do not absorb water are essential in these areas. These materials should also withstand regular cleaning, and should be able to withstand regular exposure to the moisture. Indoor air quality (IAQ) may be compromised by microbial contaminants such as mould, bacteria, allergens, chemicals, etc. in the air, which can affect the health of people. Where this is a requirement in a floor finish, this property will be listed as:<br />
<br />
* High humidity<br />
<br />
<span id="emissions-from-materials"></span><br />
==== Emissions from materials ====<br />
<br />
As discussed under environmental aspects, the kind of flooring installed can affect the environmental quality of the interior if VOCs are given off (commonly referred to as off-gassing) by one of the following:<br />
<br />
* The product itself<br />
* The adhesives used to fix the product<br />
<br />
“Unnecessary noise is the most cruel abuse of care which can be inflicted on either the sick or the well”<br />
<br />
Florence Nightingale (1859)<br />
<br />
The sealants used to finish<br />
<br />
* The cleaning solutions required for regular maintenance<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image35.jpeg]]The smell of the interior of a new car – enjoyed by many – is an example of plasticisers that have evaporated – emissions that affect the indoor air quality. Various methods for measuring VOCs have been developed in recent years since the increase in awareness that these emissions exist and can have an influence on the indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
The Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) awards points in the IEQ13 Category where interior finishes minimise the contribution and levels of VOCs in buildings – with reference to paints, adhesives/sealants and carpets/flooring, where these products meet the IEQ levels outlines. IEQ14 section measured the formaldehyde minimisation, which is common with composite wood products. In addition, MAT-7 section recognises the reduction of PVC-products in the building materials used. It should be noted that primary VOCs decline quickly in the short-term (&lt;1 year), while secondary emissions can continue for the life span of the product, and should also be borne in mind when assessing this aspect of materials. Timing of the testing will yield very diverse results.<br />
<br />
Occupants with respiratory weaknesses such as asthma are most likely to be affected by VOC-emissions, and high-risk patients would benefit from materials that do not contribute to their condition. The ultimate goal of reducing emissions in the manufacture of building products should be to create a better and healthier environment for the patients and users of the facility.<br />
<br />
However, the ‘order of magnitude’ should also be applied when using ‘low VOC emissions’ as a criterion to select finishes. The use of vinyl sheeting, for example, may result in higher VOC emissions than say, ceramic tiles, but the infection control benefits of the seamless finish of the vinyl will outweigh the risks from VOC emissions. (More fatalities in patients have been linked to infection control issues than to VOC emissions issues.) 1999)<br />
<br />
<blockquote>To achieve ‘low VOC emissions’ should be a global criterion for a healthcare building rather than for one or more specific rooms, and hence a separate criterion has not been listed for this item. More detail on the VOC-emissions of the individual flooring types is discussed under the Technical Section C.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<span id="acoustics"></span><br />
=== Acoustics ===<br />
<br />
Noise in health facilities is mainly generated by the following:<br />
<br />
* Impact sounds, e.g., pedestrian and wheeled equipment, bedrails moved up and down, doors closing and opening, footfalls, etc.<br />
* Airborne sounds, e.g., speech, medical equipment bleeps and alarms, nurse calls, PA system, etc.<br />
<br />
Acoustical engineers at John Hopkins University found that average (continuous level equivalent, LA<sub>eq</sub>) daytime hospital noise levels have risen from 57 dBA in 1960, to 72 dBA in 2006, with night-time sounds increasing from 42 dBA to 60 dBA over the same period. (Sound Practices: Noise Control in the Healthcare Environment – Research Summary, 2006, Herman Miller Healthcare). An average motorcycle noise level measures 85 dB. The World Health Organization recommended LA<sub>eq</sub> value for ward areas is 30 dBA.<br />
<br />
Studies have shown that high levels of noise have negative physical and psychological effects on patients, disrupting sleep, increasing stress and raising blood pressure levels (Cmiel et al., 2004). The University of Michigan released a news brief in November 2005, showing that chronic noise increased the risk of heart-attack in patients by 50% for men and 75% for women. The negative effect of chronic noise extends to staff as well. While the presence of electronic devices and healthcare apparatus, designed to give audible signals and alarms to the nursing staff of the patient’s vital signs, architects and health facility planners need to make an effort to minimise this effect of noise and alarm fatigue.<br />
<br />
Long straight passages are perfect echo corridors, often amplifying noises. Disturbances in the sound path help limit the sound transmission, for example by creating steps in the ceiling level or changes of direction in the passageways.<br />
<br />
People who work in noisy environments for long shifts day in and day out, also have similar stress-induced experiences. They report everything from exhaustion to burnout, depression and irritability”<br />
<br />
S. Mazer –<br />
<br />
Healing Healthcare Systems<br />
<br />
Nurses’ stations during shift change are areas where noise levels can reach those similar to jack-hammer levels, according to Cmiel, et al. (2004). Consideration should be given to applying acoustic materials to these areas to maximise sound absorption where possible.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image37.jpeg]]Recesses to accommodate noisy equipment can also be treated acoustically to reduce reverberation. Distance is also a good strategy where feasible as sound intensity decreases with distance, provided that the room dimensions and surfaces are such that there is very little reverberation.<br />
<br />
Flooring that absorbs sound, or at least does not contribute to noise levels, used in conjunction with sound absorbent ceiling finishes should be used in key areas such as nurses’ rest rooms or waiting areas where infection control requirements would not be as critical. In areas where sound reduction rates highly as a requirement (e.g. ICU and general wards), then this factor would be listed as:<br />
<br />
* High acoustic<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics"></span><br />
=== Aesthetics ===<br />
<br />
Research results from CABE (2004 and 2005), King’s Fund (2004) and Leather, Beale and Lee (2000) all highlight the need for an integrated, holistic and sympathetic hospital aesthetic.<br />
<br />
Key results show that the architectural setting, including finishes, has an effect on the patient’s experience as well as the recruitment and retention of staff – happy staff are more motivated to care for patients, who in turn recover more quickly.<br />
<br />
Paediatric wards particularly give an opportunity to set a playful scene and help little patients feel at ease. In public areas, more emphasis may also be required for an attractive and welcoming interior.<br />
<br />
Colour and pattern can be used in floor finishes in health facilities for practical and aesthetical purposes:<br />
<br />
* to improve the ‘institutional/cold’ interior look of the facility, room or area;<br />
* for way-finding, e.g., colour-coding per department; or<br />
* to create ‘spaces’ by giving individuality, e.g., to a specific area within a large open area.<br />
<br />
However, the following is to be considered:<br />
<br />
* Excessive combination of colours and patterns are inappropriate in certain areas/rooms, such as operating theatres.<br />
* Some patterns and colours could impact negatively on certain patient groups, e.g., the aged or mentally ill.<br />
<br />
Where aesthetics is a primary requirement, this factor will be listed as:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image40.jpeg]]High aesthetics<br />
<br />
<span id="technical-information-flooring-types"></span><br />
= TECHNICAL INFORMATION – FLOORING TYPES =<br />
<br />
<span id="hard-finishes"></span><br />
== Hard finishes ==<br />
<br />
Hard finishes are generally durable and easy to keep clean. As with any floor finish, a poor substrate will result in poor performance by the finish on the floor. The following factors should be considered in installation of any hard finish:<br />
<br />
* The concrete floor slab should be sufficiently cured and have achieved the required moisture content before the screed is applied. These tests can be performed by hydro, Romus or Tramex meters.<br />
* The screed specification to be adapted to suit the requirements of the manufacturer. Consider thickness, strength, levelness, panels etc. SANS 50197-1: 2000 and SANS 1083 refers.<br />
* The specifier should consult with the manufacturer and obtain detailed installation methods and procedures confirming joint widths, joint material, adhesive, primers, recommended panel sizes, movement joints at wall perimeters, on panels and expansion joint sealers.<br />
* It is useful to specify and include floor-traps in tiled floors for easy draining when cleaning, but ensure then that the screed is laid to fall to the floor drain.<br />
<br />
<span id="porcelain-and-ceramic-tiles"></span><br />
=== Porcelain and ceramic tiles ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image43.jpeg]]Porcelain and ceramic tiles generally provide a durable, aesthetically acceptable floor finish that is moisture-resistant. A wide spectrum of tiles is available, with varying sizes, material composition, quality and cost, resulting in varying performance. Porcelain and/or ceramic tiles are most commonly used in health facilities in wet areas, such as bathrooms, kitchens, utility and cleaning areas due to the impervious quality and performance under wet conditions. The use of unglazed tiles not recommended in health facilities as these absorb moisture and other fluids which may be present in kitchens, mortuaries, etc.<br />
<br />
The specifier should research the actual tile carefully, ascertain if the product is imported, what long-term stocks would be available, and ensure the tiles have been sufficiently cured. Where possible, the specifier should use full-bodied porcelain tiles rather than glazed porcelain or glazed ceramic tiles. This is evident in the comparison of the general properties of the two tile types as follows:<br />
<br />
* Full-bodied porcelain tile:<br />
* ‘Colour’ is throughout, as the term ‘full-bodied’ implies.<br />
* ‘Squareness’ of tiles consistent with minor deviations.<br />
* Tile sizes are consistent with minor deviations.<br />
* Smaller joints can be used, due to tile size consistency.<br />
* ‘Flatness’ of tile face consistent.<br />
<br />
Glazed ceramic tile:<br />
<br />
* ‘Colour’ is a glaze on top of tile that can wear or chip off.<br />
* Tile sizes can vary.<br />
* ‘Squareness’ of tiles can vary.<br />
* Wider joints required, due to size and squareness inconsistencies.<br />
* Tiles often not ‘flat’ and edge surfaces tend to dip resulting in uneven floors.<br />
* Porcelain tiles carry a PEI-rating which will indicate the anticipated wear rating of that tile and what applications will be suitable. The ratings range from Class 0 (wall tile only – should not be used on floors) to Class 5, which is suited to heavy commercial and institutional floors subjected to heavy traffic. This Class 5 would be the required rating for hospitals or healthcare facilities.<br />
<br />
The more highly polished the tile, the less slip resistance, so porcelain tiles should be used with careful consideration in health facilities. They could be used in a mortuary, hospital kitchen and laundry where non-slip tiles would be necessary and in non-circulation route public spaces, such as cafeterias.<br />
<br />
Infection prevention<br />
<br />
Although an individual tile unit complies with selection criteria such as being impervious, and easy to clean, a finished tiled floor - including grout and movement joints - provides a less favourable result in terms of:<br />
<br />
* Grout in the joints is porous and can retain moisture which encourages the growth of mould.<br />
* Grout joints pose a potential infection control risk in small cracks and openings that form between the tile edge and the body of the grout.<br />
* Expansion joint material (polysulfide, etc.) is susceptible to damage, due to wear and mechanical cleaning.<br />
* Tiles may crack and chip when items are dropped on them – creating small cracks where moisture can be retained and microbes can grow.<br />
* Replacement of these damaged tiles, or re-grouting is disruptive to the daily operations of the facility.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image45.jpeg]]Antifungal grout will contribute to the control of mildew, but cannot replace good maintenance regimes.<br />
<br />
Cleaning and maintenance<br />
<br />
Porcelain tiled floors generally require to be cleaned with water and cleaning agent, using a map or similar. For specific spills in specialised areas, such as hospital kitchens and mortuaries, appropriate cleaning will be required. The ease of cleaning, as well as the durability of the tiles under rigorous cleaning regimes, makes a tiled floor suitable in areas where spills are common – such as kitchens and bathrooms.<br />
<br />
Safety<br />
<br />
Highly polished (especially porcelain-tiled) surfaces can be a slip hazard, particularly where frail or weak patients will navigate the area. This is amplified during cleaning procedures. High reflection and glare can also lead to disorientation. (Wilmott and Colleagues, 1986)<br />
<br />
* Tiles with non-slip surfaces can be used where risks are higher, and the likelihood of water on the floor is more prevalent, but note that increasing the texture of the tile for slip resistance will also create a ‘cleanability’ issue.<br />
* The potential for injury is also increased where slips or trips lead to falls on the unforgiving, hard surface.<br />
* Tiled surfaces also contribute to staff fatigue more than softer finishes.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
The polished or glazed surfaces of the tiles make them highly suitable and unaffected by high humidity in the room. However, as mentioned above, the joints are susceptible to moisture retention and encourage mould and microbe growth in the minute cracks and gaps. Proper scrubbing and regular maintenance will inhibit fungal contamination.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Porcelain tiles and cementitious grout ('''not recommended in health facilities''') do not generate VOC emissions, but some adhesives, other grouts, sealants and cleaning agents do generate VOCs affecting the indoor air quality. The production of tiles has a high energy input, with high sustainability production ‘costs’ and production emissions.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-1"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Tiles contribute substantially to noise in the healthcare setting. This is due to the hard, reflective surfaces, as well as the small dips at the joints, which cause the clattering of trolley wheels common in these facilities. The specifier should consider the kind of traffic that will be using the space and the resultant acoustic effect.<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image46.jpeg|296x101px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Aesthetics<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image47.png|264x267px]]Tiles are available in a wide selection of colours, shapes and sizes. This allows for visually appealing non-institutional aesthetics in health facilities. Patterns can be used for wayfinding or demarcation of public and off-limit areas, as well as branding in foyers and front of house areas. Since the surfaces do not scratch or scuff easily, the aesthetic appeal is durable.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Skirting on tiles floors can be formed by simply cutting floor tiles or using preformed ceramic or porcelain skirting tiles. Wall tiles are common in wet areas, running from ceiling to floor, and no separate skirting is needed. The joints between the wall and floor are however an infection control risk area, as these areas are not easy to clean or dry, and moisture retention leads to bacterial contamination.<br />
<br />
Figure 24<br />
<br />
''<br /><br />
''<br />
<br />
'''SPEC FOR FULL-BODIED PORCELAIN TILES'''<br />
<br />
Allow all new concrete work and screeds to cure for at least 28 days before proceeding. All new concrete work and screeds must have a moisture content of 5% or less before tiling can be commenced. When tiling directly onto concrete, ensure that the surfaces are clean and free of all traces of shutter release and curing agents, laitance and any other surface contaminants, preferably by scarifying or sandblasting.<br />
<br />
Full-bodied porcelain floor tiles PEI-rating Class 5, size 400 x 400 x 8 mm ''(confirm size)'' affixed to wood floated 1:4 cement and sand screed with manufacturer-approved rapid setting tile adhesive using a notched floor trowel with 3 mm joints continuous in both directions, grouted with fine epoxy grout as approved by the manufacturer. Allow a minimum 5 mm expansion joints at perimeter, and maximum 5 m centres internally in both directions and allow all structural expansion and construction joints to be carried through. ''(Confirm colour and code.)''<br />
<br />
Typical specifications for tiling – e.g., full-bodied porcelain<br />
<br />
<span id="terrazzo-cementitious-and-seamless-coatings"></span><br />
=== Terrazzo, cementitious and seamless coatings ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-1"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image49.jpeg]] General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Terrazzo is a composite material, consisting of marble, quartz, granite, onyx and glass chips in a cement or resinous matrix, poured in situ. After curing, it is ground and polished to a smooth finish. Application requires skill and experience. The use of terrazzo in health facilities should be restricted to high volume ‘front of house’ areas, with careful consideration to slip resistance.<br />
<br />
Cementitious and granolithic toppings generally provide a hard, durable and cost-effective finish. Grano requires a good specification, attention to aggregate selection and experience in application. These finishes are suited to use in plant rooms and external passages and provide a fairly slip-resistant finish.<br />
<br />
Epoxy/polyurethane/resin coatings – This term encompasses a wide range of liquid or trowel applied products such as epoxy, polyurethane resins. Thicknesses of coatings vary. This provides a more impervious surface than cementitious coatings.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although these finishes produce continuous, seamless coatings, the product should be laid in panels according to the manufacturer’s instruction, and underslab joints must be carried through the finish. These finishes are commonly used in food process and pharmaceutical prep areas due to the high chemical resistance, abrasion and impact resistance.<br />
<br />
Both cementitious and granolithic toppings are prone to fine, barely noticeable cracks and together with the ‘panel joints’ present weaknesses in terms of infection control as these areas can store moisture and encourage microbial growth.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-1"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The impervious surface lends itself to easy cleaning and maintenance and the surface resists most chemicals and does not stain easily. The finish is able to withstand rigorous cleaning regimes and mild alkaline detergent used with a single- or double-head rotary scrubber is recommended for regular cleaning. With good maintenance, a life expectancy of 10 years is common.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-1"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Epoxy finishes present an increased risk of slips, trips and falls due to the smoothness of the surface, and this is amplified during cleaning. Nonslip finishes are available, but decrease ‘cleanability’ of the surface.<br />
<br />
The hard surface increases the risk of injury when falls do happen, and staff fatigue is also increased due to the hardness underfoot. The installation process presents OHS risks during construction, e.g.: grinding of terrazzo, scarifying substrate to prepare for cementitious topping application, etc.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-1"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
These surfacbodes are durable in areas of high moisture/humidity and are easily dried with the appropriate mops, making them suitable for service areas. The fine cracks which can result will retain moisture, however, making them unsuitable for use where infection control is a high priority.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-1"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Body The high synthetic content of epoxy and polyurethane coatings affect the indoor environment through VOC-emissions. These are most notable directly after installation, but these continue, albeit reduced, for the life span of the product. This does vary from one manufacturer to another, and most will claim low VOC emissions, and some even claim VOC--free products.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-2"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image51.jpeg]]The hard reflective surface of this finish will contribute significantly to a noisy environment as very little sound absorption will take place. This finish is not suitable for use in sound-sensitive environments.<br />
<br />
Allow all new concrete work and screeds to cure for at least 28 days before proceeding, and ensure a minimum strength of 25 mPa is achieved. The surface is to be free from laitance, dust and any other contamination, and must not exceed relative humidity of 75%. The installation is to be carried out by a subcontractor approved by the product manufacturer only. Apply primer at 0.25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> followed by 8 mm epoxy terrazzo topping including granite chips at a rate of 16.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and an average density of 2.1 kg/litre (''confirm colour.)'' The topping to be ground down to 6 mm, all joints grouted with manufacturer approved coloured grout, and the surface to be sealed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.<br />
<br />
Aesthetics<br />
<br />
Terrazzo coatings are available in vivid colours, and stone chip textures give a lively appearance below the glossy smooth surface. Vibrant patterns can be created for an impressive foyer for example. Most other epoxy and cementitious coatings are monochromatic, flat colours that appear quite utilitarian. They are most commonly used in plant rooms.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-1"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Integral skirting can be formed in one with the floor covering for a clean and tidy junction. Skill and experience is needed for a neat, durable result. The same tendency to crazing and cracks over long lengths will increase the infection control risk.<br />
<br />
Typical specifications for terrazzo<br />
<br />
Float up to 5 mm of finished surface with layers of concrete (grano) approximately 10 mm thick, composed 1 part cement, 2.5 parts concrete sand and 3.5 parts granite or other approved hard stone chippings. Form finished surface with 1 part cement and 1 part fine granite chippings or other approved hard stone (graded up to particles which will pass a 6 mm mesh) brought to a smooth surface with a steel trowel. Grano finish: 30 mpa (25 mm thick). The floating and finishing coats are to be performed in one operation. The grano-lithic work is to be carried out by experienced workmen and is to be laid in panels v-jointed and not exceeding 6 m<sup>2</sup> in area unless otherwise specified. Thin strips of wood or other suitable materials are to be laid between panels to break contact. All granolithic floors are to be covered up and protected from damage and discoloration during the progress of the work. Allow for cleaning down and for one coat of architect approved wax polish, well rubbed into floor at completion. No dry cement powder or grout to be applied to surface preparation of surface beds.<br />
<br />
Ensure grano substrate has a maximum moisture content of 4%. The surface is to be free from laitance, dust and any other contamination. The installation is to be carried out by a subcontractor approved by the product manufacturer only. Prime surface with manufacturer recommended clear primer (spread rate –<br /><br />
6 m²/litre). Apply three coats semi-gloss water-based epoxy coating ''(confirm colour) wi''th a minimum dry film thickness of 60 microns thick per coat with a maximum over-coating time of 12 hours. Applied in accordance with approved manufacturer specifications.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for grano<br />
<br />
Typical specification for epoxy paint (to be applied to grano)<br />
<br />
<span id="resilient-finishes"></span><br />
== Resilient finishes ==<br />
<br />
Resilient finishes are generally flexible floor coverings that provide a continuous impervious finish well suited to the healthcare environment’s needs. The sheeting is seldom more than 5 mm thick and is therefore very dependent on the quality of the sub-base onto which it is laid.<br />
<br />
Due to the comparatively thin, smooth, polished aesthetics of resilient flooring, it is critically important that the sub-base is of adequate strength, perfectly level and has controlled moisture content, as any failure in the substrate will affect the performance of the floor finish. Any imperfections will be emphasised, creating scuffing and uneven wear. Minor movements in substrate however can be tolerated in the flexibility of the sheeting.<br />
<br />
In recent years, self-levelling screeds/compounds have been introduced prior to the installation of sheeting. A variety of products are available of varying strength, thicknesses, cost and drying periods. Generally, self-levelling screeds are fast-setting, allowing foot traffic within hours and sheeting application within short periods, from 24 hours to longer. Installers can lay around 200 m<sup>2</sup>/hour. Sheeting is applied with adhesives to the substrate as per the manufacturer’s specifications. Joints in resilient sheeting are formed by using welding rods and these are heat welded for a seamless finish.<br />
<br />
Building expansion joints needs to be taken through the self-levelling and sheeting to allow movement and special cover-strips are used in these instances.<br />
<br />
Typical screed specification<br />
<br />
Screeds are a critical part of ensuring a successful floor covering, and where thin sheeting such as vinyl, etc. is to be applied to the surface, the specification of the screed must meet certain criteria. The four important aspects are:<br />
<br />
* Strength – is it strong enough for its purpose?<br />
* Levelness – is it level enough for its purpose?<br />
* Moisture content – is there moisture present?<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR SCREED STRENGTH<br />
<br />
The screed mix must consist of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand. Both sand and stone must comply with SABS 1083. Cement must comply with SANS 50197-1:2000, and achieve strength of 25 mPa. No dry mix permitted. The screed must be laid to a minimum of 25 mm thick (preferably 40 mm thick) with a wood-trowelled finish where self-levelling compound is to be laid. Cube samples of the screed mix must comply when tested in accordance with SANS 5861-3:1994. The dry, cured (minimum of 14 days) screed must also be tested using a BRE screed tester, with one test per 20 to 25 m<sup>2</sup>, and 3 to 5 m intervals on corridors.<br />
<br />
These tests must meet the requirements as follows: ''(specify which is relevant)''<br />
<br />
Strength Category A – maximum of 3 mm indentation – for hospital operating suites and related corridors or rooms requiring microbe or dust-free environments.<br />
<br />
Strength Category B – maximum of 4 mm indentation – for public areas such as lobbies, passages, wards<br />
<br />
Strength Category C – maximum of 5 mm indentation – for offices, consulting rooms and domestic premises<br />
<br />
Since most projects will carry a single specification for screed to cover all areas of the project, the best category applicable should be used – which is Category A.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR LEVELNESS – IN HEALTH FACILITIES<br />
<br />
The screed must meet Class 1 standard for levelness (which means that there is a maximum difference of 3 mm, from the highest to the lowest point, over a 3 m straight line joining two points on the surface.) This test can be conducted with an aluminium straight edge, and should be checked in various directions on the screed.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image54.jpeg]][[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image58.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
Adhesion to the concrete slab – is it sticking to the slab?<br />
<br />
'''SPEC FOR SCREED STRENGTH:'''<br />
<br />
The screed mix must consist of 1 part Cement to 3 parts sand. Both sand and stone must comply with SABS 1083. Cement must comply with SANS 50197-1:2000, and achieve strength of 25mPa. No dry mix permitted. The screed must be laid to a minimum of 25mm thick (preferably 40mm thick) with a wood-trowelled finish where self-levelling compound is to be laid. Cube samples of the screed mix must comply when tested in accordance with SANS 5861-3:1994. The dry, cured (min. 14 days) screed must also be tested using a “BRE screed tester” , with one test per 20-25m2, and 3-5m intervals on corridors. These tests must meet the requirements as follows: ''(specify which is relevant)''<br />
<br />
* Strength Category A – ''max. 3mm indentation – for Hospital Operating Suites &amp; related corridors or rooms requiring microbe or dust-free environments.''<br />
* Strength Category B- ''max. 4mm indentation – for public areas such as lobbies, passages, wards''<br />
* Strength Category C ''- max. 5mm indentation – for offices, consulting rooms &amp; domestic premises''<br />
<br />
Since most projects will carry a single specification for screed to cover all areas of the project, the best category applicable should be used – which is Category A.<br />
<br />
To conduct the necessary tests takes time and costs money, but unless these tests are specified and priced as part of the tender documentation, the quality of the floor finish is left up to the installer, with no control measures for the specifier to check the quality, so it is essential that these specifications be included.<br />
<br />
Cement and calcium-sulphate screeds must be abraded and vacuumed prior to laying the self-levelling compound. In addition, the screed must be sound, dry, free from cracks, clean and free from any materials that could impair adhesion. Apply two coats of primer, with the second coat applied in cross-direction to the first coat, in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Once dry, the self-levelling compound is to be applied using the pumped method ''(refer to manufacturer’s spec)'' to a 5 mm thickness ''(confirm thickness).'' The compound is to be spread using a notched floor rake to ensure the correct thickness is achieved, and rolled with a spiked roller to ensure all air bubbles are removed. The finished surface is to be lightly abraded with 30 to 60 grit paper (''usually with a floor sander'') prior to laying the resilient sheeting. The self-levelling compound is to be installed by a manufacturer-approved contractor.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR MOISTURE CONTENT<br />
<br />
The screed should be completely dry (cured for a minimum of four weeks - as a rule of thumb, concrete or cement will cure at a rate of 25 mm/month.) Moisture content should be checked at regular intervals - every 30 m2 (approximately), or at least in every area where external conditions might differ – (e.g. – ground level may be raised around a portion of the building). Moisture readers, such as the “Tramex”-meter, will only give superficial readings (within 5 mm of the surface). For true readings of the moisture content of a sub-base, the probes/readers must be able to read 40 to50 mm deep. Readers such as “protimeters” or “Wagner”- moisture readers use two probes approximately 100 mm apart to give relative humidity readings. Readings should not exceed 75% RH (max.) If the moisture does exceed 75%, and is not more than 90%, painted on moisture barrier coatings can be used to good effect.<br />
<br />
Phenolphthalein solution can be used as a liquid moisture test as this chemical compound will show if moisture/damp is present. This liquid will remain clear in dry conditions, change to pink where moisture is detected, or turn purple where the surface is wet. Again, it is only an indication of the surface moisture, not what the conditions are below the surface.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR ADEHESION TO THE SUB-BASE CONCRETE<br />
<br />
Pull-off tests are also recommended – and should be conducted every 30 m<sup>2</sup> (or each room if smaller) by a recognised laboratory to establish the adhesion of the screed to the sub-base and the results supplied for approval.<br />
<br />
Typical self-levelling/Smoothing compound specification<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image61.jpeg]]Self-levelling compounds will improve the smoothness, and levelness of screeds, and these compounds are a pre-requisite by most manufacturers for the installation of resilient sheeting.<br />
<br />
<span id="vinyl-sheeting"></span><br />
=== Vinyl sheeting ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-2"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is manufactured from a combination of vinyl resin and various additives such as the following:<br />
<br />
* Plasticisers – used to make the sheet more flexible,<br />
* Stabilisers – to minimise degradation and discoloration<br />
* Pigments – for colours and patterns<br />
* Fillers – such as lime, or other locally available material<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is generally 2 to 2.5 mm thick and depending on the manufacturer,<br /><br />
is supplied in 1.2 m or 2 m wide rolls. It is commonly used as a floor finish in health facilities, because it provides a durable, resilient and impervious finish.<br />
<br />
Vinyl is available in a range of types:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image63.jpeg]]'''Homogeneous''': Sheet consists of a single layer of consistent materials, with the wear layer being the full sheet. It is uncoated and requires stripping and sealing unless it is supplied with a specialised surface treatment such as polyurethane reinforcement (PuR).<br />
* '''Heterogeneous''': Sheet consists of three to four different layers including the carrier, PVC-layers, printed film and a clear PVC-wear layer. Good durability will be achieved with a 0.7 mm wear layer.<br />
* '''Directional or non-directional patterns''': This relates to the visual pattern which may mean laying all sheets in the same direction. Non-directional sheeting is less limiting in terms of the pattern, but the manufacturer’s instructions must still be adhered to when laying sheets.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image65.jpeg]]'''With or without PuR finish''': Polyurethane reinforcement (PuR) is introduced in the manufacturing process and provides a ‘ready polished’ product. When sheeting has a PU-coating, stripping and sealing directly after installation is not essential. However, water-based dressings and appropriate cleaning is still needed to maintain the product. The PU-coating also improves resistance to staining and cleaning chemicals and supports indentation recovery. It is also important to establish whether high-speed buffing machines are required for cleaning of the product, and whether the institution has this equipment available.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-1"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting as a material has been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria, and particularly MRSAs. The welded joints prevent dust or dirt congregating in areas that are difficult to clean, and the integral skirting supports this seamless appeal. This has made vinyl sheeting very suitable for use in healthcare facilities. Some heterogeneous products also have silver-ions in the finishing layer to create an antibacterial surface.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-2"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The sheeting is easily washed, which contributes to its performance as a hygienic flooring finish. Vinyl sheeting is not easily damaged, and when treated with a polymer dressing/surface treatment, is low maintenance. When maintained properly, the sheets have a long life span, and therefore fairly cost-effective by comparison to other floor finishes.<br />
<br />
Products with PuR require only spray and dry buffing for general cleaning although water-based dressings are beneficial. Special cleaning solutions are used for heavy staining, but abrasive cleaning methods should not be used. No abrasive black or brown cleaning pads should be used on PU-coated floors as these will damage the surface and destroy the sheen. Only buffing and shampoo pads should be used.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image67.jpeg]]Cleaning should always be carried out as per the manufacturer’s specifications, to comply with material warranties, and the specifier should ensure that these instructions are included in handover packs issued to the building owner/user when occupation takes place.<br />
<br />
An effective entrance barrier/dirt trap mat can reduce cleaning by 65%. The highly-abrasive African soil conditions create an extremely aggressive environment that can shorten the life span of the floor-sheeting, and without removing the bulk of this dirt and grit at the entrance of the health facility, the vinyl floor will suffer.<br />
<br />
Strip and seal procedures should not be done more than once or twice a year, even in high traffic areas. Discoloration is often a result of poor daily maintenance, leaving a dirty residue which binds to the finish. Dry buffing brings out the natural colours, and a sealant will give the high shine finish.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-2"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
In terms of slips, trips and falls care must be taken where highly polished floors are used in wet areas. Attention also needs to be given to thresholds where floor finishes of differing thicknesses meet, as these can present a hazard if not detailed as a smooth transition.<br />
<br />
In terms of use by staff, the sheeting is softer underfoot than hard finishes, reducing leg fatigue. The smooth finish is easy to use with wheeled equipment, which creates a safe and workable environment for staff in health facilities.<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is generally slip-resistant, and most manufacturers will indicate results from the wet pendulum test or the dry floor friction test. Specialised sheeting with surface textures and/or quartz additives helps improve traction and reduce slipperiness. Antistatic sheeting is also available when required.<br />
<br />
In terms of SANS 10400, operating theatres, ICU, high-care or critical care units are required to have a floor finish with 120 minutes’ fire resistance. Compliance with this should be checked with the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-2"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is well suited to areas of high humidity, and wet areas such as sluice rooms. Spills should be wiped as quickly as possible though as condensation blooming can take place in the clear wear layer.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-2"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers have addressed VOC emissions in their products and indicate a pass in VOC emissions tests as well as BRE A+ ratings. Materials are 100% recyclable and also contain a percentage of recycled materials. Each supplier will differ, and specifiers should check these aspects when considering a product. VOC emissions of adhesives and sealants, where applicable, are also to be considered.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-1"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The wide variety of colourways available in vinyl sheeting allows for creative patterns to enhance the healing environment. Patterns can be used for wayfinding, signage (e.g., ward numbers), definition of public and staff only areas, or distinction between different departments.<br />
<br />
In addition, creative floor patterns can present branding identity, and enhance the environment to set patients at ease. Complex patterns should be aquajet cut, and the related budget allowances made at design stage. Skilled installers are also able to create many designs by hand.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-3"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image69.jpeg]]Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is relatively soft underfoot, and has better sound absorption qualities than hard finishes. Specialised vinyl sheeting products created for acoustic control are thicker at around 3.7 mm, but the extra foam backing on these types of sheeting can hamper the use of wheeled equipment in these areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-2"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
SPECIFY STRIP AND SEAL WHERE SHEETING IS SUPPLIED WITHOUT PUR<br />
<br />
Allow to strip with manufacturer approved stripper and seal with two coats of polyurethane sealant in accordance with SABS 825 and 1042, and manufacturer’s instructions – within 72 hours of installation.<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting can be laid with a variety of skirting solutions. The use of the flooring material as an integrally welded skirting, forming a coved joint between the wall and the floor is the best solution in terms of infection control as the joints are welded and the ‘corner’ is smooth, rounded and easy to clean. The cove former which supports the turn-up of the sheeting can be sealed off at each end (supplied in approx. 25 m rolled lengths) to ensure there is no access into this gap.<br />
<br />
Extruded PVC-skirting is also readily available, and these can either be set in to abut the floor-sheet, or simply glued on top of the sheet, with a small ‘foot’ taking the curve into the wall. The specifier must ensure that the thickness of the set in skirting matches the floor thickness. The set in skirting is welded against the floor-sheet.<br />
<br />
Capping strips can be used with all these types to create a neat line on the top edge.<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specifications"></span><br />
==== Typical specifications ====<br />
<br />
Since there is a range of vinyl products available, the specifier will need to determine whether homogenous or heterogeneous vinyl sheeting is preferred, and whether a PuR-layer is required or not before making the selection. A typical specification for homogenous type sheeting with PuR treatment is supplied as an example, but the specifier should always liaise with the manufacturer for project specification.<br />
<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIFICATIONS TO CONSIDER FOR VINYL SHEETING<br />
<br />
Note -1: It is highly recommended to the specifier to include in the project costing, an item for the preparation of a mock-up area of a minimum of 10 m<sup>2</sup> of flooring installation – complete with sub-base and skirting, to be inspected and approved prior to the main installation.<br />
<br />
Note 2 – If patterns are anticipated, these must be designed or at least described in the specification, so that it can be measured or budgeted for at documentation stage.<br />
<br />
SPECIFICATIONS FOR VINYL SKIRTINGS – ''Select one option:''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor vinyl sheeting coved 150 mm high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over preformed 20 x 20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Allow for butterfly corner method at all corners including at thresh-holds, all in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Set-in''': Extruded cove skirting to be supplied to abut flooring, and welded against the floor finish. The skirting is to be fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Once touch dry (approximately 15 minutes) cove skirting to be applied firmly working gradually along the length from one end to the other. Extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Sit-on''': Extruded cove skirting to be glued on top of floor-sheeting, and against wall. The skirting is to be fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Once touch dry (approximately 15 minutes) cove skirting to be applied firmly working gradually along the length from one end to the other. Extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing'') to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
HOMOGENOUS VINYL SHEETING WITH PUR TREATMENT<br />
<br />
Supply and fix ''2/2.5'' mm thick ''– (confirm thickness)'' x 2 m wide fully-flexible, ''nondirectional'' or ''marbleised pattern/directional - (select type)'' vinyl floor-sheeting with polyurethane reinforcement and surface treatment - abrasion group ''T/P (select group)'', and manufactured to EN 649.<br />
<br />
Sheeting is to be laid in ''pressure-sensitive'' ''or acrylic'' adhesive ''(select type'' ''as approved by flooring manufacturer)'', with a notched trowel at the rate of 5.5 to 6.5 m<sup>2</sup>/litre on a previously prepared Class 1 sub-base elsewhere described and measured. The sheet is to be rolled in both directions with a 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller, during the course of the installation, immediately after the sheeting is laid in the adhesive''. Factory edges of vinyl sheeting are to be removed before laying (10 to 20 mm) – recommended by some manufacturers (select if applicable)''. Installation in accordance with SABS 786:2007. Specify colour: ''(confirm code).'' Joints are to be butted, grooved to about half the depth of the sheet, (about 1 mm) and heat welded, with a welding rod. The finished width of the weld should be a width of 3 mm, and ensure a minimum 70% bond with the sheeting – all in accordance with the manufacturer’s spec. No concave or convex joints allowed – the joints must finish flush with the sheeting. All welds to be glazed and checked prior to polishing. No cross-joins allowed. On completion, PuR treated sheeting is to be washed down, and two coats of matt sealant is to be applied. This will prolong the life of the floor.<br />
<br />
(Note: No stripping to PuR finished floors as this will damage the sheeting.)<br />
<br />
<span id="linoleum-sheeting"></span><br />
=== Linoleum sheeting ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-3"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum has been used as flooring for over 100 years. It is manufactured from 97% natural, raw materials that are renewable and undergo an eco-friendly manufacturing process which does not produce environmental contaminants. Linoleum is made from linseed oil, rosin (from pine trees), wood and cork flour, limestone, organic pigments (for colour) and jute, which forms the backing.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image71.jpeg]][[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image73.jpeg]]Linoleum is less flexible and more porous than vinyl. It is available in a thickness of 2.5 mm, generally in rolls of 2 m width.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-2"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Bactericidal properties of linoleum prevent micro-organisms from multiplying. This includes MRSAs and this has been tested and proven by TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) and NAMSA (US Scientific Institute) in 1998.<br />
<br />
Joints can be welded giving a seamless and hygienic finish. Coved and welded integral skirting can be achieved, with skill and experience.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-3"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
New generation linoleum products come with a factory-applied surface finish or shield, which includes a primer and tough top layer which enhance low maintenance properties, and are restorable. This floor finish requires no stripping upon installation and to do so will damage the sheeting. This linoleum should simply be cleaned after installation in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.<br />
<br />
Linoleum that is supplied without the surface shield will however still require stripping and sealing on installation where the sealant acts as a sacrificial coat. Ensure that the correct products and procedure – as approved by the manufacturer – are applied, as sealers for vinyl will stain linoleum sheeting. Compliance with cleaning and maintenance, as laid down by the manufacturer, is required, to avoid invalidating the product guarantees. No alkaline products should be used as these will damage the linoleum.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image75.jpeg]]Linoleum is resistant to staining by blood or urine, but will discolour with iodine. Bleach will cause deterioration and loss of gloss. It has a good resistance to chemicals, diluted acids, oils and fats, and is extremely wear-resistant. Dirt-trap matting is recommended at entrances to the facility, to reduce the effect of the aggressive African soil conditions.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-3"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum has slip-resistant properties, although with any smooth surface, care must be taken when cleaning. Attention must be given to thresholds where differing floor thicknesses meet, and a smooth transition should be formed.<br />
<br />
Linoleum is soft underfoot, resulting in reduced staff leg fatigue when compared with hard finishes. The smooth finish, however, is easy to use with wheeled equipment, creating a safe and workable environment for the health facility.<br />
<br />
According to EN 13501-1, linoleum is suitable for exit routes in terms of fire safety, and is classified CFL/S1.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-3"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Although the floor installation is welded, the use of linoleum in wet areas is not recommended due to the jute/hessian backing.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-3"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
LINOLEUM SHEETING WITH PROTECTIVE TOP LAYER<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 2.5 mm thick x 2 m wide linoleum sheeting manufactured to specification EN 548 (with double protective top layer), laid in manufacturer-approved acrylic adhesive, spread with a notched trowel having 2.1 mm in height x 2.7 mm in width at 2.3 mm centres at a rate of 3 m² per litre on a previously prepared Class 1 subfloor by builder, as described above and elsewhere measured, including all cutting and waste. All joints to be butted or grooved and heat-welded with approved welding rods, ensuring that the welding rod bonds to more than 70% of the sheet thickness. It is essential that during the course of installation the material be rolled in both directions with an articulated 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller.<br />
<br />
Linoleum is a nontoxic natural product that does not emit VOCs, and makes for a better indoor air quality than rooms finished with petroleum-based/synthetic materials such as vinyl sheeting – which do emit VOCs. The linoleum is fully recyclable, and will earn credits for green-rated projects. A 30 to40 -year life span is not uncommon where floors are properly maintained, making for a low life cycle cost.<br />
<br />
According to C. Maloney (LEED Green Associate at Cornell University), linoleum is preferable to vinyl as a flooring product, because it is better for the environment, and also for the wellbeing of the occupants.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-4"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Regular linoleum has excellent sound absorption properties and produces results of around 5 dB when tested for acoustical impact noise reduction under EN ISO 7127-2. Specialised acoustic linoleum is even more effective in creating a calm, quiet environment. Cushion-backed flooring helps to dampen reverberation sounds, and patients respond well to the calming effect of the muffled sounds in usually noisy hospital environments.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-2"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum is available in a wide range of colours and designs help create healing environments. Patterns include wood-grains, marble and other interesting designs. Patterns are easy to achieve. Budget provision must be made for aquajet cutting where more intricate patterns are desired.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-3"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Due to its reduced flexibility, integral skirting using the floor-sheet requires special skill to form. The cove must be supported, properly fixed and capped. Preformed skirting can be fitted where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
'''SKIRTING - SELECT ONE'''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor linoleum sheeting coved 150 mm high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over pre-formed 20 x20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Allow for butterfly corner method at all corners including at thresholds, all in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer-approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Sit on''' extruded coved PVC--skirting, followed by capping strip (''confirm size of skirting, capping strip and colour),'' using manufacturer-approved contact adhesive, spread evenly and quickly with a brush onto both material and working surface. Allow both surfaces to become touch dry – approximately 15 minutes. Place material carefully into position at one end, and then work gradually along its length. When completely positioned, apply firm pressure along whole length to ensure perfect contact between the two adhesive surfaces. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
Clip-on capping strips with backing can also be specified – refer to manufacturers.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for linoleum flooring<br />
<br />
<span id="rubber-flooring"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image77.jpeg]]Rubber flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-4"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Rubber flooring is formed by vulcanising and compressing natural rubber, which is extracted from the sap of the tropical rubber plant. It is a simple process. There is no PVC- content, and it is available in tile and sheeting approximately 3 to 3.5 mm thick. The product is not manufactured locally in South Africa, but is available imported through local suppliers.<br />
<br />
European norms (ENs) that set the industry standard for rubber flooring include:<br />
<br />
* EN 1817 – Homogenous and heterogeneous rubber flooring<br />
* EN 1816 – as above, with foam backing<br />
<br />
Rubber is an extremely dense, hard-wearing product which will handle forklift traffic and has an extended life cycle of 30 to40 years. The most common surface finish is the classic round raised pastille.<br />
<br />
Some rubber is made from a combination of natural and synthetic rubber, and there are numerous interlocking tile products available that look similar to rubber, but are made of PVC.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-3"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Rubber flooring is bacteriostatic and will prevent the growth of mould and fungus. This makes is suitable for use in healthcare environments. The joints between the tiles, however, do present a risk, and sheeting is preferable in this regard, as all seams can be welded. The ‘wall-floor’ joint can also be an area of risk as integral skirting is difficult since the material is very dense and has reduced flexibility (although not impossible with skill). This can be an area that forms a reservoir to moisture and growth spot for microbes, and hence its reduced application in health facilities.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-4"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is extremely hard-wearing and durable and required uncomplicated maintenance with neutral detergents, rinsing and dry sweeping/vacuuming. As with any product, maintenance will prolong the life and enhance the appearance of the product.<br />
<br />
'''Safety'''<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image79.jpeg]]The circular pastille pattern of tiles and the textured surface of the sheeting provide a slip-resistant surface which is suitable even in wet conditions. Good walking comfort is achieved with less leg fatigue than hard surfaces. The raised pattern will produce slightly more drag than a perfectly smooth surface when it comes to wheeled equipment being pushed across it.<br />
<br />
Rubber is a Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-4"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is well suited for use in high-humidity/wet spill areas, as it is not adversely affected by moisture, and the slip-resistant surface makes it safe to use in these areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-4"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is a natural product that does not emit toxic VOCs. No formaldehyde materials are used in the manufacture of rubber flooring, and in terms of EN 14041:2004, an E1 classification is achieved, which means emissions fall into the ‘less than 0.7 ppm (parts per million)’ category. Rubber does have a distinctive odour.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-5"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is an excellent absorber of sound, with a sound absorption value of between 6 to10 dB. Rougher textured tiles will absorb even more, and specialised acoustic products up to 20 dB. The muffling of impact sounds in a healthcare environment will clam patients and contribute to a quiet, peaceful space.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-3"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is available in a limited range of monochromatic colours. Simple patterns can be achieved, but the single colour flooring can appear somewhat utilitarian – which may be suitable for specific areas. The durability of the flooring means that it maintains its appearance well, still visually appealing after many years of use.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-4"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Coving of the wall/floor joint is possible with rubber sheeting, but its reduced flexibility and thickness require expertise and special skills to achieve. Preformed skirting is more readily available. Rubber tiles are more commonly used in South Africa, and skirting then cannot be coved or welded to the flooring.<br />
<br />
'''SPECIFICATION FOR RUBBER FLOOR-SHEETING:'''<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 2.0 mm thick x 1.22 mm wide rubber floor-sheeting with a changing base colour, consisting of three harmoniously matched colour components and characteristic granule inclusions, laid into manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread according to manufacturer’s recommendations on a previously prepared Class 1 sub-floor by a builder, (specified above and elsewhere measured) , including all cutting and waste. Join sealing required, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.<br />
<br />
'''SKIRTING: SELECT ONE'''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor-sheeting coved 150 to 200 mm ''(select)'' high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over preformed 20 x 20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer-approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
(''Confirm skirting '''set-in''' or '''sit-on''')'' Supply and fix extruded coved fillet and capping strip ''(confirm skirting type, radius and size, colour, capping strip size and colour),'' using manufacturer-approved contact adhesive, spread evenly and quickly with a brush onto both material and working surface. Allow both surfaces to become touch dry – approximately 15 minutes. Place material carefully into position at one end, and then work gradually along its length. When completely positioned, apply firm pressure along whole length to ensure perfect contact between the two adhesive surfaces.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for rubber sheeting<br />
<br />
<span id="cork-flooring"></span><br />
=== Cork flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-5"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image81.jpeg]]Cork flooring is made from the bark of the cork oak tree, which is an evergreen tree common in Southern Europe and North Africa. The bark is ground and processed into sheets before being kiln-baked. The hand harvesting is strictly controlled, and since the bark grows back, this is a highly sustainable product.<br />
<br />
The main constituent of cork is a waxy, rubbery substance called suberin. This hydrophobic substance gives cork flooring its elastic and impermeable quality.<br />
<br />
The cork sheeting is most commonly formed into tiles or planks of between 4 to6 mm thick and varying sizes. The tiles are most commonly glued to the floor surface which must be free of imperfections, level dry and smooth. The tiles or planks are generally butt-jointed. Floating cork floors can be achieved by laying cork planks over timber floors. Interlocking, glue-less installation is also available. Cork is also formed into rolls for use as an underlay below other flooring materials to improve acoustic performance and prevent moisture ingress. It is recommended that cork suitable for commercial use (Class EN31-35) is used in healthcare facilities.<br />
<br />
Cork and rubber have also been combined with polymers such as neoprene and nitrite to create tough, durable floor-sheeting. Cork has also been combined with linoleum to form flooring products that are imported. These imported products cater for residential, commercial and industrial grade applications. Although cork has predominantly been used in the residential sector in South Africa, it is beginning to find a place in the commercial, and particularly the healthcare sectors, where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-4"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Cork is bacteriostatic and antifungal. Dirt and grime may collect, but not be trapped by the floor, and provided the floor is regularly swept or vacuumed, microbes will not be able to colonise, and the floor will prevent the spread of infection. Some manufacturers treat the cork with an additional antimicrobial sealant to prolong the durability of the product. Joints cannot be welded, and tiles are laid with butt joints. These joints can gather dust and moisture over time, and sealing the finished floor with a sealant is recommended.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-5"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
This is a low maintenance product, with simple cleaning procedures such as regular mopping and sweeping – no sophisticated equipment is needed. No harsh cleaning agents or polishing is required. Tiles usually come pre-sealed; however, application of an additional polyurethane sealant to cover the joints on the finished floor is recommended. Unless the floor is properly sealed, it can stain, and the sealant will need re-application periodically. The resilient nature of cork means it has excellent impact resistance. The 40 million microscopic air-pockets per cm<sup>3</sup> allow cork to return easily to its original shape, even after pressure from furniture or heavy foot traffic.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-4"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Cork consists of 50% air, which is contained in the microscopic honeycomb compartments that make up the material. This makes cork a great shock-absorber, reducing leg fatigue as well as injuries where patients may fall (particularly the elderly). The cellular structure also makes it slip-resistant. Nanobead technology surface finishes are available which provide excellent traction to prevent slipping.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-5"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Suberin is a natural waxy substance found in cork, and is responsible for the moisture repellent/resistant properties of cork. Cork is commonly used as an underlay to prevent the transfer of moisture to the floor finish. It is however not recommended to glue cork to consistently damp or wet areas as adhesive to the substrate may fail, and the moisture will divert to other finishes.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-and-insulation"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image83.jpeg]]Indoor air quality: Emissions and insulation ====<br />
<br />
Cork, and the process of producing cork flooring contains no formaldehyde or other toxic substances, and cork does not emit VOCs. However, adhesives, finishing/protection coats and sealants used with these flooring products may contain solvents and emit VOCs. Cork is also very lightweight due to the high air content and this reduces the transport costs and in turn the carbon cost of the product. Solvent- and formaldehyde-free polyurethane surface finishes are also available for commercial use (Class EN 32). The insulation properties of cork will produce good energy savings where heat load is a factor on the floor.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-6"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Impact sound reduction tests (in accordance with ISO140-8) show that cork can absorb and reduce sound by up to 16 dB. The air-filled compartments are excellent sound absorbers and will contribute to a calm, quiet environment. Sealants will reduce this capacity, but slightly increasing the reflectivity. ISO 10140-1:2010 indicated a 53% reduction in footfall sound.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-4"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Cork, like timber, is a naturally-grown product and much of its aesthetic appeal comes from the uniqueness of each batch of cork. Colour variations add to the appeal, and are to be expected from different trees and harvests. The colours range from yellows to dark browns, although off-whites are also being achieved through treatment. Exposure to light will over time lead to some degree of fading. Engineered multilayered cork products will be more consistent in pattern and colour. These hybrid products are examined more under Section C4.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-5"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Cork cannot be coved or welded. Any suitable coved set-in skirting can be used, with the flooring abutting this skirting. The thickness of the cork tiles should be borne in mind when abutting a coved skirting, however, as the cork is thicker than most pre-moulded coved skirting on the market.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for cork tiles<br />
<br />
<span id="soft-finishes"></span><br />
== Soft finishes ==<br />
<br />
<span id="carpet-textiles"></span><br />
=== Carpet textiles ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-6"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
'''Subfloors''' must be level, permanently dry, solid and free from cracks, dirt and adhesion inhibiting substances and not exceed a maximum humidity of 75% RH. Ensure that the subfloor is well absorbent. If the subfloor shows low absorbency or no absorbency, apply a high quality cement based levelling compound in a minimum thickness of 2 to 3 mm (measured elsewhere). Note that latex or acrylic levelling compounds will detrimentally affect the adhesion of the adhesives'''.''' Apply 600 x 300 x 3.2 mm thick cork panels consisting of 0.25 mm vinyl backing layer, 1.65 mm cork agglomerated core, 0.8 mm genuine cork veneer and 0.5 mm hard wearing surface, and prefinished with specialised surface treatment suitable for Class EN 33 Use (or equivalent). Panels are to be glued to the substrate (350 to400 g/m<sup>2</sup> spread rate) with a notched trowel using adhesive as per the cork panel manufacturer’s recommendation. Ensure the adhesive ridges are compressed completely to an even adhesive film. Roll with a 50 kg multipart roller after a short period and repeat rolling after approx. one hour. If necessary, weigh down edges. The edges of flooring area are to be caulked before fitting the skirting. A 15-year warranty is to be provided on the flooring product.<br />
<br />
Carpets are manufactured from fibres attached to a backing. The fibres range from natural wool to synthetically manufactured nylon or polypropylene fibres. Carpets can be made up of cut pile – individual strands, or tufted pile – which are closed loops. These are needle-punched into the backing. The heights of the tufts can be varied to create the striations and patterns commonly found in needle-punch carpets. The synthetic fibres are often treated to prevent the growth of mould and microbes, and make the carpet resistant to staining.<br />
<br />
Traditional carpets had jute backings, but this organic material - which had limitations such as rotting when exposed to moisture, or encouraging microbe infestation, has largely been replaced by synthetic fibre or resin-based backings which are more durable, non-allergenic and can resist moisture.<br />
<br />
Broadloom carpet widths are most commonly 3,66 m wide, but some manufacturers supply 4 m widths or narrower 1.8 m widths as well. Carpet tiles are generally 500 to600 mm square, but larger sizes and rectangular tiles are also available to order. A wide range of thicknesses are available – from 3 to 12 mm depending on the backing. Carpets are graded for various applications and traffic weights - from residential to heavy commercial. The colouring process ranges from pre-dyeing/injecting colour into the yarn, to continuous dyeing – where dyes are rolled or sprayed onto the carpet or by boiling in vats of dye after the manufacturing process is complete.<br />
<br />
The fibre weight varies from 400 gsm to 1 100 gsm, although this should be seen in relation to the overall weight of the carpet including the backing. The suitability of the carpet however, is reliant on its fitness for purpose, such as using the correct location grade, and the guarantees and warranties provided by the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-5"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although there is no direct evidence linking any flooring type directly to HAIs, the study by Sehulster and Chinn for Center for Disease Control (2003), recommended that carpets not be used in areas where spills are likely to occur, such as laboratories or cleaners rooms, nor where patients are at greater risk from infection from airborne pathogens, such as in burns units, ICUs and operating rooms. While fibres can trap pathogens (and thereby prevent them from circulating in the air), the proper cleaning of carpets and effective removal of these pathogens is difficult to check on a daily basis. In addition, the carpet is porous and permeable, (although some may have an impermeable backing) which is in conflict with the National Health requirements for these high-risk areas. Carpets in offices or waiting areas do provide a welcome relief from the noisy ward areas where harder surfaces are present.<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers indicate the additional benefit of antimicrobial treatment using phosphate amines such as silver, zinc or copper to combat bacteria. The US Carpet and Rug Institute issued a technical bulletin in regard to these treatments and what they achieve. Since the treatment is applied to the carpet fibres or the backing – or both, no implicit human health claims can be made about the finished product unless that finished product has been tested and registered by accredited independent testing organizations. Synthetic fibres in themselves do no provide a nutrient source which microbes need to survive, but textiles can trap soil, dust and moisture, which do provide that source.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-6"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image87.jpeg]]The first means of protecting and extending the life of carpets is the use of dirt-trapping mats at all entrances to the facility. This will remove a substantial amount of soil and dirt carried in on shoes/feet from the exterior. Fine soil crystals damage the fibres as they are ground into the carpet pile, and this can be avoided with regular vacuuming. The build-up of soil over time will also dull the appearance of the carpet.<br />
<br />
It is recommended that heavy traffic areas are vacuumed daily, while for other areas, once a week will suffice – depending on what function the room accommodates. Carpets should be professionally cleaned at least once a year – with products recommended by the manufacturer, as any sticky residue left behind after cleaning will only attract soil build-up. Facility managers must also ensure that vacuum cleaner filters are regularly cleaned and replaced when necessary, as this will also affect the efficacy of vacuuming. If vacuum cleaners are not well maintained, they may also aerosolise pathogens during vacuuming. Carpet protectors should also be used where chairs with castors are present – where recommended by the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-5"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Since slips usually occur when there is too little friction between feet and the walking surface, the rough texture of carpets results in a highly slip-resistant surface. The cushioned effect of some backing types also reduces leg fatigue. Too much cushioning can reduce roller mobility though, making carpets with plush fibre or thick cushioning unsuitable where trolleys or wheelchairs for example, need to traverse the floor.<br />
<br />
Healthcare facilities are occupied by patients that are frail and sometimes non-ambulatory. With this in mind, the fire regulations for this occupancy code are more stringent in the National Building Regulations, and the specifier must ensure that the fire ratings of carpeting types comply with the relevant occupancy.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-and-insulation"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity and insulation ====<br />
<br />
Carpets are not suitable for use in high humidity areas for reasons discussed under infection control above. Carpeting is an effective insulation material, particularly when laid with an underlay.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-5"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Studies conducted by the US Carpet and Rug Institute show that - despite the ‘new carpet smell’ - carpet is one of the lowest emitters of VOCs indoors, less than paints for example, and these odours dissipate within days. Most local manufacturers indicate that the VOC emissions meet the GBCSA Green Star Rating – check product specific literature for the carpet under consideration.<br />
<br />
Since carpets are often glued-down installations, the adhesives are often the culprit with VOC emissions on these floors. The specifier should check with the manufacturers about the levels of emission on the recommended adhesives.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-5"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Carpets are being manufactured in a diverse range of colours, patterns and textures. The variety allows for creative, non-institutional application. Tiles are usually laid tessellated, which also adds to the interesting texture of the floor. Patterns and borders are achievable with tiles and most broadloom carpet, and can contribute to a professional atmosphere in the administrative sections of the healthcare facility.<br />
<br />
An interesting study by Harris (2011) recorded at the Centre for Disease Control demonstrated that the amount of time visitors spent in rooms with carpets was higher than they did in rooms with vinyl floor finishes – this is perhaps an indication of how an environmental aspect can influence behaviour, and could be linked to aesthetics, temperature comfort and sound attenuation.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-7"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
According to the Center for Health Design, carpets have the highest noise reduction co-efficient (NRC) for impact noise of all flooring types. Note that this is in relation to impact noise only – sounds such as footfalls, and dropping of objects onto the floor. The ability of carpet to absorb airborne sound is however mediocre, and according to the technical brief: ‘Acoustic Environments’ by Green Guide for Healthcare (2007), the acoustical benefit of carpet is to reduce impact rather than airborne noise. The noise attenuation properties of flooring, is often a trade-off with infection control. According to a study by Sehulster and Chinn for CDC in 2003, carpet should be avoided in areas housing immuno-compromised patients.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR CARPET BROADLOOM WITH UNDER-CUSHION<br />
<br />
Fit heavy commercial (SABS location grade: 5) textile carpet sheeting, with solution dyed nylon fibres, plain cut pile/level cut loop/tufted cut pile (select) OR polypropylene structured needle-punch fibre and woven polypropylene backing - SABS Class 2 fire rating. Carpet thickness 7 mm to 10 mm (confirm) Carpet fibres are to be pretreated against stains, and guarantee and warranty supplied. Broadloom carpet sheeting to be laid in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification by an approved installer in accordance with SANS 10186:2010. Carpets are to be installed over commercial grade, non-allergic, latex foam under-cushion. (Optional) (Confirm colour and weight/m2 of carpet)<br />
<br />
Skirtings<br />
<br />
Traditionally timber skirting has been most commonly installed with carpeted floors, but there are very few limitations on the size and type of skirting that can be fitted.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR PLAIN-BACKED CARPET TILES FOR MEDIUM COMMERCIAL:<br />
<br />
Plain backed carpet tiles, medium commercial (SABS use class U4), with needle-punched fibres, size 500 x 500 x 5 mm thick (confirm size and thickness) with SABS Class 2 fire rating, fibre weight of 700 g/m² and total weight of 940 g/m², (confirm weight). Carpet tiles manufactured in accordance with SANS 1415:2000, installed by an approved installer in accordance with SANS 10186:2010. Carpet fibres are to be pre-treated against stains, and guarantee and warranty supplied. Confirm colour and relevant code).<br />
<br />
Typical specification for carpet (broadloom)<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specification-for-carpet-tiles"></span><br />
==== Typical specification for carpet tiles ====<br />
<br />
<span id="flocked-flooring"></span><br />
=== Flocked flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-7"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image89.jpeg]]Flocked flooring falls under textiles in terms of definition, but also has characteristics of resilient flooring. It combines the acoustic properties and warm feel of textiles with the waterproof, durable and washable properties of resilient flooring.<br />
<br />
Flocked flooring is manufactured by applying millions of short, cylindrical polyamide (nylon) fibres to an adhesive coated surface through an electrostatic process. The first electrostatically flocked flooring was made in 1960, so the technology is not new. The flooring consists of various layers including:<br />
<br />
* Densely flocked polyamide fibres<br />
* Waterproof PVC-adhesive<br />
* Stable glass-fibre mesh interlays for strength and durability<br />
* Cushioned waterproof, rot-resistant PVC--backing<br />
<br />
The sheeting is available in 2 m wide lengths, and 4.3 mm total thickness. Tiles are 500 x 500 mm, and 5.3 mm thick. The tiles and sheet are suitable for heavy commercial grade application.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-6"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Flocked flooring responds in a similar way to resilient flooring in terms of infection control. The flooring is fully waterproof and washable, being easily cleaned when wet spillages occur. This impermeable quality aids in infection control. The upright nylon fibres are very short when compared to other carpet fibres, and these more easily give up dirt that has fallen among the fibres, preventing microbes from settling in to grow. Like polypropylene fibres, the nylon fibres do not provide a source of nutrient for microbes, and the flooring is the only textile with the UK Allergy Approval certificate. The finished installation is not jointless however, as the joints are not welded, and the skirting is independent of the floor. These are areas that could be an infection risk.<br />
<br />
Antibacterial treatment is also integrated into the manufacturing process. As discussed under Carpets, these may contribute to the reduction of fungus or bacterial growth, but cannot substitute for routine and regular cleaning and maintenance.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-7"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
As mentioned above, the finish is easily vacuumed, and wet spills are easy to clean up as the finish is waterproof. As with any floor, regular cleaning will extend the life and appearance of the product as the build-up of soil over time will dull the appearance. The use of dirt-trapping mats at all entrances to the facility will remove a substantial amount of soil and dirt carried in from the exterior. Because the product is easily vacuumed, it is less likely to trap soil or dirt long enough to encourage microbial growth on the particles of soil and moisture – both of which would need to be present since the nylon fibres themselves provide no nutrient value. Periodic professional cleaning will restore the appearance and this product has a far longer life span than regular carpet textiles.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-6"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Since flocked flooring provides very high slip-resistance, even where spills occur, this product is very safe for use in health facilities, and for many years has been used in the marine industry to finish decks on boats. The cushioned effect also reduces leg fatigue without reducing roller mobility as a result of the short straight fibres of nylon.<br />
<br />
Healthcare facilities are occupied by patients that are frail and sometimes non-ambulatory. With this in mind, the fire regulations for this occupancy code are more stringent in the National Building Regulations, and the specifier must ensure that the fire ratings of carpeting types comply with the relevant occupancy. Flocked sheeting is Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-6"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Due to the waterproof characteristics of the flooring, flocked flooring is not adversely affected by wet areas and can tolerate humid conditions. However, special attention needs to be paid to sealing of joints and edges where moisture could get under the tiles or sheeting if the adhesive is not thoroughly applied.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-6"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
The manufacturers of flocked flooring indicate that VOC emissions are very low, and that certain ranges conform to all standards including the new VOC emissions classes in Europe. The specifics would be dependent on the product specified. Low-emission adhesives are also available. Responsible initiatives on the part of manufacturers include using recycled content in backing, and also supporting PVC-recycling projects.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-6"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
A wide selection of patterns and colourways are available, from natural tones to bright colours, monochrome to multiple colours, standard or purpose-designed - there is ample opportunity for creativity. Tiles can be laid checkerboard or broadloom style. Cutting designs into the sheeting can also be achieved for branding or more intricate patterns. Conventional rotary screen-printing builds colours up in successive layers before heat fixing the print permanently onto the fibres. Digital printing can also be achieved where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR FLOCKED FLOORING<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 4.3 mm thick x 2 m wide electrostatically flocked textile floor-sheet covering, manufactured to specification EN 1307. Spread manufacturer approved acrylic adhesive on the exposed substrate with a trowel having triangular notches 1.78 x 1.78 x 1.6 mm at 3.0 mm centres at the rate of between 5.5 m² and 6.5 m² per litre depending on sub-floor porosity, on a previously prepared sub-floor by the builder, (as described) and elsewhere measured. Factory edges to be butted for seaming. It is essential that during the course of installation the product be rolled in both directions with an articulated 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller immediately after it has been laid into the adhesive.<br />
<br />
Acoustics<br />
<br />
With around 70 million fibres/m<sup>2</sup>, the flooring is extremely dense, and it is this property that can substantially reduce impact sound. The flocked flooring has been tested under BS EN ISO 10140-2010 and proven to absorb 20 dB on the sheeting, and 17 dB on the tiles. The soft floor was also shown to absorb ambient noise. This finish would be appropriate in waiting areas or counselling rooms.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirting"></span><br />
==== Skirting ====<br />
<br />
Coved and welded skirting cannot be achieved with flocked flooring. Traditional timber skirting is suitable but as for carpeted floors, but there are very few limitations on the size and type of skirting that can be fitted.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for flocked flooring (broadloom)<br />
<br />
<span id="hybrid-floor-finishes"></span><br />
== Hybrid floor finishes ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image91.jpeg]]Traditionally flooring types were limited to hard, resilient or soft finishes, but with new technology and manufacturing processes, a new class of flooring is beginning to surface – namely: hybrid floor finishes. The term refers to floors that are engineered from various layers, or combinations of various products. This could include hard, soft and resilient finishes. To some extent, flocked flooring could fall under this category as it crosses the boundary between resilient and soft finishes, but it has been classified as a textile at present. Laminated flooring is another such product. Laminated flooring consists of various layers which are compressed. There are two main types, namely those with a fibreboard substrate (like medium density fibreboard) and others with a vinyl substrate.<br />
<br />
<span id="laminated-timber-flooring-fibreboard-substrate"></span><br />
=== Laminated timber flooring: Fibreboard substrate ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-8"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber flooring has largely replaced traditional timber flooring and parquet products due to the reduced cost, ease of installation, wider range of wood grain aesthetics available, as well as the reduced impact on the use timber resources. Laminated timber flooring consists of four layers:<br />
<br />
* A top layer/film of transparent aluminium oxide and melamine (the wear layer which makes the surface scratch- and scuff-resistant)<br />
* The highly realistic photographic paper image of the wood<br />
* the core layer of medium or high density fibreboard treated for water resistance<br />
* A base layer of waterproof film for stability<br />
<br />
These layers are fused under heat and high-pressure. The density of the fibreboard can vary substantially, and overall thicknesses range from 6 mm to 12 mm, but the industry recommendation is the 8 to9 mm plank for most applications. Plank sizes also vary in size, but generally are 200 mm x 1 300 mm. The interlocking system of the planks means that the floor finish can be installed without adhesives. The surface of the junction between planks can be a smooth butt-joint, a pronounced v-joint or fitted with a flush rubber strip for an anti-slip finish suited to wet areas. Expansion joints against walls are important, as is the laying of moisture barrier sheeting under the flooring. Sound-dampening underlays of 2 to 3 mm are also recommended.<br />
<br />
The majority of laminated timber flooring is suited to residential applications, but commercial grades are also available. Flooring is graded for levels of use according to EN 685. Health facilities would require a minimum EN 31 Class: Commercial Moderate (for public and commercial use which is low or intermittent), but medium, heavy and intense traffic may be more suited to specific areas of the facility. (En Class 32, 33 and 34 respectively.) Abrasion Class 5 (AC5 EN 33) can be used in public and commercial areas with heavy traffic.<br />
<br />
Abrasion Classes 1 to2 are for light domestic use only.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-7"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Laminated floor planks can present an infection control risk in the small grooves of the interlocking joints which can trap small particles of dust and moisture, and are difficult to clean thoroughly. Open V-joints are easier to clean, but provide deeper ‘reservoirs’ for dust, and will need thorough and regular vacuuming or<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR LAMINATED TIMBER FLOORING:<br />
<br />
Interlocking laminate flooring plank 1 285 x 194 x 8 mm thick ''(confirm size)'' in four-sided V-joint board (select edge detail), fixed floating on combination PU foam underlay with taped membrane overlaps on floor and 40 mm turn-up at walls. Expansion gaps between walls and floor to be finished off with wood stained skirting in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Installation by manufacturer approved installer, and 25-year guarantee to be supplied. ''(Confirm colour, texture, code)''<br />
<br />
broom cleaning to remove dirt. While this flooring may not be suited to areas where infection control is a priority, it can be used in other areas of health facilities, such as offices or public recreational access areas such as coffee shops.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-8"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image92.png|169x154px]]Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber floors should be dry-brushed and vacuumed regularly to remove dirt and grit which can lead to scratches. Spills should be wiped up immediately, and cleaning should never be done with large amounts of water. Slightly damp, well-squeezed dry laminate mops or cloths should be used with manufacturer approved cleaning agent. No abrasive cleaners should be used, and no stripping, sanding, waxing, polishing or varnishing is required.<br />
<br />
Figure 36<br />
<br />
Dirt trapping mats are the best investment in maintaining these floors. Felt pads are recommended under the feet of furniture and soft tread castors should be used on chairs.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-7"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Laminated flooring provides a smooth, sheer finish, which can present a slip hazard, particularly if spills occur. Floors with rubber inserts in the V-joints provide a slip-resistant surface. This hard floor finish can be fitted with underlays to reduce leg fatigue. Fire ratings vary substantially, depending on the product, and these should be checked with the manufacturer to ensure suitability for use in the health facility.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-7"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber floors are not suited to commercial areas where wet processes will take place. The junctions between planks are not sealed, and will allow moisture access. This will adversely affect the products – some of which have a fibreboard core.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-7"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Medium-density fibreboard contains a higher resin to wood ratio than any other urea-formaldehyde pressed wood product, and is recognised as being the highest formaldehyde-emitting pressed wood product. (Source: US Environmental Protection Agency). These VOCs are fairly quickly dissipated though, and the glue-free installation of the interlocking planks means lower emissions when compared to a glued-down system using high-VOC adhesives.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-7"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The popularity of laminated timber flooring has widened the range of ‘wood-look’ finishes available. The diversity of the timber grains and hues provides creative opportunities that echo a natural environment –albeit in appearance only. The move in healthcare to provide a more ‘homely’ residential appeal has also seen these timber laminates being used more in certain areas of health facilities.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-8"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Laminated flooring tends to amplify the sound of footfalls, but sound-deadening acoustic underlays should be used where possible. These loose-laid or glued-down sub-layers can improve the sound of impact by 20 dB, when used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-6"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Matching moulded skirting is usually available in matching grains and colours to suit the floor panels. This independent skirting is not recommended in high infection control risk areas as the small crevices are difficult to clean, and will gather dust and moisture. Varnished timber skirting is also commonly used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specification-for-laminated-timber-flooring"></span><br />
==== Typical specification for laminated timber flooring ====<br />
<br />
<span id="laminated-flooring-pvc-planks"></span><br />
=== Laminated flooring – PVC planks ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-9"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image94.jpeg]]Interlocking laminated floor planks are also manufactured from PVC-layers, which are more durable than the fibreboard core planks. In addition, the formaldehydes associated with MDF and HDF are avoided, and the performance under wet conditions is superior. This product is more suitable in heavy commercial applications than laminated timber planks, and in some ranges even suitable for light industrial applications. These ‘planks’ are actually small rigid vinyl sheets which are formed with an interlocking joint detail. These products are thinner than MDF laminates at 2.5 to 5 mm thick, but are available in similar sizes as the laminated timber planks (around 150 to 230 mm wide x 1 200 mm long). Some ranges are available in 600 x 600 tiles. The basic layers of the product include:<br />
<br />
* A polyurethane reinforced surface treatment<br />
* The embossed high-density wear layer of 0.4 to0.7 mm pure PVC (this makes the surface scratch- and scuff- resistant)<br />
* The decorative layer with the highly realistic photographic paper image of the wood , stone or other graphic design<br />
* The stabilising glass fibre fleece core layer (around 1 mm) for dimensional stability<br />
* A PVC-composite load-bearing base layer<br />
<br />
These layers are fused under heat and high-pressure. The interlocking system of the planks means that the floor finish can be installed without adhesives – as a floating floor. This has advantages in terms of the VOCs given off where solvent adhesives are used. The surface of the junction between planks can be a smooth butt-joint, or a pronounced bevel/V-joint.<br />
<br />
Glued-down planks/tiles are however also available (in 2.5 to3 mm thickness with 0.55 and 07 mm PU--wear layers respectively). Both are suitable for heavy commercial and the latter for light industrial use. The glued-down planks have a deep embossed finish giving a realistic appearance to the wood-grain, and improving slip-resistance.<br />
<br />
Flooring is graded for levels of use according to EN 685. Health facilities would require a minimum EN 31 Class: Commercial Moderate (for public and commercial use which is low or intermittent), but medium, heavy and intense traffic may be more relevant to specific areas of the facility. (En Class 32, 33 and 34 respectively.) Abrasion Class 5 (AC5 EN 33) can be used in public and commercial areas with heavy traffic. Abrasion resistance should meet Group T.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-8"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although the laminated vinyl floor planks do not provide a nutrient source for bacteria, this flooring can present an infection control risk in the small grooves of the interlocking joints which could trap small particles of dust and moisture, and are difficult to clean thoroughly. Open V-joints are easier to clean, but provide deeper ‘reservoirs’ for dust, and will need thorough and regular vacuuming or broom cleaning to remove dirt. A well-maintained floor will however present an easy to clean, hygienic floor finish suited to the healthcare environment.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-9"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The vinyl planks with PU-reinforcement make for a simple maintenance regime. The floor should be swept and vacuumed regularly, and washed periodically with water and manufacturer-approved cleaning agent. No abrasive cleaning agents or tools should be used, and no stripping, sanding, waxing, polishing or varnishing is required. Dirt trapping mats are the best investment in maintaining these floors.<br />
<br />
The glued-down tiles/planks should not be washed for a few days after installation – in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations -to allow the planks to settle in the adhesive. Moisture exposure during this stage may also affect the adhesive bond.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-8"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Laminated vinyl planks are deeply embossed to enhance the realistic wood grain. This ridged surface provides good slip-resistance. The floating floor installation can be laid with sound-absorbing underlays, which also reduce leg-fatigue. Fire ratings vary substantially, depending on the product, and these should be checked with the manufacturer to ensure suitability for use in the health facility. The laminated vinyl plank is a Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-8"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Laminated vinyl planks can be used in areas where occasional spills occur, although spills should be wiped up immediately.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-8"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
The floating – interlocking planks will not require adhesives to fix the floor in place, and this will reduce the VOC emissions when compared to glued-down systems. Certain vinyl planks have been certified with a Gold Indoor Air Comfort-rating which is awarded to products of very low VOC emissions where these are below any globally determined imit.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-8"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The popularity of laminated flooring has widened the range of ‘wood-look’ finishes available. The diversity of the timber grains and hues provides creative opportunities that echo a natural environment –albeit in appearance only. The move in healthcare to provide a more ‘homely’ residential appeal has also seen these vinyl planks being used more in certain areas of health facilities. The grain should always be laid parallel to the direction of the natural light falling into the room.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-9"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
AC5 - EN 33 Class interlocking ''(or glued-down – specify)'' vinyl PVC--layered flooring plank 1 219 x228 x 5 mm thick ''(confirm size and thickness)'' in four-sided V-groove, bevel-edge joint (''select edge detail''), fixed floating (''or laid in manufacturer approved adhesive).'' Expansion gaps between walls and floor to be provided in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Installation only by manufacturer- approved installer. Supplier to provide 10-year commercial warranty. ''(Confirm colour, texture, code.)''<br />
<br />
Floating laminated flooring tends to amplify the sound of footfalls, but sound-deadening acoustic underlays should be used where possible. These loose-laid or glued-down sublayers can improve the sound of impact by 20 dB, when used with the laminated flooring. Glued-down systems have less echo effect for the sound of footfalls and impact.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-7"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
The PVC-planks cannot be coved - more as a result of the directional pattern, but also the rigidity. Using a complementary colour vinyl skirting could still be used. This allows for a seamless skirting and hygienic finish. Matching moulded skirting can also be used in matching grains and colours to suit the floor panels. This independent skirting is not recommended in high infection control risk areas as the small crevices are difficult to clean, and will gather dust and moisture. Varnished timber skirting is also commonly used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for laminated vinyl planks<br />
<br />
<span id="flooring-accessories"></span><br />
== Flooring accessories ==<br />
<br />
<span id="walk-off-dirt-trapping-mats"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image96.jpeg]]Walk-off dirt trapping mats ===<br />
<br />
An effective entrance barrier or dirt trapping mat can reduce cleaning by up to 65%. The highly abrasive African soil conditions create an extremely aggressive environment that can shorten the life span of the floor-sheeting. Without removing the bulk of this dirt and grit at the entrance, the floor finish - whether hard, soft, resilient or hybrid - can be badly damaged by the dirt and grit that is carried in on visitors’ shoes.<br />
<br />
Walk-off mats should be placed strategically at all entrances, allowing a minimum of four to five paces, (around 3 m) across which people will walk. This will remove the majority of loose particles, and prolong the life of the floor finish.<br />
<br />
Various types of entrance barrier matting are available including:<br />
<br />
* Coarse carpet with ridged surface<br />
* Coir bristle brush<br />
* PVC-brush<br />
* Aluminium structure with inserts of rubber<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image98.jpeg]]Aluminium structure with inserts of carpet<br />
<br />
A recess in the screed should be specified and/or detailed to the exact depth of the mat. This will ensure a flush finish at floor level, and prevent the mat from becoming a tripping hazard. If the mats are not recessed, they will need to be firmly anchored, and have bevelled edges on all sides.<br />
<br />
<span id="expansion-joints"></span><br />
=== Expansion joints ===<br />
<br />
Expansion joints must be carried through the floor finish and screed from the slab below to prevent cracks in the finish. This applies to hard and resilient flooring. Soft finishes such as carpet, can be laid over the screed joint. These joints should be finished with purpose-designed expansion joint covers which will vary according to the type of finish laid, and include:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image100.jpeg]]Extruded PVC-covers that are glued to the floor either side of the joint<br />
* Metal joint covers made of aluminium, stainless steel or brass with rubber inserts or metal clip-on covers<br />
<br />
Where PVC joint covers are used with resilient sheeting, the joint must be filled to support the expandable section of the joint cover.<br />
<br />
Preventing uneven surfaces is a priority, and every effort must be made to ensure a smooth transition over expansion joints to minimise tripping hazards.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image102.jpeg]]Consult flooring manufacturers for appropriate treatment of expansion joint covers and ensure that these are specified at documentation stage.<br />
<br />
<span id="transition-strips-stairs-and-ramps"></span><br />
=== Transition strips, stairs and ramps ===<br />
<br />
<span id="transitions"></span><br />
==== Transitions: ====<br />
<br />
The UK National Health Service identified uneven surfaces and changes in level as one of four main causes of “’slip and trip’ accidents in healthcare facilities. (Healey, 2007)<br />
<br />
Changes in floor finish often mean a difference in levels of friction or surface resistance, which can lead to falls. It can also result in a slight change in floor level, if the floor finish thickness varies – as is often the case when sheeting meets a tiles floor for example. It is recommended that these transitions do not exceed 5 mm vertically, but a bevelled transition of 5 mm over 100 mm length (minimum) is less likely to cause tripping. Planning and detail design will reduce the risks.<br />
<br />
By positioning the transition at a threshold also minimises risk as it is more expected here. Purpose-made cover strips are manufactured to link different types of floor finish and thickness and these should be selected, described at specification stage. These are available in metals, such as aluminium, brass, and stainless steel and these strips are also manufactured from extruded PVC.<br />
<br />
In areas where highly sensitive patients (such as spinal surgery patients) are wheeled to theatre, transition strips, or any bumps or ridges, must be avoided as any unnecessary vibration can adversely affect the patient.<br />
<br />
<span id="stairs"></span><br />
==== Stairs: ====<br />
<br />
Stairways are also an area where trips and falls are more common, and need careful planning in terms of finish. Specifying stair nosing will:<br />
<br />
* Provide good slip resistance to the leading edge of the step<br />
* Visually define the step end<br />
* Protect the exposed edge of the finish – irrespective of whether its tile, vinyl or carpet<br />
<br />
Stair nosing is available in extruded and ridged PVC-strips, aluminium strips with rubber or carborundum inserts, or purpose-made step tiles with bull-nosed edges and non-slip grooves. Ensure that the treatment of the stair edge does not become a tripping hazard in itself. The stair nosing must finish as near to flush as possible to the finish on the tread itself.<br />
<br />
<span id="ramps"></span><br />
==== Ramps: ====<br />
<br />
The National Building Regulations give clear parameters for universal/wheelchair access. In addition, the use of wheeled equipment in hospital and healthcare facilities from beds to food trolleys to drip stands, means high-volume use of ramps. The potential for slipping increases due to the gradient. Finishes that provide reasonable slip-resistance are appropriate in this application.<br />
<br />
<span id="c5.4-external-finishes-at-entrances"></span><br />
=== C5.4 External finishes at entrances ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image104.jpeg]]Special attention should be paid to the external areas leading up to all entrances to health facilities bearing in mind that infirm patients will be using this access. At casualty/emergency units, patient drop-off zones, and ambulance bays, there is the additional need for stretchers, wheelchairs and emergency trolleys to be quickly and smoothly wheeled through these entrances. Bevel-edged pavers will add to the effort required to push a trolley over a pavement.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image106.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
Stormwater grids and manhole covers should ideally not be located on these routes, and non-mountable kerbing or rainwater channels should also be avoided. Ramps and slopes should be suitably treated to avoid slipping in wet weather.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image108.jpeg]]Areas set aside for helicopter landings, and the route from there to the casualty/emergency entrance should also be viewed with these comments in mind.<br />
<br />
Figure 45<br />
<br />
PERFORMANCE<br />
<br />
<span id="performance-categories"></span><br />
== Performance categories ==<br />
<br />
The properties described in the selection criteria in Section C above have been listed in [[#_Ref384228042|Table 2]] below, and then grouped into five performance categories that would satisfy the requirements in various areas within a healthcare facility<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ <span id="_Ref384228042" class="anchor"></span>Table 2<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| FLOOR PROPERTIES<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"| PERFORMANCE CATEGORY<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''1'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''2'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''3'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 4<br />
|-<br />
| Smooth<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Impervious<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Jointless/seamless<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Textured<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Perforated<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Jointed<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Low maintenance<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
|-<br />
| Washable/easily cleaned<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Suited to high humidity areas<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br /><br />
O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br /><br />
✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|-<br />
| Acoustic priority<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|-<br />
| Aesthetic priority<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Legend/Key:<br />
<br />
'''✓'''indicates this property is required for the class<br />
<br />
🗴indicates this property is not required for the class<br />
<br />
oindicates this property is an optional requirement for the class<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 1 (typical area – operating theatre or ward):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting, linoleum sheeting, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 2 (typical room – passage):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting, linoleum sheeting, rubber sheeting, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 3 (typical area – dirty utility):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting or tiles, linoleum sheeting or tiles, rubber sheeting or tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 4 (typical area – office or waiting room):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl Sheeting or tiles, linoleum sheeting or tiles, rubber sheeting or tiles, cork tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, laminated flooring, carpets, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 5(typical area – plant room):<br />
<br />
* Epoxy paints, rubber sheeting or tiles, etc.<br />
<br />
Refer to [[#_Ref384228064|Table ''3 Matrix of recommended floor performance categories'']] to establish what performance category the floor of the room in question will require.<br />
<br />
<span id="performance-categories-recommended-per-room"></span><br />
== Performance categories recommended per room ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ <span id="_Ref384228064" class="anchor"></span>Table 3 Matrix of recommended floor performance categories<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Department<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Room Name<br />
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"| Floor Performance<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 1<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 2<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 3<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 4<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 5<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Acute In-Patient Wards (Adults)'''<br />
| Circulation Space<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaners Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Consulting Room<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Day Lounge (patients)<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Duty Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Equipment Store<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| General Ward (single or multi-bed)<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Isolation Ward<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kit Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Linen Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Office<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Patient ablutions<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Patient Assisted Ablution<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Ablutions<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Change Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Rest Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Surgical Sundries Store<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Treatment Room<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Waiting area (public)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Ward Kitchen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Ward Nurse Station<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| Administration Department<br />
| Circulation<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaners Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Offices/ interview rooms<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Reception<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Boardroom<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Stores<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kitchenette<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Records Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Print room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff WC’s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Waiting area (public)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Casualty &amp; Trauma'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Hazmat Shower'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Minor Theatre / Suture Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Resuscitation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Central Sterilising &amp; Supply Department (CSSD)'''<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Linen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Packing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sterile Storage'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sterilization (Autoclaves)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Wash'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Washing &amp; Disinfecting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="37" style="text-align: center;"| '''Community Health Centre'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dental Surgery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guard House or Security Kiosk'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation/ Separate Nursing Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Off-Loading or Holding area for Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''PABX / Server Rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public WC’s &amp; change rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Resuscitation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Bay (entrances)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ultrasound Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''X-Ray Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" style="text-align: center;"| '''Day Clinic (Department)'''<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''General Ward (single or multi-bed)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Operating Theatre'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Setting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Dental Unit (Dept)'''<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dental Surgery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Panoral Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception / Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area (Public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''High Care or Cardiac Care Unit'''<br />
<br />
'''(HC / CCU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Open Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Intensive Care Unit (ICU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Open Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Kitchen – (Main Hospital)'''<br />
| '''Bulk Dry Goods Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cold Room/Freezer'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cooking Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cutlery/Crockery Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dishwashing &amp; Potwashing Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Food Preparation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plating /Serving Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Receiving Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley wash area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" style="text-align: center;"| '''Laboratory (Pathology/Cytology/Haematology/ Chemistry)'''<br />
<br />
'''(Biosafety Level 2)'''<br />
<br />
'''Laboratory (Pathology/Cytology/Haematology/ Chemistry)'''<br />
<br />
'''(Biosafety Level 2)'''<br />
<br />
''' '''<br />
<br />
''' '''<br />
| '''Blood and blood products store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cell and Tissue Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cytopathology Sample storage'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clinical material store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Disposal area (dangerous materials)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Drug &amp; Vaccines Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Flammable goods store (external)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gas Cylinder &amp; Pressure Vessel store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Hazardous substances store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Histopathology Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Microbiology Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POCT consulting room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reagents / Chemical Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sample Collection laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Specimen Reception &amp; Sorting rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores (protective clothing/equipment)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room incl. lockers'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| '''Laundry – (Main Hospital)'''<br />
| '''Assembly, packing and dispatch'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pressing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sorting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Washing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" style="text-align: center;"| '''Maternity / Delivery Department'''<br />
| '''Baby bathing area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''First Stage Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nursery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wards'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="36" style="text-align: center;"| '''Mental Health Facility'''<br />
| '''Body Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Children's Play Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clean Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room/ Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Counselling Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Linen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''ECT procedure room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''En Suite bath/shower room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Group Therapy Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gymnasium (OT &amp; Physio)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''IT Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Medicine Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Multi-Purpose Hall'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Bathroom/Shower'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Dining room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Laundry'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| '''⏺'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Lounge'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Quiet Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Seclusion Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Security Control Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Security Search Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room &amp; WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wards'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waste Disposal Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Mortuary'''<br />
| '''Blue Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner’s Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Instruments Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Medical Observation room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pathologist Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Post-Mortem Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Visitor’s Waiting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Neo-Natal Intensive Care Unit (NNICU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Incubator Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mother’s Rest Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Operating Theatre (Dept.)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Operating Theatre'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Post-Operative Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pre-Operative Holding Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub-up Area/Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Setting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Outpatients Department'''<br />
| '''Reception / Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Admissions Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Baby Changing area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Children’s Play / waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Areas (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wheelchair Storage area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Paediatric Ward'''<br />
| '''Child Assist Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility - Isolation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''General Ward (single or multi-bed)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk / Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Parent Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Play Area (patients)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Pharmacy/ Dispensary'''<br />
| '''Cleaner’s Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Bulk Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Counselling Cubicle'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Liquid filling Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Off-Loading Bay'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Waiting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Schedule Drugs Strong Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Tablet Packing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Vacolitre Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Physiotherapy Department'''<br />
| '''Audiology Testing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gymnasium'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Occupational Therapy room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Speech Therapy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" style="text-align: center;"| '''Primary Health Clinic'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary &amp; Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guard House or Security Kiosk'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation / Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Bay (entrances)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="25" style="text-align: center;"| '''Radiology (Diagnostic)'''<br />
| '''Bucky Room (general x-ray rm)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Change cubicles'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''CT / MRI Scan Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility / Sluice'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Fluoroscopy Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Fluoroscopy Control Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''In-patient waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mammogram Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Porters &amp; wheelchair/trolley parking'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Server Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores (Equipment/ General)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ultrasound Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Telemedicine Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Room/ CR Room/ Reporting area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align: center;"| '''Nurses Residence'''<br />
| '''Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Bedrooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Lounge'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Areas (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="definitions"></span><br />
= DEFINITIONS =<br />
<br />
<span id="terminology"></span><br />
== Terminology ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Aggregation<br />
! Collected together from different sources and considered a whole.<br />
|-<br />
| Ambulant/Ambulatory<br />
| (of a patient) Being able to walk or move around; not being confined to a bed.<br />
|-<br />
| Bacteriostatic<br />
| A word used to describe the property of a material which claims to inhibit the multiplication of bacteria.<br />
|-<br />
| Bariatric<br />
| Describing the condition of obesity.<br />
|-<br />
| Bonded<br />
| Chemically attached or fused in layers.<br />
|-<br />
| Guarantee<br />
| A document setting out a promise of quality made by a manufacturer or the provider of a service, a formal promise that a product will be repaired free of charge if it breaks or fails within a particular period or that substandard work will be redone.<br />
|-<br />
| Heterogeneous<br />
| Consisting of various layers or types throughout.<br />
|-<br />
| Homogenous<br />
| Consisting of things of similar type throughout.<br />
|-<br />
| Hydrophobic<br />
| Water-repellent.<br />
|-<br />
| Hygroscopic<br />
| Readily absorbing moisture from the atmosphere.<br />
|-<br />
| Impervious<br />
| Not allowing passage through (usually of water/moisture).<br />
|-<br />
| Interstices<br />
| Small holes or perforations.<br />
|-<br />
| Jointed<br />
| Junctions which may be open or covered, but not completely sealed and smooth.<br />
|-<br />
| Jointless<br />
| Without joints or having joints which are sealed by materials and methods which make the whole surface imperious and prevent the collection of dirt and bacteria in the joint.<br />
|-<br />
| Olfactory<br />
| Relating to the smell or the sense of smell.<br />
|-<br />
| Perfusion<br />
| Inject liquid into tissue or organ by circulating through blood vessels in the body.<br />
|-<br />
| Polyamide<br />
| A synthetic polymer made by the linkage of an amino group of one molecule and a carboxylic acid group of another, including many synthetic fibres such as nylon.<br />
|-<br />
| Resilient finish<br />
| The quality of a material to spring back quickly into shape after being bent, stretched, or squashed. Resilient flooring refers to flooring materials which have a relatively firm surface, yet characteristically have ‘give’ and ‘bounce back’ to their original surface profile from the weight of objects that compress its surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Seamless<br />
| A surface without open joints or junctions, or where such joints are completely sealed and smooth to create a continuous and whole membrane.<br />
|-<br />
| Slip-resistant<br />
| A quality of a finish to prevent wet or dry slipping. This relates to the friction of the material in relation to the pedestrian traffic across it, and also the type of footwear users have when walking across this finish. Wet pendulum and dry floor friction tests indicate comparative results. Refer to section B4.3.3 for more detail.<br />
|-<br />
| Smooth surface<br />
| A flat surface without projections, indentations or perforations such as a brush-painted plastered surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Textured<br />
| A surface finish which is not smooth, but has a fissured/embossed or ridged finish.<br />
|-<br />
| Tufted<br />
| A group of threads drawn through a fabric and tied securely beneath the surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Vitrified<br />
| To change a material into glass, under high heat and other conditions.<br />
|-<br />
| Warranty<br />
| A written promise to repair or replace a product that has a manufacturing fault. This commonly comes with conditions and is limited to a timeframe given at the time of purchase.<br />
|-<br />
| Washable<br />
| A term implying that a finish can be repeatedly and regularly cleaned using water and water-diluted cleaners without detrimental effect to the finish.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<span id="abbreviations"></span><br />
== Abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! '''CCU'''<br />
! Cardiac Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''CHD'''<br />
| Center for Health Design<br />
|-<br />
| '''CSSD'''<br />
| Central Sterilising and Supply Department<br />
|-<br />
| '''EN'''<br />
| European norms<br />
|-<br />
| '''ENT'''<br />
| Ear, nose and throat<br />
|-<br />
| '''HAI'''<br />
| Healthcare-associated infections<br />
|-<br />
| '''HC'''<br />
| High care<br />
|-<br />
| '''HDF'''<br />
| High-density fibreboard<br />
|-<br />
| '''IAQ'''<br />
| Indoor air quality<br />
|-<br />
| '''ICU'''<br />
| Intensive Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''IEQ'''<br />
| Indoor environmental quality<br />
|-<br />
| '''IUSS'''<br />
| Infrastructure Unit Systems Support<br />
|-<br />
| '''MDF'''<br />
| Medium-density fibreboard<br />
|-<br />
| '''MRSA'''<br />
| Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, (a common skin bacterium that is resistant to a range of antibiotics), otherwise referred to as multi-drug resistant bacteria<br />
|-<br />
| '''NDoH'''<br />
| National Department of Health<br />
|-<br />
| '''NICU'''<br />
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''NRC'''<br />
| Noise reduction coefficient<br />
|-<br />
| '''OHS'''<br />
| Occupational health and safety<br />
|-<br />
| '''OoM'''<br />
| Order of magnitude<br />
|-<br />
| '''PMIS'''<br />
| Project Management Information System<br />
|-<br />
| '''PMSU'''<br />
| Project Management Support Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''PuR'''<br />
| Polyurethane-resistant<br />
|-<br />
| '''PVC'''<br />
| Polyvinylchloride<br />
|-<br />
| '''RC'''<br />
| Recommendation Committee<br />
|-<br />
| '''STF'''<br />
| Slips, trips and falls<br />
|-<br />
| '''TNO'''<br />
| Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research<br />
|-<br />
| '''VOC'''<br />
| Volatile organic compound<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="references"></span><br />
= REFERENCES =<br />
<br />
<span id="bibliography"></span><br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
Alcorn, A. and Wood, P., 1998. New Zealand building materials embodied energy coefficients database. (Volume II-Coefficients). Wellington, New Zealand: Centre for Building Performance Research.<br />
<br />
Cement &amp; Concrete Institute (CCI), 2009. ''Sand-cement screeds and concrete toppings for floors.'' [pdf] Midrand, South Africa: CCI. Available at: http://www.afrisam.co.za/media/13770/Sand_cement_floor_screeds_and_concrete_toppings_for_floors.pdf[Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Center for Health Assets Australasia, 2009. ''Floor coverings in healthcare buildings.'' (Technical series TS-7 version 1.1). New South Wales:NSW Health.<br />
<br />
Department of Health (DH), 2010. ''Core elements: Health Building Note 00-03: Clinical and clinical support spaces''. UK: DH.<br />
<br />
Department of Health (DoH), 1980. ''Regulations governing private hospitals and unattached operating theatres.'' (Government notice No. R.158 of the Health Act, 1971. (C.63). Cape Town South Africa: Government Gazette.<br />
<br />
Department of Health Gateway Review, Estates &amp; Facilities Division, 2011. ''Performance requirements for building elements used in healthcare facilities.'' (Version:0.6:England). [pdf] Leeds: HMSO. Available at: http://www.derbyshirelmc.org.uk/Guidance/8941-England-8941_0.6_England.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Department of Health, n.d. ''R&amp;D project B(04)02: Developing an integrated system for the optimal selection of hospital finishes.'' Aberdeen, Scotland: Department of Health.<br />
<br />
HermanMiller Healthcare, 2006. ''Sound practices: Noise control in the healthcare environment.'' (Research summary/2006). Zeeland, Michigan: Herman Miller.<br />
<br />
Joseph, A., Malone, E., Pati, D. and Quan, X., 2011. ''Healthcare environmental terms and outcome measures: An evidence-based design glossary.'' Concord, CA:The Center for Health Design.<br />
<br />
Jung, W.K., Koo, H.C., Kim, K.W., Shin, S., Kim, S.H. and Park, Y.H., 2008. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli. ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 74(7), pp.2171-2178.<br />
<br />
Lavy, S., 2010. Facility managers’ preferred interior wall finishes in acute-care hospital buildings. In: CIB, ''18th CIB World Building Congress: Facilities management and maintenance''. Salford, United Kingdom, 10-13 May 2010. Salford, United Kingdom: CIB.<br />
<br />
Makison, C. and Swan, J., 2005. The effect of humidity on the survival of MRSA on hard surfaces. (R&amp;D report B(03)02). [pdf] London: Estates and Facilities Division of the Department of Health. Available at: http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/Documents/254/B(03)02%20MRSA.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Nanda, U., Malone, E. and Joseph, A., 2012. ''Achieving EBD goals through flooring selection &amp; design.'' [pdf] Concord, CA:The Center for Health Design. Available at: http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/chd_achieving_ebd_goals_through_flooring__design_final_0.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. ''Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 56: Building component series: Partitions.'' UK: TSO.<br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. ''Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 60: Ceilings.'' 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. UK: TSO.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2006. ''Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (SHTM) 61: Building component series: Flooring.'' Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2006. ''Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (SHTM) 61: Building component series: Flooring.'' Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2007. ''Scottish Health Facilities Note 30: Infection control in the built environment: Design and planning.'' (Version 3). Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) in association with the University of Sheffield and Queen Margaret University College, 2004. ''The role of hospital design in the recruitment, retention and performance of NHS nurses in England.'' (Full report). [pdf] Edinburgh: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE). Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/files/the-role-of-hospital-design.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Welsh Health Estates, 2009. ''Health Building Note 04-01: Adult in-patient accommodation''. Cardiff, Wales:Welsh Health Estates.<br />
<br />
Wolkoff, P., 1999. How to measure and evaluate volatile organic compound emissions from building products. A perspective. ''The Science of the Total Environment,'' 227(1999), pp.197-213.<br />
<br />
<span id="websites-further-reading"></span><br />
== Websites: Further reading ==<br />
<br />
https://www.transparency.perkinswill.com<br />
<br />
http://www.gatech.edu<br />
<br />
http://www.GreenhealthMagazine.org<br />
<br />
http://greenhomeguide.com<br />
<br />
http://gbcsa.org.za<br />
<br />
http://www.green-buildings.com<br />
<br />
http://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com<br />
<br />
http://www.carpet-rug.org/documents/technical-bulletins<br />
<br />
http://www.amorimcork.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.wicanders.com<br />
<br />
http://envirocork.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.building.co.uk<br />
<br />
http://www.floorworx.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.flowcretesa.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.polyflor.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.belgotexcarpets.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.vandykcarpets.com<br />
<br />
<span id="photographic-and-illustration-credits"></span><br />
== PHOTOGRAPHIC AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Cover photo:<br />
! C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.1 to6<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.7<br />
| G. Abbott- CSIR<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.8<br />
| R. Cubbin based on Life cycle Floor Cost Table – by Nora®, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.9<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.10<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.11 to13<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.14<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.15<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.16<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.17<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.18<br />
| C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.19<br />
| C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.20 to26<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.27<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.28 to 36<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.37 to 38<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.39 to 40<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.41<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.42<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.43<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig. 44<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.45<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.46<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.47<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|}</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Materials_and_finishes_-_Internal_Floor_Finishes&diff=6131Materials and finishes - Internal Floor Finishes2026-04-22T10:16:45Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>= CONTEXT =<br />
<br />
<span id="overview-finishes-in-the-healthcare-environment"></span><br />
== Overview: Finishes in the healthcare environment ==<br />
<br />
“Flooring occupies every square inch of measured healthcare facility space providing a major life cycle investment opportunity to help realise positive healthcare outcomes.” (Centre for Health Design, 2012)<br />
<br />
Build''i''ng finishes account for a large proportion of the overall cost of constructing a healthcare facility. According to Shohet et al. (2002), interior finishing and interior construction accounts for 32% of the initial budget. Maintenance and cleaning of finishes add substantially to the ‘whole-life costs’ of finishes within a hospital or healthcare facility.<br />
<br />
Despite this, finishes are often treated as optional and purely aesthetic components of the building and the spaces within it. When budget constraints are implemented, the finishes are usually the first area to suffer. Institutions will often standardise finishes across a spectrum of rooms/facilities for economy in replacement and/or cleaning regimes.<br />
<br />
Interior finishes, however, play a vital role in the healthcare environment, and contribute substantially to the delivery of healthcare service and the protection of staff and patients.<br />
<br />
<span id="until-the-germ-theory-was-developed-more-men-were-dying-from-small-wounds-and-diseases-than-from-major-traumas-on-the-frontlines.-but-as-soon-as-germ-theory-was-developed-a-whole-new-paradigm-a-better-way-of-understanding-what-was-happening-made-dramatic-significant-medical-improvement-possible-covey-1992"></span><br />
===== ''“Until the germ theory was developed, more men were dying from small wounds and diseases than from major traumas on the frontlines. But as soon as germ theory was developed a whole new paradigm, a better way of understanding what was happening made dramatic significant medical improvement possible” (Covey, 1992)'' =====<br />
<br />
In a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) in association with the University of Sheffield and Queen Margaret University College, 2004, the comments from the majority of people who visited hospitals, including staff and patients, included “cold, depressing, dehumanising, Kafkaesque, dirty, smelly, frightening, impersonal, confusing, dull shabby, windowless, grim, stressful…”. While it is a fact that most patients interviewed may have been negative as a result of their being ill, it does highlight a problem of the inhumane and threatening appearance of hospital environments (historically) where even more attention should be paid to creating a caring atmosphere.<br />
<br />
It is this paradigm shift that is required when considering and selecting finishes. The role of finishes in a healthcare facility has become as important an aspect of design as room sizes and relationships.<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1d-image6.jpeg|221x161px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Building finishes are usually seen as a separate and final application to the building structure (Dean, 1996).<br />
<br />
There are however, instances where the finish is integral to the structure. These documents therefore include finishes and materials in such cases.<br />
<br />
How to use this document:<br />
<br />
Review the selection criteria – Part B<br />
<br />
Select a room/department name in Part D, and note the performance category.<br />
<br />
'''Refer to Table 1 for the properties that make up that performance category.'''<br />
<br />
'''Refer to Part C to assess flooring types that could satisfy those performance requirements.'''<br />
<br />
Suite of documents<br />
<br />
This document forms part of a series of documents addressing internal materials and finishes in health facilities, which in turn form part of the suite of documents created under the IUSS Project. The aim of the materials and finishes suite of documents is to provide guidance on design and specification for the various building components where current legislation, including the National Building Regulations, does not adequately cover suitability of finishes in the healthcare facility context.<br />
<br />
While the guidelines speak mostly to new building work, most of the principles are consistent with refurbishment projects to existing buildings as well.<br />
<br />
Other IUSS health facility guides in this series include: ''<br /><br />
''<br />
<br />
* Internal Ceiling Finishes (draft document rev 4)<br />
* Internal Wall Finishes (draft document rev 4)<br />
* Joinery and Storage Systems (to follow)<br />
* Doors and Ironmongery (to follow)<br />
* Sanitary ware (to follow)<br />
* Signage and Wayfinding (to follow)<br />
<br />
These guidelines are updated and revised periodically, and can be accessed at [http://www.iussonline.co.za/ <u>www.iussonline.co.za</u>].<br />
<br />
The primary objective of this technical guide is to assist decision-makers with the selection of ‘appropriate’ floor finishes in the health facility context.<br />
<br />
The guide looks at the context (Part A), then examines various selection criteria (Part B) then summarises technical information of various floor finishes (Part C) to assist with assessing the best finish for the facility. Finally, the selection criteria are grouped together to form performance categories (Part D) and a matrix of rooms which indicates the most relevant performance category.<br />
<br />
<span id="policy-context"></span><br />
== Policy context ==<br />
<br />
This document offers guidance on the selection of appropriate floor finishes in health facilities. While the aim is to inform project and design teams about the wide range of considerations to take into account when selecting finishes, it does not diminish the responsibility of the design team to comply with all applicable professional and regulatory obligations and to specify materials and finishes ‘fit for purpose’.<br />
<br />
Some of the pertinent regulations are the following:<br />
<br />
* National Building Regulations and Building Standards ACT, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977) amended 30 May 2008.<br />
* SANS 10400, Code of Practice for the application of the National Building Regulations, first Rev. August 1990.<br />
<br />
SANS 204 Energy efficiency in buildings (General)<br />
<br />
SANS 281 Hardwood block and strip flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 586 Resin modified vinyl floor tiles<br />
<br />
SANS 784 Design edition 1 for access and mobility – tactile indicators<br />
<br />
SANS 786 Flexible vinyl flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 978 Wood mosaic flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 1042 Polymer floor dressings<br />
<br />
SANS 1375 Woven carpeting<br />
<br />
SANS 1415 Textile floor coverings (needle-punch)<br />
<br />
SANS 1419 Carpet underlays<br />
<br />
SANS 1449 Ceramic wall and floor tiles<br />
<br />
SANS 1549 and 52825 Raised access flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 2001 EM2 Construction works EM2 – Surface finishes – concrete floors<br />
<br />
SANS 2001 EF1 Construction works EF1 – Floor coverings and wall linings<br />
<br />
SANS 6160 Electrical resistance of floors<br />
<br />
SANS 10043 The installation of wood and laminate flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 10070 The installation of resilient thermoplastic/flexible floor covering materials<br />
<br />
SANS 10109-1 and 2 Finishes to concrete floors<br />
<br />
SANS 10177-4: Fire-testing of materials Part 4: Surface fire index of floor coverings<br />
<br />
SANS 10245 The maintenance of textile floor coverings<br />
<br />
SANS 13746 Textile floor coverings – guidelines for installation and use on stairs<br />
<br />
R158, Government Notice dated Feb 1980 (updated March 1993) Regulation pertaining to control of Private Hospitals, (revised 05 November 1996, but not gazetted).<br />
<br />
* R187, Regulations Governing Private Health Establishments, Western Cape, 22 June 2001.<br />
<br />
The design principles on the above documents must be taken into account alongside the recommendations of this document. Furthermore, the South African National Standards (SANS 10400) addresses numerous aspects involving materials and finishes. (Refer specifically to Parts J and T.) Current South African national standards applicable are as follows:<br />
<br />
Other provincial policy documents are also applicable:<br />
<br />
* KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Health Policy Document for the Design of Structural Installations, Rev.7, January 2013.<br />
* Eastern Cape Department of Roads and Public Works and Department of Health Hospital Design Guide, Rev. August 2004.<br />
<br />
<span id="selection-criteria"></span><br />
= SELECTION CRITERIA =<br />
<br />
<span id="scope"></span><br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image7.jpeg|212x138px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Flooring is probably the most important dimension of a health facility contributing to public and patient perceptions and affecting numerous other aspects, which will be examined under the selection criteria.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image9.jpeg]]Floor finishes cannot be considered independently of their applicable subfloor, installation, adhesives or underlays and the relevant cleaning protocols. These integrated flooring systems need to be evaluated as a whole in terms of the various criteria.<br />
<br />
In the flooring industry there are four main categories of floor finish:<br />
<br />
Hard finishes<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image11.jpeg]]This would include rigid finishes such as porcelain or ceramic, marble tiles, or seamless coatings such as cementitious or epoxy coatings.<br />
<br />
Resilie'''n'''t finishes<br />
<br />
This would include flexible and semi-flexible sheeting such as vinyl, linoleum, rubber or cork.<br />
<br />
Soft finishes<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image13.jpeg]]This would include textiles such as carpets as well as walk-off mats and anti-fatigue mats.<br />
<br />
Hybrid finishes<br />
<br />
This new generation floor finish combines various materials finished with a wear layer. These layers are fused under heat and pressure.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image15.jpeg]]Each floor type has different applications and resultant benefits and disadvantages. The various characteristics would need to be weighed up against the functions of the various rooms within a healthcare facility. Other important aspects to consider in flooring are skirting, transitions or changes in floor finishes, and changes in level including ramps and stairs. These are discussed in more detail under Section C5.<br />
<br />
The following factors relating to construction and specification will also influence the floor finish:<br />
<br />
* Specifications for substrate preparation and installation must be prepared in conjunction with the supplier of the floor finish, <u>before</u> construction commences<br />
* Variance in floor finish thicknesses or falls in floors, e.g. rooms with floor drains may affect floor structure levels. Engineer input may be needed as it could potentially impact cover to reinforcement steel<br />
* Structure and substrates, e.g. concrete floors during construction need to cure and dry adequately before the application of screeds and likewise, the screed, before the application of the final floor finish.<br />
* Involvement of the floor finish supplier from specification, throughout construction and at final completion, i.e. sign-off<br />
*<br />
* Floor finish product guarantees, and prescriptive conditions that could have an impact on construction, such as quality of substrate, installation by approved installers, etc.<br />
<br />
<span id="environmental-aspects-in-the-choice-of-finishes"></span><br />
== Environmental aspects in the choice of finishes ==<br />
<br />
A guide of finishes would be incomplete without highlighting the environmental aspects in the choice of finishes.<br />
<br />
This is an extremely broad factor covering the following:<br />
<br />
* Embodied energy of materials<br />
* Life cycle costing/sustainability<br />
* Toxicity and effects of indoor environment quality<br />
<br />
<span id="embodied-energy-of-materials"></span><br />
=== Embodied energy of materials ===<br />
<br />
The term embodied energy refers to the total energy measure required to manufacture a product. This includes:<br />
<br />
* Harvesting/mining of the raw material<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Source: Alcorn and Wood, 1998.<br />
|-<br />
! Material<br />
! Embodied Energy in MJ/kg (million joules per kilogram)<br />
|-<br />
| Concrete (in situ)<br />
<br />
Concrete (precast)<br />
<br />
Hardwood timber, kiln dried, rough sawn<br />
<br />
Softwood timber, kiln dried, finished<br />
<br />
Cement<br />
<br />
Plywood<br />
<br />
Steel (virgin)<br />
<br />
Felt underlay to Carpet<br />
<br />
Carpet (polypropylene/needle-punch)<br />
<br />
Ceramic tile<br />
<br />
Rubber (natural latex)<br />
<br />
Rubber (synthetic)<br />
<br />
Vinyl flooring<br />
<br />
Linoleum<br />
| 1.0 – 1.6<br />
<br />
2.0<br />
<br />
2.0<br />
<br />
2.5<br />
<br />
7 – 8<br />
<br />
10.4<br />
<br />
32<br />
<br />
18.6<br />
<br />
95.4<br />
<br />
2.5<br />
<br />
67.5<br />
<br />
110.0<br />
<br />
79.1<br />
<br />
116.0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="section"></span><br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
Processing the material<br />
<br />
* Manufacturing the product<br />
* Transporting /delivering the product to the manufacturing plant, retail outlets and finally the end user<br />
* Labour or mechanical energy spent on placing the product in its finished position<br />
<br />
Buying locally-produced materials is an easy and achievable way to lower embodied energy of a building. The table below gives an indication of the embodied energy of various typical building materials.<br />
<br />
<u>Embodied energy of common flooring materials (finish and substrates)</u><br />
<br />
While health facility design may limit your selection of materials in terms of other performance factors, which are more critical, every opportunity to reduce the embodied energy of materials should be pursued. Manufacturers are increasingly aiming at reducing embodied energy, as well as the carbon footprint in the manufacture of their products. This is driven by the market demand and designers can contribute by choosing materials that support green initiatives in this regard.<br />
<br />
<span id="life-cycle-costing-and-sustainability"></span><br />
=== Life cycle costing and sustainability ===<br />
<br />
Life cycle costs are described as the social, economic and environmental costs of a material or product from cradle to grave – that is, from the extraction of the raw ore needed to make it, through the manufacturing, to the end use to disposal or recycling. (Daniel D. Chiras. The New Ecological Home, 2004''')'''<br />
<br />
The durability of materials is a key element in the life cycle cost assessment. A product may have a low embodied energy, but require more frequent replacement in the building.<br />
<br />
Specifiers should investigate the service life of materials with the respective manufacturers to establish its life span. This element should also be highlighted to funders who often place more emphasis on reducing the capital cost of a facility, without considering the long-term cost.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image17.jpeg]]The graph below indicates how capital outlay costs compare to life span costs – emphasising the importance of life cycle costs.<br />
<br />
Sustainability should be considered in all four stages of product life:<br />
<br />
* Manufacture<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image19.jpeg]]Use<br />
* Maintenance<br />
* Disposal<br />
<br />
The Green Building Council of South Africa has developed Green Star <sup>TM</sup> rating tools which will credit materials with the following:<br />
<br />
* Reuse of existing material<br />
* Recycling properties<br />
* Local sourcing<br />
<br />
As a practical example, and to indicate the benefit of comparing life cycle costing, the table left shows the comparative life cycle costs of various floor finishes - in this instance demonstrating the low life cycle costs of a rubber product, even though the installation cost for this product was the highest at the outset.<br />
<br />
<span id="toxicity-and-effect-on-indoor-environment"></span><br />
=== Toxicity and effect on indoor environment ===<br />
<br />
Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) is one of the nine categories of the Green Building Council of South Africa’s Green Star <sup>TM</sup> Rating Tools. These rating tools are used to assess environmental performance of a building and/or materials and through improvement in IEQ, the wellbeing of the occupant is protected.<br />
<br />
IEQ is measured in terms of the following:<br />
<br />
* Internal noise levels (this is discussed in more detail under Selection Criteria: Acoustics)<br />
* Mould prevention (this is discussed in more detail under Selection Criteria: Humidity)<br />
* Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)<br />
<br />
Materials such as paints and polyvinyl-chlorides can emit VOCs (gasses) when finishes are new and these reduce over the life span of the product. Sealants and adhesives also give off VOCs, having a negative effect on indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
VOCs can cause irritation and odour annoyance and could lead to behavioral, neurotoxic, hemotoxic and genotoxic effects (Meininghaus et al., 2000; Hoskins, 2003; Hodgson et al., 2000)<br />
<br />
According to Hoskins (2003), VOCs can be carcinogenic, depending on the compound.<br />
<br />
When considering the toxic impact on the environment in which the various floor finishes will be installed, the finish as a whole – complete with sealants, substrate material and adhesives – must be taken into account.<br />
<br />
A further important aspect to consider is the use of non-toxic materials in '''mental health facilities,''' where patients are prone to chew and ingest any materials that can be uplifted off surfaces, from paint to flooring.<br />
<br />
Every effort must be made when specifying materials and finishes in these facilities to ensure that materials and their junctions are well secured and cannot be peeled back or picked off by patients. The toxicity of the material content should also be clarified with manufacturers to ensure that these materials are safe and fit for this purpose.<br />
<br />
<span id="evidence-based-design"></span><br />
== Evidence-based design ==<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image20.jpeg|203x152px|C:\Users\Marlene\Dropbox\Marlene Personal\KHAYELITSHA HOSPITAL\023.JPG]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Determining which criteria to apply when selecting finishes appropriate for health facilities could be very subjective. However, in recent years, there have been substantial advances made by various researchers in providing scientific evidence for the impact of the healthcare environment on healthcare outcomes. Many studies, such as Ulrich et al., (2008) demonstrated connections between the design of facilities and the effect on patients, staff and the public utilising healthcare buildings. This has led to a growing understanding of what are priorities in designing health facilities:<br />
<br />
Extensive research by The Center for Health Design (CHD) Research Coalition on Evidence-Based Design literature led to the Evidence-based design glossary (Phase 1 Report Healthcare Environmental Terms and Outcome Measures) November 2011.<br />
<br />
Various unrelated research papers were gathered with intersting results. These included:<br />
<br />
* Environmental factors influencing the contamination of inanimate surfaces (including interior finish materials of flooring and furniture, as well as surface cleaning methods) Anderson, Mackle, Stoler and Mallison 1982, and Lankford, Collins, Youngberg, Rooney, Warren and Noskin 2006).<br />
* Reducing background noise in operating theatres and the impact on surgical errors (Moorthy, Munz, Dosis, Bann and Darzi, 2003).<br />
* Multiple environmental factors affecting patient fall rates (Calkins, Biddle and Biesan, 2011 and Becker et al., 2003).<br />
* Patient satisfaction with quality of care when sound-reflecting ceiling tiles were replaced with sound-absorbing tiles to reduce noise (Hagerman and Colleagues, 2005).<br />
* Positive visual distractions, including windows, nature photographs, etc. and the effect on patients’ restless behaviour in waiting rooms (Nanda, 2010, Pati and Nanda, 2011).<br />
* Nurses’ exposure to daylight correlating to job satisfaction (Alimoglu and Donmez, 2005).<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image22.jpeg]]Noise as a source of stress and its negative impact on staff (Morrison, Haas, Shaffner, Garett and Fackler, 2003).<br />
* Textile materials containing microbial agents (Takai et al., 2002).<br />
* Aesthetic appeal and its effect on patient and staff satisfaction and patient waiting (Becker and Douglass, 2008).<br />
<br />
Arising out of an overview of these studies, the following selection criteria have been identified:<br />
<br />
* Infection prevention<br />
* Cleaning and maintenance<br />
* Safety<br />
* Indoor air quality – humidity<br />
* Indoor air quality – emissions<br />
* Acoustics<br />
* Aesthetics<br />
<br />
Although all these factors are important, the specific functions of each space or room will re-order the priority of fulfilling each aspect.<br />
<br />
To assist with establishing these priorities and assessing the effects of each criterion, these are examined in more detail in the next section.<br />
<br />
<span id="selection-criteria-1"></span><br />
== Selection criteria ==<br />
<br />
''“Outbreaks of infection have been related to the design, plan layout, function and/or <u>finish</u> of the built environment.”''<br />
<br />
''Cotterill et al. 1996 and Kumari et al. 1998.''<br />
<br />
Infection prevention<br />
<br />
The South African Patients’ Rights Charter (1997) states: “Everyone has the right to a healthy and safe environment that will ensure their physical and mental health or wellbeing including … protection from all forms of environmental danger, such as pollution, ecological degradation or infection.”<br />
<br />
According to a survey conducted by Rohde (2002), materials and finishes have in the past been selected according to the following characteristics in <u>declining</u> order of importance: Aesthetics, durability, ease of maintenance, client preference, initial cost, cost of maintenance, infection control, ease of installation and life cycle cost.<br />
<br />
Selecting the correct finish is a complex process with many aspects to consider, and the many and varied room types in a health facility extend the options. However, in healthcare facilities, the importance of the effect of a particular finish on the prevention of infection control must be prioritised. While it is understood that not every area of a hospital or health facility will carry infection prevention as the highest priority, this aspect remains the most pressing issue in selection of finishes in health facilities.<br />
<br />
“Ideal features of surfaces that satisfy sustainability, infection prevention and safe patient outcomes include cleanability, resistance to moisture and reducing the risk of fungal contamination.” (Bartley, 2010 based on CDC and HICPAC Guidelines 2003)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"| Risk categories<br />
|-<br />
| Extreme<br />
| High<br />
| Medium<br />
| Low<br />
|-<br />
| Operating theatres<br />
| General wards<br />
| Pathology units<br />
| Offices<br />
|-<br />
| Intensive care units<br />
| Dispensary production areas<br />
| Outpatients units<br />
| Engineering workshops<br />
|-<br />
| Sterile supply units<br />
| Treatment rooms<br />
| Dispensaries<br />
| Medical records<br />
|-<br />
| Neonatal<br />
| Nurseries<br />
| Radiology<br />
| Plant rooms<br />
|-<br />
| Delivery units<br />
|<br />
| Kitchenettes/ward kitchens<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Burns units<br />
|<br />
| Mortuaries<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Oncology units<br />
|<br />
| Public areas<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Renal units<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The rising incidence of HAIs in hospital and medical facilities supports the view that the selection of materials must first address infection prevention. This impacts the choice of materials in two aspects. The first is whether the surfaces are likely to become reservoirs for infectious agents. This is a function of the surface conditions and structure of the flooring. The second is the ability to clean the finish, and this is discussed further in the next section.<br />
<br />
The Center for Disease Control in the United States quoted statistics in 2010 of one out of every 20 hospitalised patients contracting HAIs, particularly in relation to sepsis and pneumonia.<br />
<br />
Although there is no known direct evidence linking HAIs in patients to particular floor finishes, there have been numerous studies conducted on microbial counts on floor finishes – particularly in soft textiles such as carpets. Beyer and Belsito (2000) proved that carpets acted as a reservoir for fungi and bacteria.<br />
<br />
Anderson, et al., (1982) also carried out microbiological studies comparing patient rooms with and without carpets. The study found higher microbial counts and more E. coli and other organisms on carpet samples than bare floors.<br />
<br />
There are two schools of thought in relation to the contentious issue of the use of carpets in healthcare facilities. The one approach builds on the studies listed above and cautions against the use of carpeting where spills would result in damp settings, which are then conducive to growth of bacteria. The role of cleaning in these circumstances would be paramount, but a study by Joseph (2006) found that contamination levels quickly returned to pre-cleaning status and hence were not a reliable means of maintaining a clean surface.<br />
<br />
The other approach maintains that carpets neatly trap micro-organisms, which can then be removed by HEPA filter vacuum cleaners. This is compared to hard or resilient surfaces which encourage the redistribution of particles into the air during sweeping or mopping. (Radke, 1997)<br />
<br />
The emphasis would then shift to cleaning protocols and management issues. Notwithstanding, it is recommended that carpets be avoided where patients are at greater risk of infection. Above is a table adapted from NSW Health: Infection Control Policy (PD 2007-035), which sets out patient risk categories.<br />
<br />
When selecting finishes for a room/area that has an extreme or high infection control risk, special care has to be taken to select an appropriate finish. The available types of skirting to suit the floor finish chosen, must also be considered.<br />
<br />
<span id="a-note-about-skirtings"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image24.jpeg]]A note about skirtings ====<br />
<br />
The specifier must ensure that there is proper detailing to the joint between the wall and floor finish. In high risk functional areas, such as an operating theatres, or where immunocompromised patients are accommodated (such as ICU wards), there should be no joint between the horizontal and vertical surfaces, but rather a rounded integral skirting as a continuation of the floor finish.<br />
<br />
Skirting in clinical areas should be a minimum of 150 mm and 100 mm high in non-clinical areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-can-be-one-of-the-following"></span><br />
==== Skirtings can be one of the following: ====<br />
<br />
* Integral or coved skirting, which is achieved by installing the floor finish over a 20 to 35 mm radius-coved fillet at the junction of the wall and floor, which supports the continuation of the floor finish up the wall surface for a short distance. This removes the edge of the floor-sheet, and the ‘joint’ with the wall finish from the corner and makes it more accessible and open for cleaning and maintenance. The top edge of the flooring must be finished with a capping strip, secured and sealed so as to not compromise infection control. This is achievable with sheeting products such as vinyl or linoleum.<br />
* Pre-formed set-in skirtings can also be used, and are applied with adhesives, and seal the joint between floor and walls.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image25.jpeg|302x264px|C:\Users\Marlene\Dropbox\Marlene Personal\KHAYELITSHA HOSPITAL\076.JPG]]Sit-on skirtings can vary, from timber to specially formed skirtings, which are not integral. Textile floor finishes are normally applied with a flat, i.e. not coved integral skirting.<br />
<br />
Refer to Part D for the individual types of flooring and related skirting, applicable to each floor finish.<br />
<br />
Floors that resist the spread of infection will have qualities that can be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
* Smooth<br />
* Impervious<br />
* Joint-less/seamless<br />
<br />
On the opposite side of this spectrum, where infection prevention is the lowest priority, flooring will have the following properties:<br />
<br />
* Perforated<br />
* Textured<br />
* Jointed<br />
<br />
<span id="a-note-about-antibacterial-treatments-and-additives-to-flooring-products"></span><br />
==== A note about antibacterial treatments and additives to flooring products: ====<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers tout the additional benefit of anti-microbial treatment in paints or grout to combat bacteria. The use of antimicrobial additives in the built environment is growing, for example - the impregnation of wood framing with silver nitrate to prevent microbial and mould growth, and extend the life span of the wood.<br />
<br />
“Over the last few years, some carpet manufacturers have treated their products with fungicidal and/or bactericidal chemicals. Although these chemicals may help to reduce the overall numbers of bacteria or fungi present in carpet, their use does not preclude the routine care and maintenance of the carpeting”<br />
<br />
Center for Disease Control –<br />
<br />
Guideline for Environmental Infection Control: 2003<br />
<br />
The CDC HICPAC guidelines (CDC 2003) indicate that there is no evidence that antimicrobial-impregnated articles will prevent disease. There is a need for further research on products treated with these chemicals in terms of their potential risk and benefit.<br />
<br />
* The US Carpet and Rug Institute issued a technical bulletin in 2007 in this regard to curb ‘over-zealous marketing claims’ regarding these treatments and what they achieve. Since the treatment is applied to the carpet fibres or the backing – or both - no implicit human health claims can be made about the finished product unless that finished product has been tested and registered through an accredited independent testing organisation.<br />
* Synthetic fibres, such as polypropylene textile and vinyl sheeting for example, in themselves do no provide a nutrient source which microbes need to survive, but some finishes can trap soil, dust and moisture which do provide that source.<br />
* The American Institute of architects has cautioned against the overzealous adoption of antimicrobial surface finishes without the existence and review of independently validated evidence for dosage, efficacy and efficacy claims.<br />
* The application of antimicrobial surface finishes in is only recommended in South African burns units and where independently validated evidence of efficacy, dosage and safety are available, reviewed and approved.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance"></span><br />
=== Cleaning and maintenance ===<br />
<br />
Cleaning and maintenance of floor finishes is interconnected to infection control, occupational health safety (OHS), slips, trips and falls (STFs) and life cycle costing.<br />
<br />
The ability of the floor finish to be cleaned will define the extent to which infectious agents can be removed and prevented from multiplying. For cleaning to be effective, the floor finish must be able to withstand regular and fairly vigorous cleaning.<br />
<br />
Sufficient access to all areas of the finish or adversely, the absence of any inaccessible gaps, voids, joints is of critical importance, to prevent breeding areas for bacteria, etc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image27.jpeg]]A further aspect to consider is the level of disruption required to carry out the cleaning of the floor finish regularly. While textile finishes can reduce cold and institutional environments, they would be totally unsuitable in areas with a high infection control risk and a high incidence of soiling.<br />
<br />
Damage or shortened life spans of floor finishes are greatly reduced by dirt traps or walk-off carpets at main entrances. Refer to Section C5.<br />
<br />
It is also important for the manufacturer of the floor finish to convey the cleaning and maintenance required for product guarantees to remain, to the end-user or institution. An effective cleaning regime is the primary means of defence in terms of controlling infection.<br />
<br />
Floors that have a high priority for easy cleaning and low dirt retention can be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
* Low maintenance<br />
* Washable<br />
<br />
<span id="safety"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image29.jpeg]]Safety ===<br />
<br />
Safety as a selection factor for floor finishes can be broadly discussed under the following subheadings:<br />
<br />
* Slips, trips and falls (STF)<br />
* Occupational health safety (OHS)<br />
* Slip resistance<br />
* Wheeled equipment use<br />
* Fire performance<br />
<br />
<span id="slips-trips-and-falls-stf"></span><br />
==== Slips, trips and falls (STF) ====<br />
<br />
The following factors impact on the incidence and prevention of STFs:<br />
<br />
* Frictional/slip resistance characteristics of the floor finish<br />
* Presence of moisture or fluids, e.g., water, cleaning agents, blood, etc. on the floor<br />
* Cleaning of the floor<br />
* Pedestrian footwear<br />
* Human movement across floor, e.g., walking on crutches, pushing a bed/trolley, carrying objects<br />
* Lighting levels on floor<br />
* Change in level of floor, e.g., ramps, stairs<br />
* Change in floor finish<br />
* Age of pedestrian – the aged and children are most prone to STFs<br />
<br />
<span id="occupational-health-safety-ohs"></span><br />
==== Occupational health safety (OHS) ====<br />
<br />
For the purpose of this document, OHS is highlighted in terms of the safety of the staff working in the health facility.<br />
<br />
Floor finishes can impact on staff as follows:<br />
<br />
* Risk of STFs, as dealt with above<br />
* Negative impacts on feet and legs from standing and walking<br />
* Movability of wheeled equipment, such as trolleys and beds<br />
* Risk of injury while cleaning surfaces<br />
<br />
Hard surfaces such as porcelain tiles cause more feet and leg fatigue than resilient surfaces, such as vinyl and linoleum. Suitable footwear can also alleviate the fatigue.<br />
<br />
Negative OHS impacts on cleaning staff tasked with regular cleaning of rough surfaces and should also be considered, such as possible arm and shoulder injuries.<br />
<br />
<span id="slip-resistance"></span><br />
==== Slip resistance ====<br />
<br />
Slip resistance of a floor finish is impacted on the following basic factors:<br />
<br />
* Surface macro roughness<br />
* Surface micro roughness<br />
* Surface profile<br />
* Properties of the footwear in contact with the floor<br />
* Slope or angle of the floor, e.g., ramps<br />
* Potential for the presence of moisture through regular cleaning or by accidental spills e.g., blood)<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image31.jpeg]]The potential risk of reduced slip resistance, caused by cleaning operations, should be considered. Adequate visual notices such as: “Cleaning in progress/Caution wet floors” and the cordoning off of wet areas and allowing sufficient time for drying of the floor, are basic methods of managing the risk. Selecting the appropriate cleaning agent and applying it in correct concentration, also affects the slip resistance of a floor.<br />
<br />
<span id="wheeled-equipment-use"></span><br />
==== Wheeled equipment use ====<br />
<br />
Wheeled equipment, such as beds, trolleys, wheelchairs, etc. are used frequently in health facilities. The ease with which wheeled equipment can be used on a floor should be considered when selecting a finish. This is of critical importance to rehabilitation and acute departments. The movement of obese patients should also be considered generally.<br />
<br />
A general rule is that the larger the wheels’ diameter, the more the manoeuvrability of the equipment increases.<br />
<br />
The material that the wheels are made of also has an impact. Softer materials, like rubber and inflated wheels, suit hard or resilient finishes. Hard or solid wheel materials, like nylon, suit resilient finishes better. Damage can also be caused by wheeled equipment, particularly if heavy use levels occur or where heavy equipment, e.g. mobile X-Ray machine is used and this should be considered when the floor finish is selected.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image33.jpeg]]This factor would be relevant where rooms may have a higher risk due to the above features, and in this instance, flooring with properties that could be beneficial in these circumstances would be indicated thus:<br />
<br />
Safety<br />
<br />
Note: The requirement for fire safety in respect will not vary much from room to room within a health facility, and is therefore considered a global requirement in the overall building, rather than a ‘selection criteria’ for an individual space. The specifier would need to consult the fire regulations applicable to the building type.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality"></span><br />
=== Indoor air quality ===<br />
<br />
There are two critical aspects to be considered when selecting floor finishes under the heading of indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
* The first is the effect of the functions in that environment on the flooring material - namely water/moisture in wet spaces.<br />
* The second is the effect of the material on the floor material - namely the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).<br />
<br />
<span id="humidity"></span><br />
==== Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Proper moisture control is essential in order to reduce health risks and sick building syndrome in an enclosed space<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''Mortenson et al., 2005''<br />
</blockquote><br />
Certain rooms and areas of health facilities are by nature of the function they house, wet spaces. These are spaces specifically used for the purpose of cleaning, washing, bathing or food preparation. These rooms will generate more moisture than others, and as a result will require moisture resistant finishes. If the floor finishes are hygroscopic, these finishes can be prone to mildew and mould growth. Surfaces must remain dry and clean in order to prevent the growth of fungus. (Hodgson et al., 2000)<br />
<br />
Non-porous materials that do not absorb water are essential in these areas. These materials should also withstand regular cleaning, and should be able to withstand regular exposure to the moisture. Indoor air quality (IAQ) may be compromised by microbial contaminants such as mould, bacteria, allergens, chemicals, etc. in the air, which can affect the health of people. Where this is a requirement in a floor finish, this property will be listed as:<br />
<br />
* High humidity<br />
<br />
<span id="emissions-from-materials"></span><br />
==== Emissions from materials ====<br />
<br />
As discussed under environmental aspects, the kind of flooring installed can affect the environmental quality of the interior if VOCs are given off (commonly referred to as off-gassing) by one of the following:<br />
<br />
* The product itself<br />
* The adhesives used to fix the product<br />
<br />
“Unnecessary noise is the most cruel abuse of care which can be inflicted on either the sick or the well”<br />
<br />
Florence Nightingale (1859)<br />
<br />
The sealants used to finish<br />
<br />
* The cleaning solutions required for regular maintenance<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image35.jpeg]]The smell of the interior of a new car – enjoyed by many – is an example of plasticisers that have evaporated – emissions that affect the indoor air quality. Various methods for measuring VOCs have been developed in recent years since the increase in awareness that these emissions exist and can have an influence on the indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
The Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) awards points in the IEQ13 Category where interior finishes minimise the contribution and levels of VOCs in buildings – with reference to paints, adhesives/sealants and carpets/flooring, where these products meet the IEQ levels outlines. IEQ14 section measured the formaldehyde minimisation, which is common with composite wood products. In addition, MAT-7 section recognises the reduction of PVC-products in the building materials used. It should be noted that primary VOCs decline quickly in the short-term (&lt;1 year), while secondary emissions can continue for the life span of the product, and should also be borne in mind when assessing this aspect of materials. Timing of the testing will yield very diverse results.<br />
<br />
Occupants with respiratory weaknesses such as asthma are most likely to be affected by VOC-emissions, and high-risk patients would benefit from materials that do not contribute to their condition. The ultimate goal of reducing emissions in the manufacture of building products should be to create a better and healthier environment for the patients and users of the facility.<br />
<br />
However, the ‘order of magnitude’ should also be applied when using ‘low VOC emissions’ as a criterion to select finishes. The use of vinyl sheeting, for example, may result in higher VOC emissions than say, ceramic tiles, but the infection control benefits of the seamless finish of the vinyl will outweigh the risks from VOC emissions. (More fatalities in patients have been linked to infection control issues than to VOC emissions issues.) 1999)<br />
<br />
<blockquote>To achieve ‘low VOC emissions’ should be a global criterion for a healthcare building rather than for one or more specific rooms, and hence a separate criterion has not been listed for this item. More detail on the VOC-emissions of the individual flooring types is discussed under the Technical Section C.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<span id="acoustics"></span><br />
=== Acoustics ===<br />
<br />
Noise in health facilities is mainly generated by the following:<br />
<br />
* Impact sounds, e.g., pedestrian and wheeled equipment, bedrails moved up and down, doors closing and opening, footfalls, etc.<br />
* Airborne sounds, e.g., speech, medical equipment bleeps and alarms, nurse calls, PA system, etc.<br />
<br />
Acoustical engineers at John Hopkins University found that average (continuous level equivalent, LA<sub>eq</sub>) daytime hospital noise levels have risen from 57 dBA in 1960, to 72 dBA in 2006, with night-time sounds increasing from 42 dBA to 60 dBA over the same period. (Sound Practices: Noise Control in the Healthcare Environment – Research Summary, 2006, Herman Miller Healthcare). An average motorcycle noise level measures 85 dB. The World Health Organization recommended LA<sub>eq</sub> value for ward areas is 30 dBA.<br />
<br />
Studies have shown that high levels of noise have negative physical and psychological effects on patients, disrupting sleep, increasing stress and raising blood pressure levels (Cmiel et al., 2004). The University of Michigan released a news brief in November 2005, showing that chronic noise increased the risk of heart-attack in patients by 50% for men and 75% for women. The negative effect of chronic noise extends to staff as well. While the presence of electronic devices and healthcare apparatus, designed to give audible signals and alarms to the nursing staff of the patient’s vital signs, architects and health facility planners need to make an effort to minimise this effect of noise and alarm fatigue.<br />
<br />
Long straight passages are perfect echo corridors, often amplifying noises. Disturbances in the sound path help limit the sound transmission, for example by creating steps in the ceiling level or changes of direction in the passageways.<br />
<br />
People who work in noisy environments for long shifts day in and day out, also have similar stress-induced experiences. They report everything from exhaustion to burnout, depression and irritability”<br />
<br />
S. Mazer –<br />
<br />
Healing Healthcare Systems<br />
<br />
Nurses’ stations during shift change are areas where noise levels can reach those similar to jack-hammer levels, according to Cmiel, et al. (2004). Consideration should be given to applying acoustic materials to these areas to maximise sound absorption where possible.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image37.jpeg]]Recesses to accommodate noisy equipment can also be treated acoustically to reduce reverberation. Distance is also a good strategy where feasible as sound intensity decreases with distance, provided that the room dimensions and surfaces are such that there is very little reverberation.<br />
<br />
Flooring that absorbs sound, or at least does not contribute to noise levels, used in conjunction with sound absorbent ceiling finishes should be used in key areas such as nurses’ rest rooms or waiting areas where infection control requirements would not be as critical. In areas where sound reduction rates highly as a requirement (e.g. ICU and general wards), then this factor would be listed as:<br />
<br />
* High acoustic<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics"></span><br />
=== Aesthetics ===<br />
<br />
Research results from CABE (2004 and 2005), King’s Fund (2004) and Leather, Beale and Lee (2000) all highlight the need for an integrated, holistic and sympathetic hospital aesthetic.<br />
<br />
Key results show that the architectural setting, including finishes, has an effect on the patient’s experience as well as the recruitment and retention of staff – happy staff are more motivated to care for patients, who in turn recover more quickly.<br />
<br />
Paediatric wards particularly give an opportunity to set a playful scene and help little patients feel at ease. In public areas, more emphasis may also be required for an attractive and welcoming interior.<br />
<br />
Colour and pattern can be used in floor finishes in health facilities for practical and aesthetical purposes:<br />
<br />
* to improve the ‘institutional/cold’ interior look of the facility, room or area;<br />
* for way-finding, e.g., colour-coding per department; or<br />
* to create ‘spaces’ by giving individuality, e.g., to a specific area within a large open area.<br />
<br />
However, the following is to be considered:<br />
<br />
* Excessive combination of colours and patterns are inappropriate in certain areas/rooms, such as operating theatres.<br />
* Some patterns and colours could impact negatively on certain patient groups, e.g., the aged or mentally ill.<br />
<br />
Where aesthetics is a primary requirement, this factor will be listed as:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image40.jpeg]]High aesthetics<br />
<br />
<span id="technical-information-flooring-types"></span><br />
= TECHNICAL INFORMATION – FLOORING TYPES =<br />
<br />
<span id="hard-finishes"></span><br />
== Hard finishes ==<br />
<br />
Hard finishes are generally durable and easy to keep clean. As with any floor finish, a poor substrate will result in poor performance by the finish on the floor. The following factors should be considered in installation of any hard finish:<br />
<br />
* The concrete floor slab should be sufficiently cured and have achieved the required moisture content before the screed is applied. These tests can be performed by hydro, Romus or Tramex meters.<br />
* The screed specification to be adapted to suit the requirements of the manufacturer. Consider thickness, strength, levelness, panels etc. SANS 50197-1: 2000 and SANS 1083 refers.<br />
* The specifier should consult with the manufacturer and obtain detailed installation methods and procedures confirming joint widths, joint material, adhesive, primers, recommended panel sizes, movement joints at wall perimeters, on panels and expansion joint sealers.<br />
* It is useful to specify and include floor-traps in tiled floors for easy draining when cleaning, but ensure then that the screed is laid to fall to the floor drain.<br />
<br />
<span id="porcelain-and-ceramic-tiles"></span><br />
=== Porcelain and ceramic tiles ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image43.jpeg]]Porcelain and ceramic tiles generally provide a durable, aesthetically acceptable floor finish that is moisture-resistant. A wide spectrum of tiles is available, with varying sizes, material composition, quality and cost, resulting in varying performance. Porcelain and/or ceramic tiles are most commonly used in health facilities in wet areas, such as bathrooms, kitchens, utility and cleaning areas due to the impervious quality and performance under wet conditions. The use of unglazed tiles not recommended in health facilities as these absorb moisture and other fluids which may be present in kitchens, mortuaries, etc.<br />
<br />
The specifier should research the actual tile carefully, ascertain if the product is imported, what long-term stocks would be available, and ensure the tiles have been sufficiently cured. Where possible, the specifier should use full-bodied porcelain tiles rather than glazed porcelain or glazed ceramic tiles. This is evident in the comparison of the general properties of the two tile types as follows:<br />
<br />
* Full-bodied porcelain tile:<br />
* ‘Colour’ is throughout, as the term ‘full-bodied’ implies.<br />
* ‘Squareness’ of tiles consistent with minor deviations.<br />
* Tile sizes are consistent with minor deviations.<br />
* Smaller joints can be used, due to tile size consistency.<br />
* ‘Flatness’ of tile face consistent.<br />
<br />
Glazed ceramic tile:<br />
<br />
* ‘Colour’ is a glaze on top of tile that can wear or chip off.<br />
* Tile sizes can vary.<br />
* ‘Squareness’ of tiles can vary.<br />
* Wider joints required, due to size and squareness inconsistencies.<br />
* Tiles often not ‘flat’ and edge surfaces tend to dip resulting in uneven floors.<br />
* Porcelain tiles carry a PEI-rating which will indicate the anticipated wear rating of that tile and what applications will be suitable. The ratings range from Class 0 (wall tile only – should not be used on floors) to Class 5, which is suited to heavy commercial and institutional floors subjected to heavy traffic. This Class 5 would be the required rating for hospitals or healthcare facilities.<br />
<br />
The more highly polished the tile, the less slip resistance, so porcelain tiles should be used with careful consideration in health facilities. They could be used in a mortuary, hospital kitchen and laundry where non-slip tiles would be necessary and in non-circulation route public spaces, such as cafeterias.<br />
<br />
Infection prevention<br />
<br />
Although an individual tile unit complies with selection criteria such as being impervious, and easy to clean, a finished tiled floor - including grout and movement joints - provides a less favourable result in terms of:<br />
<br />
* Grout in the joints is porous and can retain moisture which encourages the growth of mould.<br />
* Grout joints pose a potential infection control risk in small cracks and openings that form between the tile edge and the body of the grout.<br />
* Expansion joint material (polysulfide, etc.) is susceptible to damage, due to wear and mechanical cleaning.<br />
* Tiles may crack and chip when items are dropped on them – creating small cracks where moisture can be retained and microbes can grow.<br />
* Replacement of these damaged tiles, or re-grouting is disruptive to the daily operations of the facility.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image45.jpeg]]Antifungal grout will contribute to the control of mildew, but cannot replace good maintenance regimes.<br />
<br />
Cleaning and maintenance<br />
<br />
Porcelain tiled floors generally require to be cleaned with water and cleaning agent, using a map or similar. For specific spills in specialised areas, such as hospital kitchens and mortuaries, appropriate cleaning will be required. The ease of cleaning, as well as the durability of the tiles under rigorous cleaning regimes, makes a tiled floor suitable in areas where spills are common – such as kitchens and bathrooms.<br />
<br />
Safety<br />
<br />
Highly polished (especially porcelain-tiled) surfaces can be a slip hazard, particularly where frail or weak patients will navigate the area. This is amplified during cleaning procedures. High reflection and glare can also lead to disorientation. (Wilmott and Colleagues, 1986)<br />
<br />
* Tiles with non-slip surfaces can be used where risks are higher, and the likelihood of water on the floor is more prevalent, but note that increasing the texture of the tile for slip resistance will also create a ‘cleanability’ issue.<br />
* The potential for injury is also increased where slips or trips lead to falls on the unforgiving, hard surface.<br />
* Tiled surfaces also contribute to staff fatigue more than softer finishes.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
The polished or glazed surfaces of the tiles make them highly suitable and unaffected by high humidity in the room. However, as mentioned above, the joints are susceptible to moisture retention and encourage mould and microbe growth in the minute cracks and gaps. Proper scrubbing and regular maintenance will inhibit fungal contamination.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Porcelain tiles and cementitious grout ('''not recommended in health facilities''') do not generate VOC emissions, but some adhesives, other grouts, sealants and cleaning agents do generate VOCs affecting the indoor air quality. The production of tiles has a high energy input, with high sustainability production ‘costs’ and production emissions.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-1"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Tiles contribute substantially to noise in the healthcare setting. This is due to the hard, reflective surfaces, as well as the small dips at the joints, which cause the clattering of trolley wheels common in these facilities. The specifier should consider the kind of traffic that will be using the space and the resultant acoustic effect.<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image46.jpeg|296x101px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Aesthetics<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image47.png|264x267px]]Tiles are available in a wide selection of colours, shapes and sizes. This allows for visually appealing non-institutional aesthetics in health facilities. Patterns can be used for wayfinding or demarcation of public and off-limit areas, as well as branding in foyers and front of house areas. Since the surfaces do not scratch or scuff easily, the aesthetic appeal is durable.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Skirting on tiles floors can be formed by simply cutting floor tiles or using preformed ceramic or porcelain skirting tiles. Wall tiles are common in wet areas, running from ceiling to floor, and no separate skirting is needed. The joints between the wall and floor are however an infection control risk area, as these areas are not easy to clean or dry, and moisture retention leads to bacterial contamination.<br />
<br />
Figure 24<br />
<br />
''<br /><br />
''<br />
<br />
'''SPEC FOR FULL-BODIED PORCELAIN TILES'''<br />
<br />
Allow all new concrete work and screeds to cure for at least 28 days before proceeding. All new concrete work and screeds must have a moisture content of 5% or less before tiling can be commenced. When tiling directly onto concrete, ensure that the surfaces are clean and free of all traces of shutter release and curing agents, laitance and any other surface contaminants, preferably by scarifying or sandblasting.<br />
<br />
Full-bodied porcelain floor tiles PEI-rating Class 5, size 400 x 400 x 8 mm ''(confirm size)'' affixed to wood floated 1:4 cement and sand screed with manufacturer-approved rapid setting tile adhesive using a notched floor trowel with 3 mm joints continuous in both directions, grouted with fine epoxy grout as approved by the manufacturer. Allow a minimum 5 mm expansion joints at perimeter, and maximum 5 m centres internally in both directions and allow all structural expansion and construction joints to be carried through. ''(Confirm colour and code.)''<br />
<br />
Typical specifications for tiling – e.g., full-bodied porcelain<br />
<br />
<span id="terrazzo-cementitious-and-seamless-coatings"></span><br />
=== Terrazzo, cementitious and seamless coatings ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-1"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image49.jpeg]] General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Terrazzo is a composite material, consisting of marble, quartz, granite, onyx and glass chips in a cement or resinous matrix, poured in situ. After curing, it is ground and polished to a smooth finish. Application requires skill and experience. The use of terrazzo in health facilities should be restricted to high volume ‘front of house’ areas, with careful consideration to slip resistance.<br />
<br />
Cementitious and granolithic toppings generally provide a hard, durable and cost-effective finish. Grano requires a good specification, attention to aggregate selection and experience in application. These finishes are suited to use in plant rooms and external passages and provide a fairly slip-resistant finish.<br />
<br />
Epoxy/polyurethane/resin coatings – This term encompasses a wide range of liquid or trowel applied products such as epoxy, polyurethane resins. Thicknesses of coatings vary. This provides a more impervious surface than cementitious coatings.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although these finishes produce continuous, seamless coatings, the product should be laid in panels according to the manufacturer’s instruction, and underslab joints must be carried through the finish. These finishes are commonly used in food process and pharmaceutical prep areas due to the high chemical resistance, abrasion and impact resistance.<br />
<br />
Both cementitious and granolithic toppings are prone to fine, barely noticeable cracks and together with the ‘panel joints’ present weaknesses in terms of infection control as these areas can store moisture and encourage microbial growth.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-1"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The impervious surface lends itself to easy cleaning and maintenance and the surface resists most chemicals and does not stain easily. The finish is able to withstand rigorous cleaning regimes and mild alkaline detergent used with a single- or double-head rotary scrubber is recommended for regular cleaning. With good maintenance, a life expectancy of 10 years is common.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-1"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Epoxy finishes present an increased risk of slips, trips and falls due to the smoothness of the surface, and this is amplified during cleaning. Nonslip finishes are available, but decrease ‘cleanability’ of the surface.<br />
<br />
The hard surface increases the risk of injury when falls do happen, and staff fatigue is also increased due to the hardness underfoot. The installation process presents OHS risks during construction, e.g.: grinding of terrazzo, scarifying substrate to prepare for cementitious topping application, etc.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-1"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
These surfacbodes are durable in areas of high moisture/humidity and are easily dried with the appropriate mops, making them suitable for service areas. The fine cracks which can result will retain moisture, however, making them unsuitable for use where infection control is a high priority.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-1"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Body The high synthetic content of epoxy and polyurethane coatings affect the indoor environment through VOC-emissions. These are most notable directly after installation, but these continue, albeit reduced, for the life span of the product. This does vary from one manufacturer to another, and most will claim low VOC emissions, and some even claim VOC--free products.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-2"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image51.jpeg]]The hard reflective surface of this finish will contribute significantly to a noisy environment as very little sound absorption will take place. This finish is not suitable for use in sound-sensitive environments.<br />
<br />
Allow all new concrete work and screeds to cure for at least 28 days before proceeding, and ensure a minimum strength of 25 mPa is achieved. The surface is to be free from laitance, dust and any other contamination, and must not exceed relative humidity of 75%. The installation is to be carried out by a subcontractor approved by the product manufacturer only. Apply primer at 0.25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> followed by 8 mm epoxy terrazzo topping including granite chips at a rate of 16.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and an average density of 2.1 kg/litre (''confirm colour.)'' The topping to be ground down to 6 mm, all joints grouted with manufacturer approved coloured grout, and the surface to be sealed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.<br />
<br />
Aesthetics<br />
<br />
Terrazzo coatings are available in vivid colours, and stone chip textures give a lively appearance below the glossy smooth surface. Vibrant patterns can be created for an impressive foyer for example. Most other epoxy and cementitious coatings are monochromatic, flat colours that appear quite utilitarian. They are most commonly used in plant rooms.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-1"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Integral skirting can be formed in one with the floor covering for a clean and tidy junction. Skill and experience is needed for a neat, durable result. The same tendency to crazing and cracks over long lengths will increase the infection control risk.<br />
<br />
Typical specifications for terrazzo<br />
<br />
Float up to 5 mm of finished surface with layers of concrete (grano) approximately 10 mm thick, composed 1 part cement, 2.5 parts concrete sand and 3.5 parts granite or other approved hard stone chippings. Form finished surface with 1 part cement and 1 part fine granite chippings or other approved hard stone (graded up to particles which will pass a 6 mm mesh) brought to a smooth surface with a steel trowel. Grano finish: 30 mpa (25 mm thick). The floating and finishing coats are to be performed in one operation. The grano-lithic work is to be carried out by experienced workmen and is to be laid in panels v-jointed and not exceeding 6 m<sup>2</sup> in area unless otherwise specified. Thin strips of wood or other suitable materials are to be laid between panels to break contact. All granolithic floors are to be covered up and protected from damage and discoloration during the progress of the work. Allow for cleaning down and for one coat of architect approved wax polish, well rubbed into floor at completion. No dry cement powder or grout to be applied to surface preparation of surface beds.<br />
<br />
Ensure grano substrate has a maximum moisture content of 4%. The surface is to be free from laitance, dust and any other contamination. The installation is to be carried out by a subcontractor approved by the product manufacturer only. Prime surface with manufacturer recommended clear primer (spread rate –<br /><br />
6 m²/litre). Apply three coats semi-gloss water-based epoxy coating ''(confirm colour) wi''th a minimum dry film thickness of 60 microns thick per coat with a maximum over-coating time of 12 hours. Applied in accordance with approved manufacturer specifications.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for grano<br />
<br />
Typical specification for epoxy paint (to be applied to grano)<br />
<br />
<span id="resilient-finishes"></span><br />
== Resilient finishes ==<br />
<br />
Resilient finishes are generally flexible floor coverings that provide a continuous impervious finish well suited to the healthcare environment’s needs. The sheeting is seldom more than 5 mm thick and is therefore very dependent on the quality of the sub-base onto which it is laid.<br />
<br />
Due to the comparatively thin, smooth, polished aesthetics of resilient flooring, it is critically important that the sub-base is of adequate strength, perfectly level and has controlled moisture content, as any failure in the substrate will affect the performance of the floor finish. Any imperfections will be emphasised, creating scuffing and uneven wear. Minor movements in substrate however can be tolerated in the flexibility of the sheeting.<br />
<br />
In recent years, self-levelling screeds/compounds have been introduced prior to the installation of sheeting. A variety of products are available of varying strength, thicknesses, cost and drying periods. Generally, self-levelling screeds are fast-setting, allowing foot traffic within hours and sheeting application within short periods, from 24 hours to longer. Installers can lay around 200 m<sup>2</sup>/hour. Sheeting is applied with adhesives to the substrate as per the manufacturer’s specifications. Joints in resilient sheeting are formed by using welding rods and these are heat welded for a seamless finish.<br />
<br />
Building expansion joints needs to be taken through the self-levelling and sheeting to allow movement and special cover-strips are used in these instances.<br />
<br />
Typical screed specification<br />
<br />
Screeds are a critical part of ensuring a successful floor covering, and where thin sheeting such as vinyl, etc. is to be applied to the surface, the specification of the screed must meet certain criteria. The four important aspects are:<br />
<br />
* Strength – is it strong enough for its purpose?<br />
* Levelness – is it level enough for its purpose?<br />
* Moisture content – is there moisture present?<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR SCREED STRENGTH<br />
<br />
The screed mix must consist of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand. Both sand and stone must comply with SABS 1083. Cement must comply with SANS 50197-1:2000, and achieve strength of 25 mPa. No dry mix permitted. The screed must be laid to a minimum of 25 mm thick (preferably 40 mm thick) with a wood-trowelled finish where self-levelling compound is to be laid. Cube samples of the screed mix must comply when tested in accordance with SANS 5861-3:1994. The dry, cured (minimum of 14 days) screed must also be tested using a BRE screed tester, with one test per 20 to 25 m<sup>2</sup>, and 3 to 5 m intervals on corridors.<br />
<br />
These tests must meet the requirements as follows: ''(specify which is relevant)''<br />
<br />
Strength Category A – maximum of 3 mm indentation – for hospital operating suites and related corridors or rooms requiring microbe or dust-free environments.<br />
<br />
Strength Category B – maximum of 4 mm indentation – for public areas such as lobbies, passages, wards<br />
<br />
Strength Category C – maximum of 5 mm indentation – for offices, consulting rooms and domestic premises<br />
<br />
Since most projects will carry a single specification for screed to cover all areas of the project, the best category applicable should be used – which is Category A.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR LEVELNESS – IN HEALTH FACILITIES<br />
<br />
The screed must meet Class 1 standard for levelness (which means that there is a maximum difference of 3 mm, from the highest to the lowest point, over a 3 m straight line joining two points on the surface.) This test can be conducted with an aluminium straight edge, and should be checked in various directions on the screed.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image54.jpeg]][[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image58.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
Adhesion to the concrete slab – is it sticking to the slab?<br />
<br />
'''SPEC FOR SCREED STRENGTH:'''<br />
<br />
The screed mix must consist of 1 part Cement to 3 parts sand. Both sand and stone must comply with SABS 1083. Cement must comply with SANS 50197-1:2000, and achieve strength of 25mPa. No dry mix permitted. The screed must be laid to a minimum of 25mm thick (preferably 40mm thick) with a wood-trowelled finish where self-levelling compound is to be laid. Cube samples of the screed mix must comply when tested in accordance with SANS 5861-3:1994. The dry, cured (min. 14 days) screed must also be tested using a “BRE screed tester” , with one test per 20-25m2, and 3-5m intervals on corridors. These tests must meet the requirements as follows: ''(specify which is relevant)''<br />
<br />
* Strength Category A – ''max. 3mm indentation – for Hospital Operating Suites &amp; related corridors or rooms requiring microbe or dust-free environments.''<br />
* Strength Category B- ''max. 4mm indentation – for public areas such as lobbies, passages, wards''<br />
* Strength Category C ''- max. 5mm indentation – for offices, consulting rooms &amp; domestic premises''<br />
<br />
Since most projects will carry a single specification for screed to cover all areas of the project, the best category applicable should be used – which is Category A.<br />
<br />
To conduct the necessary tests takes time and costs money, but unless these tests are specified and priced as part of the tender documentation, the quality of the floor finish is left up to the installer, with no control measures for the specifier to check the quality, so it is essential that these specifications be included.<br />
<br />
Cement and calcium-sulphate screeds must be abraded and vacuumed prior to laying the self-levelling compound. In addition, the screed must be sound, dry, free from cracks, clean and free from any materials that could impair adhesion. Apply two coats of primer, with the second coat applied in cross-direction to the first coat, in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Once dry, the self-levelling compound is to be applied using the pumped method ''(refer to manufacturer’s spec)'' to a 5 mm thickness ''(confirm thickness).'' The compound is to be spread using a notched floor rake to ensure the correct thickness is achieved, and rolled with a spiked roller to ensure all air bubbles are removed. The finished surface is to be lightly abraded with 30 to 60 grit paper (''usually with a floor sander'') prior to laying the resilient sheeting. The self-levelling compound is to be installed by a manufacturer-approved contractor.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR MOISTURE CONTENT<br />
<br />
The screed should be completely dry (cured for a minimum of four weeks - as a rule of thumb, concrete or cement will cure at a rate of 25 mm/month.) Moisture content should be checked at regular intervals - every 30 m2 (approximately), or at least in every area where external conditions might differ – (e.g. – ground level may be raised around a portion of the building). Moisture readers, such as the “Tramex”-meter, will only give superficial readings (within 5 mm of the surface). For true readings of the moisture content of a sub-base, the probes/readers must be able to read 40 to50 mm deep. Readers such as “protimeters” or “Wagner”- moisture readers use two probes approximately 100 mm apart to give relative humidity readings. Readings should not exceed 75% RH (max.) If the moisture does exceed 75%, and is not more than 90%, painted on moisture barrier coatings can be used to good effect.<br />
<br />
Phenolphthalein solution can be used as a liquid moisture test as this chemical compound will show if moisture/damp is present. This liquid will remain clear in dry conditions, change to pink where moisture is detected, or turn purple where the surface is wet. Again, it is only an indication of the surface moisture, not what the conditions are below the surface.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR ADEHESION TO THE SUB-BASE CONCRETE<br />
<br />
Pull-off tests are also recommended – and should be conducted every 30 m<sup>2</sup> (or each room if smaller) by a recognised laboratory to establish the adhesion of the screed to the sub-base and the results supplied for approval.<br />
<br />
Typical self-levelling/Smoothing compound specification<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image61.jpeg]]Self-levelling compounds will improve the smoothness, and levelness of screeds, and these compounds are a pre-requisite by most manufacturers for the installation of resilient sheeting.<br />
<br />
<span id="vinyl-sheeting"></span><br />
=== Vinyl sheeting ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-2"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is manufactured from a combination of vinyl resin and various additives such as the following:<br />
<br />
* Plasticisers – used to make the sheet more flexible,<br />
* Stabilisers – to minimise degradation and discoloration<br />
* Pigments – for colours and patterns<br />
* Fillers – such as lime, or other locally available material<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is generally 2 to 2.5 mm thick and depending on the manufacturer,<br /><br />
is supplied in 1.2 m or 2 m wide rolls. It is commonly used as a floor finish in health facilities, because it provides a durable, resilient and impervious finish.<br />
<br />
Vinyl is available in a range of types:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image63.jpeg]]'''Homogeneous''': Sheet consists of a single layer of consistent materials, with the wear layer being the full sheet. It is uncoated and requires stripping and sealing unless it is supplied with a specialised surface treatment such as polyurethane reinforcement (PuR).<br />
* '''Heterogeneous''': Sheet consists of three to four different layers including the carrier, PVC-layers, printed film and a clear PVC-wear layer. Good durability will be achieved with a 0.7 mm wear layer.<br />
* '''Directional or non-directional patterns''': This relates to the visual pattern which may mean laying all sheets in the same direction. Non-directional sheeting is less limiting in terms of the pattern, but the manufacturer’s instructions must still be adhered to when laying sheets.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image65.jpeg]]'''With or without PuR finish''': Polyurethane reinforcement (PuR) is introduced in the manufacturing process and provides a ‘ready polished’ product. When sheeting has a PU-coating, stripping and sealing directly after installation is not essential. However, water-based dressings and appropriate cleaning is still needed to maintain the product. The PU-coating also improves resistance to staining and cleaning chemicals and supports indentation recovery. It is also important to establish whether high-speed buffing machines are required for cleaning of the product, and whether the institution has this equipment available.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-1"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting as a material has been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria, and particularly MRSAs. The welded joints prevent dust or dirt congregating in areas that are difficult to clean, and the integral skirting supports this seamless appeal. This has made vinyl sheeting very suitable for use in healthcare facilities. Some heterogeneous products also have silver-ions in the finishing layer to create an antibacterial surface.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-2"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The sheeting is easily washed, which contributes to its performance as a hygienic flooring finish. Vinyl sheeting is not easily damaged, and when treated with a polymer dressing/surface treatment, is low maintenance. When maintained properly, the sheets have a long life span, and therefore fairly cost-effective by comparison to other floor finishes.<br />
<br />
Products with PuR require only spray and dry buffing for general cleaning although water-based dressings are beneficial. Special cleaning solutions are used for heavy staining, but abrasive cleaning methods should not be used. No abrasive black or brown cleaning pads should be used on PU-coated floors as these will damage the surface and destroy the sheen. Only buffing and shampoo pads should be used.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image67.jpeg]]Cleaning should always be carried out as per the manufacturer’s specifications, to comply with material warranties, and the specifier should ensure that these instructions are included in handover packs issued to the building owner/user when occupation takes place.<br />
<br />
An effective entrance barrier/dirt trap mat can reduce cleaning by 65%. The highly-abrasive African soil conditions create an extremely aggressive environment that can shorten the life span of the floor-sheeting, and without removing the bulk of this dirt and grit at the entrance of the health facility, the vinyl floor will suffer.<br />
<br />
Strip and seal procedures should not be done more than once or twice a year, even in high traffic areas. Discoloration is often a result of poor daily maintenance, leaving a dirty residue which binds to the finish. Dry buffing brings out the natural colours, and a sealant will give the high shine finish.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-2"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
In terms of slips, trips and falls care must be taken where highly polished floors are used in wet areas. Attention also needs to be given to thresholds where floor finishes of differing thicknesses meet, as these can present a hazard if not detailed as a smooth transition.<br />
<br />
In terms of use by staff, the sheeting is softer underfoot than hard finishes, reducing leg fatigue. The smooth finish is easy to use with wheeled equipment, which creates a safe and workable environment for staff in health facilities.<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is generally slip-resistant, and most manufacturers will indicate results from the wet pendulum test or the dry floor friction test. Specialised sheeting with surface textures and/or quartz additives helps improve traction and reduce slipperiness. Antistatic sheeting is also available when required.<br />
<br />
In terms of SANS 10400, operating theatres, ICU, high-care or critical care units are required to have a floor finish with 120 minutes’ fire resistance. Compliance with this should be checked with the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-2"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is well suited to areas of high humidity, and wet areas such as sluice rooms. Spills should be wiped as quickly as possible though as condensation blooming can take place in the clear wear layer.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-2"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers have addressed VOC emissions in their products and indicate a pass in VOC emissions tests as well as BRE A+ ratings. Materials are 100% recyclable and also contain a percentage of recycled materials. Each supplier will differ, and specifiers should check these aspects when considering a product. VOC emissions of adhesives and sealants, where applicable, are also to be considered.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-1"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The wide variety of colourways available in vinyl sheeting allows for creative patterns to enhance the healing environment. Patterns can be used for wayfinding, signage (e.g., ward numbers), definition of public and staff only areas, or distinction between different departments.<br />
<br />
In addition, creative floor patterns can present branding identity, and enhance the environment to set patients at ease. Complex patterns should be aquajet cut, and the related budget allowances made at design stage. Skilled installers are also able to create many designs by hand.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-3"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image69.jpeg]]Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is relatively soft underfoot, and has better sound absorption qualities than hard finishes. Specialised vinyl sheeting products created for acoustic control are thicker at around 3.7 mm, but the extra foam backing on these types of sheeting can hamper the use of wheeled equipment in these areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-2"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
SPECIFY STRIP AND SEAL WHERE SHEETING IS SUPPLIED WITHOUT PUR<br />
<br />
Allow to strip with manufacturer approved stripper and seal with two coats of polyurethane sealant in accordance with SABS 825 and 1042, and manufacturer’s instructions – within 72 hours of installation.<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting can be laid with a variety of skirting solutions. The use of the flooring material as an integrally welded skirting, forming a coved joint between the wall and the floor is the best solution in terms of infection control as the joints are welded and the ‘corner’ is smooth, rounded and easy to clean. The cove former which supports the turn-up of the sheeting can be sealed off at each end (supplied in approx. 25 m rolled lengths) to ensure there is no access into this gap.<br />
<br />
Extruded PVC-skirting is also readily available, and these can either be set in to abut the floor-sheet, or simply glued on top of the sheet, with a small ‘foot’ taking the curve into the wall. The specifier must ensure that the thickness of the set in skirting matches the floor thickness. The set in skirting is welded against the floor-sheet.<br />
<br />
Capping strips can be used with all these types to create a neat line on the top edge.<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specifications"></span><br />
==== Typical specifications ====<br />
<br />
Since there is a range of vinyl products available, the specifier will need to determine whether homogenous or heterogeneous vinyl sheeting is preferred, and whether a PuR-layer is required or not before making the selection. A typical specification for homogenous type sheeting with PuR treatment is supplied as an example, but the specifier should always liaise with the manufacturer for project specification.<br />
<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIFICATIONS TO CONSIDER FOR VINYL SHEETING<br />
<br />
Note -1: It is highly recommended to the specifier to include in the project costing, an item for the preparation of a mock-up area of a minimum of 10 m<sup>2</sup> of flooring installation – complete with sub-base and skirting, to be inspected and approved prior to the main installation.<br />
<br />
Note 2 – If patterns are anticipated, these must be designed or at least described in the specification, so that it can be measured or budgeted for at documentation stage.<br />
<br />
SPECIFICATIONS FOR VINYL SKIRTINGS – ''Select one option:''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor vinyl sheeting coved 150 mm high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over preformed 20 x 20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Allow for butterfly corner method at all corners including at thresh-holds, all in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Set-in''': Extruded cove skirting to be supplied to abut flooring, and welded against the floor finish. The skirting is to be fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Once touch dry (approximately 15 minutes) cove skirting to be applied firmly working gradually along the length from one end to the other. Extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Sit-on''': Extruded cove skirting to be glued on top of floor-sheeting, and against wall. The skirting is to be fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Once touch dry (approximately 15 minutes) cove skirting to be applied firmly working gradually along the length from one end to the other. Extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing'') to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
HOMOGENOUS VINYL SHEETING WITH PUR TREATMENT<br />
<br />
Supply and fix ''2/2.5'' mm thick ''– (confirm thickness)'' x 2 m wide fully-flexible, ''nondirectional'' or ''marbleised pattern/directional - (select type)'' vinyl floor-sheeting with polyurethane reinforcement and surface treatment - abrasion group ''T/P (select group)'', and manufactured to EN 649.<br />
<br />
Sheeting is to be laid in ''pressure-sensitive'' ''or acrylic'' adhesive ''(select type'' ''as approved by flooring manufacturer)'', with a notched trowel at the rate of 5.5 to 6.5 m<sup>2</sup>/litre on a previously prepared Class 1 sub-base elsewhere described and measured. The sheet is to be rolled in both directions with a 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller, during the course of the installation, immediately after the sheeting is laid in the adhesive''. Factory edges of vinyl sheeting are to be removed before laying (10 to 20 mm) – recommended by some manufacturers (select if applicable)''. Installation in accordance with SABS 786:2007. Specify colour: ''(confirm code).'' Joints are to be butted, grooved to about half the depth of the sheet, (about 1 mm) and heat welded, with a welding rod. The finished width of the weld should be a width of 3 mm, and ensure a minimum 70% bond with the sheeting – all in accordance with the manufacturer’s spec. No concave or convex joints allowed – the joints must finish flush with the sheeting. All welds to be glazed and checked prior to polishing. No cross-joins allowed. On completion, PuR treated sheeting is to be washed down, and two coats of matt sealant is to be applied. This will prolong the life of the floor.<br />
<br />
(Note: No stripping to PuR finished floors as this will damage the sheeting.)<br />
<br />
<span id="linoleum-sheeting"></span><br />
=== Linoleum sheeting ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-3"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum has been used as flooring for over 100 years. It is manufactured from 97% natural, raw materials that are renewable and undergo an eco-friendly manufacturing process which does not produce environmental contaminants. Linoleum is made from linseed oil, rosin (from pine trees), wood and cork flour, limestone, organic pigments (for colour) and jute, which forms the backing.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image71.jpeg]][[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image73.jpeg]]Linoleum is less flexible and more porous than vinyl. It is available in a thickness of 2.5 mm, generally in rolls of 2 m width.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-2"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Bactericidal properties of linoleum prevent micro-organisms from multiplying. This includes MRSAs and this has been tested and proven by TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) and NAMSA (US Scientific Institute) in 1998.<br />
<br />
Joints can be welded giving a seamless and hygienic finish. Coved and welded integral skirting can be achieved, with skill and experience.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-3"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
New generation linoleum products come with a factory-applied surface finish or shield, which includes a primer and tough top layer which enhance low maintenance properties, and are restorable. This floor finish requires no stripping upon installation and to do so will damage the sheeting. This linoleum should simply be cleaned after installation in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.<br />
<br />
Linoleum that is supplied without the surface shield will however still require stripping and sealing on installation where the sealant acts as a sacrificial coat. Ensure that the correct products and procedure – as approved by the manufacturer – are applied, as sealers for vinyl will stain linoleum sheeting. Compliance with cleaning and maintenance, as laid down by the manufacturer, is required, to avoid invalidating the product guarantees. No alkaline products should be used as these will damage the linoleum.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image75.jpeg]]Linoleum is resistant to staining by blood or urine, but will discolour with iodine. Bleach will cause deterioration and loss of gloss. It has a good resistance to chemicals, diluted acids, oils and fats, and is extremely wear-resistant. Dirt-trap matting is recommended at entrances to the facility, to reduce the effect of the aggressive African soil conditions.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-3"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum has slip-resistant properties, although with any smooth surface, care must be taken when cleaning. Attention must be given to thresholds where differing floor thicknesses meet, and a smooth transition should be formed.<br />
<br />
Linoleum is soft underfoot, resulting in reduced staff leg fatigue when compared with hard finishes. The smooth finish, however, is easy to use with wheeled equipment, creating a safe and workable environment for the health facility.<br />
<br />
According to EN 13501-1, linoleum is suitable for exit routes in terms of fire safety, and is classified CFL/S1.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-3"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Although the floor installation is welded, the use of linoleum in wet areas is not recommended due to the jute/hessian backing.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-3"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
LINOLEUM SHEETING WITH PROTECTIVE TOP LAYER<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 2.5 mm thick x 2 m wide linoleum sheeting manufactured to specification EN 548 (with double protective top layer), laid in manufacturer-approved acrylic adhesive, spread with a notched trowel having 2.1 mm in height x 2.7 mm in width at 2.3 mm centres at a rate of 3 m² per litre on a previously prepared Class 1 subfloor by builder, as described above and elsewhere measured, including all cutting and waste. All joints to be butted or grooved and heat-welded with approved welding rods, ensuring that the welding rod bonds to more than 70% of the sheet thickness. It is essential that during the course of installation the material be rolled in both directions with an articulated 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller.<br />
<br />
Linoleum is a nontoxic natural product that does not emit VOCs, and makes for a better indoor air quality than rooms finished with petroleum-based/synthetic materials such as vinyl sheeting – which do emit VOCs. The linoleum is fully recyclable, and will earn credits for green-rated projects. A 30 to40 -year life span is not uncommon where floors are properly maintained, making for a low life cycle cost.<br />
<br />
According to C. Maloney (LEED Green Associate at Cornell University), linoleum is preferable to vinyl as a flooring product, because it is better for the environment, and also for the wellbeing of the occupants.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-4"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Regular linoleum has excellent sound absorption properties and produces results of around 5 dB when tested for acoustical impact noise reduction under EN ISO 7127-2. Specialised acoustic linoleum is even more effective in creating a calm, quiet environment. Cushion-backed flooring helps to dampen reverberation sounds, and patients respond well to the calming effect of the muffled sounds in usually noisy hospital environments.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-2"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum is available in a wide range of colours and designs help create healing environments. Patterns include wood-grains, marble and other interesting designs. Patterns are easy to achieve. Budget provision must be made for aquajet cutting where more intricate patterns are desired.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-3"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Due to its reduced flexibility, integral skirting using the floor-sheet requires special skill to form. The cove must be supported, properly fixed and capped. Preformed skirting can be fitted where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
'''SKIRTING - SELECT ONE'''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor linoleum sheeting coved 150 mm high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over pre-formed 20 x20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Allow for butterfly corner method at all corners including at thresholds, all in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer-approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Sit on''' extruded coved PVC--skirting, followed by capping strip (''confirm size of skirting, capping strip and colour),'' using manufacturer-approved contact adhesive, spread evenly and quickly with a brush onto both material and working surface. Allow both surfaces to become touch dry – approximately 15 minutes. Place material carefully into position at one end, and then work gradually along its length. When completely positioned, apply firm pressure along whole length to ensure perfect contact between the two adhesive surfaces. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
Clip-on capping strips with backing can also be specified – refer to manufacturers.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for linoleum flooring<br />
<br />
<span id="rubber-flooring"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image77.jpeg]]Rubber flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-4"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Rubber flooring is formed by vulcanising and compressing natural rubber, which is extracted from the sap of the tropical rubber plant. It is a simple process. There is no PVC- content, and it is available in tile and sheeting approximately 3 to 3.5 mm thick. The product is not manufactured locally in South Africa, but is available imported through local suppliers.<br />
<br />
European norms (ENs) that set the industry standard for rubber flooring include:<br />
<br />
* EN 1817 – Homogenous and heterogeneous rubber flooring<br />
* EN 1816 – as above, with foam backing<br />
<br />
Rubber is an extremely dense, hard-wearing product which will handle forklift traffic and has an extended life cycle of 30 to40 years. The most common surface finish is the classic round raised pastille.<br />
<br />
Some rubber is made from a combination of natural and synthetic rubber, and there are numerous interlocking tile products available that look similar to rubber, but are made of PVC.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-3"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Rubber flooring is bacteriostatic and will prevent the growth of mould and fungus. This makes is suitable for use in healthcare environments. The joints between the tiles, however, do present a risk, and sheeting is preferable in this regard, as all seams can be welded. The ‘wall-floor’ joint can also be an area of risk as integral skirting is difficult since the material is very dense and has reduced flexibility (although not impossible with skill). This can be an area that forms a reservoir to moisture and growth spot for microbes, and hence its reduced application in health facilities.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-4"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is extremely hard-wearing and durable and required uncomplicated maintenance with neutral detergents, rinsing and dry sweeping/vacuuming. As with any product, maintenance will prolong the life and enhance the appearance of the product.<br />
<br />
'''Safety'''<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image79.jpeg]]The circular pastille pattern of tiles and the textured surface of the sheeting provide a slip-resistant surface which is suitable even in wet conditions. Good walking comfort is achieved with less leg fatigue than hard surfaces. The raised pattern will produce slightly more drag than a perfectly smooth surface when it comes to wheeled equipment being pushed across it.<br />
<br />
Rubber is a Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-4"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is well suited for use in high-humidity/wet spill areas, as it is not adversely affected by moisture, and the slip-resistant surface makes it safe to use in these areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-4"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is a natural product that does not emit toxic VOCs. No formaldehyde materials are used in the manufacture of rubber flooring, and in terms of EN 14041:2004, an E1 classification is achieved, which means emissions fall into the ‘less than 0.7 ppm (parts per million)’ category. Rubber does have a distinctive odour.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-5"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is an excellent absorber of sound, with a sound absorption value of between 6 to10 dB. Rougher textured tiles will absorb even more, and specialised acoustic products up to 20 dB. The muffling of impact sounds in a healthcare environment will clam patients and contribute to a quiet, peaceful space.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-3"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is available in a limited range of monochromatic colours. Simple patterns can be achieved, but the single colour flooring can appear somewhat utilitarian – which may be suitable for specific areas. The durability of the flooring means that it maintains its appearance well, still visually appealing after many years of use.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-4"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Coving of the wall/floor joint is possible with rubber sheeting, but its reduced flexibility and thickness require expertise and special skills to achieve. Preformed skirting is more readily available. Rubber tiles are more commonly used in South Africa, and skirting then cannot be coved or welded to the flooring.<br />
<br />
'''SPECIFICATION FOR RUBBER FLOOR-SHEETING:'''<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 2.0 mm thick x 1.22 mm wide rubber floor-sheeting with a changing base colour, consisting of three harmoniously matched colour components and characteristic granule inclusions, laid into manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread according to manufacturer’s recommendations on a previously prepared Class 1 sub-floor by a builder, (specified above and elsewhere measured) , including all cutting and waste. Join sealing required, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.<br />
<br />
'''SKIRTING: SELECT ONE'''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor-sheeting coved 150 to 200 mm ''(select)'' high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over preformed 20 x 20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer-approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
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(''Confirm skirting '''set-in''' or '''sit-on''')'' Supply and fix extruded coved fillet and capping strip ''(confirm skirting type, radius and size, colour, capping strip size and colour),'' using manufacturer-approved contact adhesive, spread evenly and quickly with a brush onto both material and working surface. Allow both surfaces to become touch dry – approximately 15 minutes. Place material carefully into position at one end, and then work gradually along its length. When completely positioned, apply firm pressure along whole length to ensure perfect contact between the two adhesive surfaces.<br />
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Typical specification for rubber sheeting<br />
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<span id="cork-flooring"></span><br />
=== Cork flooring ===<br />
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<span id="general-description-and-properties-5"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
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[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image81.jpeg]]Cork flooring is made from the bark of the cork oak tree, which is an evergreen tree common in Southern Europe and North Africa. The bark is ground and processed into sheets before being kiln-baked. The hand harvesting is strictly controlled, and since the bark grows back, this is a highly sustainable product.<br />
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The main constituent of cork is a waxy, rubbery substance called suberin. This hydrophobic substance gives cork flooring its elastic and impermeable quality.<br />
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The cork sheeting is most commonly formed into tiles or planks of between 4 to6 mm thick and varying sizes. The tiles are most commonly glued to the floor surface which must be free of imperfections, level dry and smooth. The tiles or planks are generally butt-jointed. Floating cork floors can be achieved by laying cork planks over timber floors. Interlocking, glue-less installation is also available. Cork is also formed into rolls for use as an underlay below other flooring materials to improve acoustic performance and prevent moisture ingress. It is recommended that cork suitable for commercial use (Class EN31-35) is used in healthcare facilities.<br />
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Cork and rubber have also been combined with polymers such as neoprene and nitrite to create tough, durable floor-sheeting. Cork has also been combined with linoleum to form flooring products that are imported. These imported products cater for residential, commercial and industrial grade applications. Although cork has predominantly been used in the residential sector in South Africa, it is beginning to find a place in the commercial, and particularly the healthcare sectors, where budgets allow.<br />
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<span id="infection-prevention-4"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
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Cork is bacteriostatic and antifungal. Dirt and grime may collect, but not be trapped by the floor, and provided the floor is regularly swept or vacuumed, microbes will not be able to colonise, and the floor will prevent the spread of infection. Some manufacturers treat the cork with an additional antimicrobial sealant to prolong the durability of the product. Joints cannot be welded, and tiles are laid with butt joints. These joints can gather dust and moisture over time, and sealing the finished floor with a sealant is recommended.<br />
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<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-5"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
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This is a low maintenance product, with simple cleaning procedures such as regular mopping and sweeping – no sophisticated equipment is needed. No harsh cleaning agents or polishing is required. Tiles usually come pre-sealed; however, application of an additional polyurethane sealant to cover the joints on the finished floor is recommended. Unless the floor is properly sealed, it can stain, and the sealant will need re-application periodically. The resilient nature of cork means it has excellent impact resistance. The 40 million microscopic air-pockets per cm<sup>3</sup> allow cork to return easily to its original shape, even after pressure from furniture or heavy foot traffic.<br />
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<span id="safety-4"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
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Cork consists of 50% air, which is contained in the microscopic honeycomb compartments that make up the material. This makes cork a great shock-absorber, reducing leg fatigue as well as injuries where patients may fall (particularly the elderly). The cellular structure also makes it slip-resistant. Nanobead technology surface finishes are available which provide excellent traction to prevent slipping.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-5"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
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Suberin is a natural waxy substance found in cork, and is responsible for the moisture repellent/resistant properties of cork. Cork is commonly used as an underlay to prevent the transfer of moisture to the floor finish. It is however not recommended to glue cork to consistently damp or wet areas as adhesive to the substrate may fail, and the moisture will divert to other finishes.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-and-insulation"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image83.jpeg]]Indoor air quality: Emissions and insulation ====<br />
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Cork, and the process of producing cork flooring contains no formaldehyde or other toxic substances, and cork does not emit VOCs. However, adhesives, finishing/protection coats and sealants used with these flooring products may contain solvents and emit VOCs. Cork is also very lightweight due to the high air content and this reduces the transport costs and in turn the carbon cost of the product. Solvent- and formaldehyde-free polyurethane surface finishes are also available for commercial use (Class EN 32). The insulation properties of cork will produce good energy savings where heat load is a factor on the floor.<br />
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<span id="acoustics-6"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
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Impact sound reduction tests (in accordance with ISO140-8) show that cork can absorb and reduce sound by up to 16 dB. The air-filled compartments are excellent sound absorbers and will contribute to a calm, quiet environment. Sealants will reduce this capacity, but slightly increasing the reflectivity. ISO 10140-1:2010 indicated a 53% reduction in footfall sound.<br />
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<span id="aesthetics-4"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
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Cork, like timber, is a naturally-grown product and much of its aesthetic appeal comes from the uniqueness of each batch of cork. Colour variations add to the appeal, and are to be expected from different trees and harvests. The colours range from yellows to dark browns, although off-whites are also being achieved through treatment. Exposure to light will over time lead to some degree of fading. Engineered multilayered cork products will be more consistent in pattern and colour. These hybrid products are examined more under Section C4.<br />
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<span id="skirtings-5"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
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Cork cannot be coved or welded. Any suitable coved set-in skirting can be used, with the flooring abutting this skirting. The thickness of the cork tiles should be borne in mind when abutting a coved skirting, however, as the cork is thicker than most pre-moulded coved skirting on the market.<br />
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Typical specification for cork tiles<br />
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<span id="soft-finishes"></span><br />
== Soft finishes ==<br />
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<span id="carpet-textiles"></span><br />
=== Carpet textiles ===<br />
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<span id="general-description-and-properties-6"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
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'''Subfloors''' must be level, permanently dry, solid and free from cracks, dirt and adhesion inhibiting substances and not exceed a maximum humidity of 75% RH. Ensure that the subfloor is well absorbent. If the subfloor shows low absorbency or no absorbency, apply a high quality cement based levelling compound in a minimum thickness of 2 to 3 mm (measured elsewhere). Note that latex or acrylic levelling compounds will detrimentally affect the adhesion of the adhesives'''.''' Apply 600 x 300 x 3.2 mm thick cork panels consisting of 0.25 mm vinyl backing layer, 1.65 mm cork agglomerated core, 0.8 mm genuine cork veneer and 0.5 mm hard wearing surface, and prefinished with specialised surface treatment suitable for Class EN 33 Use (or equivalent). Panels are to be glued to the substrate (350 to400 g/m<sup>2</sup> spread rate) with a notched trowel using adhesive as per the cork panel manufacturer’s recommendation. Ensure the adhesive ridges are compressed completely to an even adhesive film. Roll with a 50 kg multipart roller after a short period and repeat rolling after approx. one hour. If necessary, weigh down edges. The edges of flooring area are to be caulked before fitting the skirting. A 15-year warranty is to be provided on the flooring product.<br />
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Carpets are manufactured from fibres attached to a backing. The fibres range from natural wool to synthetically manufactured nylon or polypropylene fibres. Carpets can be made up of cut pile – individual strands, or tufted pile – which are closed loops. These are needle-punched into the backing. The heights of the tufts can be varied to create the striations and patterns commonly found in needle-punch carpets. The synthetic fibres are often treated to prevent the growth of mould and microbes, and make the carpet resistant to staining.<br />
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Traditional carpets had jute backings, but this organic material - which had limitations such as rotting when exposed to moisture, or encouraging microbe infestation, has largely been replaced by synthetic fibre or resin-based backings which are more durable, non-allergenic and can resist moisture.<br />
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Broadloom carpet widths are most commonly 3,66 m wide, but some manufacturers supply 4 m widths or narrower 1.8 m widths as well. Carpet tiles are generally 500 to600 mm square, but larger sizes and rectangular tiles are also available to order. A wide range of thicknesses are available – from 3 to 12 mm depending on the backing. Carpets are graded for various applications and traffic weights - from residential to heavy commercial. The colouring process ranges from pre-dyeing/injecting colour into the yarn, to continuous dyeing – where dyes are rolled or sprayed onto the carpet or by boiling in vats of dye after the manufacturing process is complete.<br />
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The fibre weight varies from 400 gsm to 1 100 gsm, although this should be seen in relation to the overall weight of the carpet including the backing. The suitability of the carpet however, is reliant on its fitness for purpose, such as using the correct location grade, and the guarantees and warranties provided by the manufacturer.<br />
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<span id="infection-prevention-5"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
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Although there is no direct evidence linking any flooring type directly to HAIs, the study by Sehulster and Chinn for Center for Disease Control (2003), recommended that carpets not be used in areas where spills are likely to occur, such as laboratories or cleaners rooms, nor where patients are at greater risk from infection from airborne pathogens, such as in burns units, ICUs and operating rooms. While fibres can trap pathogens (and thereby prevent them from circulating in the air), the proper cleaning of carpets and effective removal of these pathogens is difficult to check on a daily basis. In addition, the carpet is porous and permeable, (although some may have an impermeable backing) which is in conflict with the National Health requirements for these high-risk areas. Carpets in offices or waiting areas do provide a welcome relief from the noisy ward areas where harder surfaces are present.<br />
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Some manufacturers indicate the additional benefit of antimicrobial treatment using phosphate amines such as silver, zinc or copper to combat bacteria. The US Carpet and Rug Institute issued a technical bulletin in regard to these treatments and what they achieve. Since the treatment is applied to the carpet fibres or the backing – or both, no implicit human health claims can be made about the finished product unless that finished product has been tested and registered by accredited independent testing organizations. Synthetic fibres in themselves do no provide a nutrient source which microbes need to survive, but textiles can trap soil, dust and moisture, which do provide that source.<br />
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<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-6"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
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[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image87.jpeg]]The first means of protecting and extending the life of carpets is the use of dirt-trapping mats at all entrances to the facility. This will remove a substantial amount of soil and dirt carried in on shoes/feet from the exterior. Fine soil crystals damage the fibres as they are ground into the carpet pile, and this can be avoided with regular vacuuming. The build-up of soil over time will also dull the appearance of the carpet.<br />
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It is recommended that heavy traffic areas are vacuumed daily, while for other areas, once a week will suffice – depending on what function the room accommodates. Carpets should be professionally cleaned at least once a year – with products recommended by the manufacturer, as any sticky residue left behind after cleaning will only attract soil build-up. Facility managers must also ensure that vacuum cleaner filters are regularly cleaned and replaced when necessary, as this will also affect the efficacy of vacuuming. If vacuum cleaners are not well maintained, they may also aerosolise pathogens during vacuuming. Carpet protectors should also be used where chairs with castors are present – where recommended by the manufacturer.<br />
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<span id="safety-5"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
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Since slips usually occur when there is too little friction between feet and the walking surface, the rough texture of carpets results in a highly slip-resistant surface. The cushioned effect of some backing types also reduces leg fatigue. Too much cushioning can reduce roller mobility though, making carpets with plush fibre or thick cushioning unsuitable where trolleys or wheelchairs for example, need to traverse the floor.<br />
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Healthcare facilities are occupied by patients that are frail and sometimes non-ambulatory. With this in mind, the fire regulations for this occupancy code are more stringent in the National Building Regulations, and the specifier must ensure that the fire ratings of carpeting types comply with the relevant occupancy.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-and-insulation"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity and insulation ====<br />
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Carpets are not suitable for use in high humidity areas for reasons discussed under infection control above. Carpeting is an effective insulation material, particularly when laid with an underlay.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-5"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
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Studies conducted by the US Carpet and Rug Institute show that - despite the ‘new carpet smell’ - carpet is one of the lowest emitters of VOCs indoors, less than paints for example, and these odours dissipate within days. Most local manufacturers indicate that the VOC emissions meet the GBCSA Green Star Rating – check product specific literature for the carpet under consideration.<br />
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Since carpets are often glued-down installations, the adhesives are often the culprit with VOC emissions on these floors. The specifier should check with the manufacturers about the levels of emission on the recommended adhesives.<br />
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<span id="aesthetics-5"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
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Carpets are being manufactured in a diverse range of colours, patterns and textures. The variety allows for creative, non-institutional application. Tiles are usually laid tessellated, which also adds to the interesting texture of the floor. Patterns and borders are achievable with tiles and most broadloom carpet, and can contribute to a professional atmosphere in the administrative sections of the healthcare facility.<br />
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An interesting study by Harris (2011) recorded at the Centre for Disease Control demonstrated that the amount of time visitors spent in rooms with carpets was higher than they did in rooms with vinyl floor finishes – this is perhaps an indication of how an environmental aspect can influence behaviour, and could be linked to aesthetics, temperature comfort and sound attenuation.<br />
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<span id="acoustics-7"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
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According to the Center for Health Design, carpets have the highest noise reduction co-efficient (NRC) for impact noise of all flooring types. Note that this is in relation to impact noise only – sounds such as footfalls, and dropping of objects onto the floor. The ability of carpet to absorb airborne sound is however mediocre, and according to the technical brief: ‘Acoustic Environments’ by Green Guide for Healthcare (2007), the acoustical benefit of carpet is to reduce impact rather than airborne noise. The noise attenuation properties of flooring, is often a trade-off with infection control. According to a study by Sehulster and Chinn for CDC in 2003, carpet should be avoided in areas housing immuno-compromised patients.<br />
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SPEC FOR CARPET BROADLOOM WITH UNDER-CUSHION<br />
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Fit heavy commercial (SABS location grade: 5) textile carpet sheeting, with solution dyed nylon fibres, plain cut pile/level cut loop/tufted cut pile (select) OR polypropylene structured needle-punch fibre and woven polypropylene backing - SABS Class 2 fire rating. Carpet thickness 7 mm to 10 mm (confirm) Carpet fibres are to be pretreated against stains, and guarantee and warranty supplied. Broadloom carpet sheeting to be laid in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification by an approved installer in accordance with SANS 10186:2010. Carpets are to be installed over commercial grade, non-allergic, latex foam under-cushion. (Optional) (Confirm colour and weight/m2 of carpet)<br />
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Skirtings<br />
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Traditionally timber skirting has been most commonly installed with carpeted floors, but there are very few limitations on the size and type of skirting that can be fitted.<br />
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SPEC FOR PLAIN-BACKED CARPET TILES FOR MEDIUM COMMERCIAL:<br />
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Plain backed carpet tiles, medium commercial (SABS use class U4), with needle-punched fibres, size 500 x 500 x 5 mm thick (confirm size and thickness) with SABS Class 2 fire rating, fibre weight of 700 g/m² and total weight of 940 g/m², (confirm weight). Carpet tiles manufactured in accordance with SANS 1415:2000, installed by an approved installer in accordance with SANS 10186:2010. Carpet fibres are to be pre-treated against stains, and guarantee and warranty supplied. Confirm colour and relevant code).<br />
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Typical specification for carpet (broadloom)<br />
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<span id="typical-specification-for-carpet-tiles"></span><br />
==== Typical specification for carpet tiles ====<br />
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<span id="flocked-flooring"></span><br />
=== Flocked flooring ===<br />
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<span id="general-description-and-properties-7"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
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[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image89.jpeg]]Flocked flooring falls under textiles in terms of definition, but also has characteristics of resilient flooring. It combines the acoustic properties and warm feel of textiles with the waterproof, durable and washable properties of resilient flooring.<br />
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Flocked flooring is manufactured by applying millions of short, cylindrical polyamide (nylon) fibres to an adhesive coated surface through an electrostatic process. The first electrostatically flocked flooring was made in 1960, so the technology is not new. The flooring consists of various layers including:<br />
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* Densely flocked polyamide fibres<br />
* Waterproof PVC-adhesive<br />
* Stable glass-fibre mesh interlays for strength and durability<br />
* Cushioned waterproof, rot-resistant PVC--backing<br />
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The sheeting is available in 2 m wide lengths, and 4.3 mm total thickness. Tiles are 500 x 500 mm, and 5.3 mm thick. The tiles and sheet are suitable for heavy commercial grade application.<br />
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<span id="infection-prevention-6"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
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Flocked flooring responds in a similar way to resilient flooring in terms of infection control. The flooring is fully waterproof and washable, being easily cleaned when wet spillages occur. This impermeable quality aids in infection control. The upright nylon fibres are very short when compared to other carpet fibres, and these more easily give up dirt that has fallen among the fibres, preventing microbes from settling in to grow. Like polypropylene fibres, the nylon fibres do not provide a source of nutrient for microbes, and the flooring is the only textile with the UK Allergy Approval certificate. The finished installation is not jointless however, as the joints are not welded, and the skirting is independent of the floor. These are areas that could be an infection risk.<br />
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Antibacterial treatment is also integrated into the manufacturing process. As discussed under Carpets, these may contribute to the reduction of fungus or bacterial growth, but cannot substitute for routine and regular cleaning and maintenance.<br />
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<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-7"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
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As mentioned above, the finish is easily vacuumed, and wet spills are easy to clean up as the finish is waterproof. As with any floor, regular cleaning will extend the life and appearance of the product as the build-up of soil over time will dull the appearance. The use of dirt-trapping mats at all entrances to the facility will remove a substantial amount of soil and dirt carried in from the exterior. Because the product is easily vacuumed, it is less likely to trap soil or dirt long enough to encourage microbial growth on the particles of soil and moisture – both of which would need to be present since the nylon fibres themselves provide no nutrient value. Periodic professional cleaning will restore the appearance and this product has a far longer life span than regular carpet textiles.<br />
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<span id="safety-6"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
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Since flocked flooring provides very high slip-resistance, even where spills occur, this product is very safe for use in health facilities, and for many years has been used in the marine industry to finish decks on boats. The cushioned effect also reduces leg fatigue without reducing roller mobility as a result of the short straight fibres of nylon.<br />
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Healthcare facilities are occupied by patients that are frail and sometimes non-ambulatory. With this in mind, the fire regulations for this occupancy code are more stringent in the National Building Regulations, and the specifier must ensure that the fire ratings of carpeting types comply with the relevant occupancy. Flocked sheeting is Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-6"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
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Due to the waterproof characteristics of the flooring, flocked flooring is not adversely affected by wet areas and can tolerate humid conditions. However, special attention needs to be paid to sealing of joints and edges where moisture could get under the tiles or sheeting if the adhesive is not thoroughly applied.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-6"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
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The manufacturers of flocked flooring indicate that VOC emissions are very low, and that certain ranges conform to all standards including the new VOC emissions classes in Europe. The specifics would be dependent on the product specified. Low-emission adhesives are also available. Responsible initiatives on the part of manufacturers include using recycled content in backing, and also supporting PVC-recycling projects.<br />
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<span id="aesthetics-6"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
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A wide selection of patterns and colourways are available, from natural tones to bright colours, monochrome to multiple colours, standard or purpose-designed - there is ample opportunity for creativity. Tiles can be laid checkerboard or broadloom style. Cutting designs into the sheeting can also be achieved for branding or more intricate patterns. Conventional rotary screen-printing builds colours up in successive layers before heat fixing the print permanently onto the fibres. Digital printing can also be achieved where budgets allow.<br />
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SPEC FOR FLOCKED FLOORING<br />
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Supply and fix 4.3 mm thick x 2 m wide electrostatically flocked textile floor-sheet covering, manufactured to specification EN 1307. Spread manufacturer approved acrylic adhesive on the exposed substrate with a trowel having triangular notches 1.78 x 1.78 x 1.6 mm at 3.0 mm centres at the rate of between 5.5 m² and 6.5 m² per litre depending on sub-floor porosity, on a previously prepared sub-floor by the builder, (as described) and elsewhere measured. Factory edges to be butted for seaming. It is essential that during the course of installation the product be rolled in both directions with an articulated 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller immediately after it has been laid into the adhesive.<br />
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Acoustics<br />
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With around 70 million fibres/m<sup>2</sup>, the flooring is extremely dense, and it is this property that can substantially reduce impact sound. The flocked flooring has been tested under BS EN ISO 10140-2010 and proven to absorb 20 dB on the sheeting, and 17 dB on the tiles. The soft floor was also shown to absorb ambient noise. This finish would be appropriate in waiting areas or counselling rooms.<br />
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<span id="skirting"></span><br />
==== Skirting ====<br />
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Coved and welded skirting cannot be achieved with flocked flooring. Traditional timber skirting is suitable but as for carpeted floors, but there are very few limitations on the size and type of skirting that can be fitted.<br />
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Typical specification for flocked flooring (broadloom)<br />
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<span id="hybrid-floor-finishes"></span><br />
== Hybrid floor finishes ==<br />
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[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image91.jpeg]]Traditionally flooring types were limited to hard, resilient or soft finishes, but with new technology and manufacturing processes, a new class of flooring is beginning to surface – namely: hybrid floor finishes. The term refers to floors that are engineered from various layers, or combinations of various products. This could include hard, soft and resilient finishes. To some extent, flocked flooring could fall under this category as it crosses the boundary between resilient and soft finishes, but it has been classified as a textile at present. Laminated flooring is another such product. Laminated flooring consists of various layers which are compressed. There are two main types, namely those with a fibreboard substrate (like medium density fibreboard) and others with a vinyl substrate.<br />
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<span id="laminated-timber-flooring-fibreboard-substrate"></span><br />
=== Laminated timber flooring: Fibreboard substrate ===<br />
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<span id="general-description-and-properties-8"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
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Laminated timber flooring has largely replaced traditional timber flooring and parquet products due to the reduced cost, ease of installation, wider range of wood grain aesthetics available, as well as the reduced impact on the use timber resources. Laminated timber flooring consists of four layers:<br />
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* A top layer/film of transparent aluminium oxide and melamine (the wear layer which makes the surface scratch- and scuff-resistant)<br />
* The highly realistic photographic paper image of the wood<br />
* the core layer of medium or high density fibreboard treated for water resistance<br />
* A base layer of waterproof film for stability<br />
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These layers are fused under heat and high-pressure. The density of the fibreboard can vary substantially, and overall thicknesses range from 6 mm to 12 mm, but the industry recommendation is the 8 to9 mm plank for most applications. Plank sizes also vary in size, but generally are 200 mm x 1 300 mm. The interlocking system of the planks means that the floor finish can be installed without adhesives. The surface of the junction between planks can be a smooth butt-joint, a pronounced v-joint or fitted with a flush rubber strip for an anti-slip finish suited to wet areas. Expansion joints against walls are important, as is the laying of moisture barrier sheeting under the flooring. Sound-dampening underlays of 2 to 3 mm are also recommended.<br />
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The majority of laminated timber flooring is suited to residential applications, but commercial grades are also available. Flooring is graded for levels of use according to EN 685. Health facilities would require a minimum EN 31 Class: Commercial Moderate (for public and commercial use which is low or intermittent), but medium, heavy and intense traffic may be more suited to specific areas of the facility. (En Class 32, 33 and 34 respectively.) Abrasion Class 5 (AC5 EN 33) can be used in public and commercial areas with heavy traffic.<br />
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Abrasion Classes 1 to2 are for light domestic use only.<br />
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<span id="infection-prevention-7"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
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Laminated floor planks can present an infection control risk in the small grooves of the interlocking joints which can trap small particles of dust and moisture, and are difficult to clean thoroughly. Open V-joints are easier to clean, but provide deeper ‘reservoirs’ for dust, and will need thorough and regular vacuuming or<br />
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SPEC FOR LAMINATED TIMBER FLOORING:<br />
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Interlocking laminate flooring plank 1 285 x 194 x 8 mm thick ''(confirm size)'' in four-sided V-joint board (select edge detail), fixed floating on combination PU foam underlay with taped membrane overlaps on floor and 40 mm turn-up at walls. Expansion gaps between walls and floor to be finished off with wood stained skirting in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Installation by manufacturer approved installer, and 25-year guarantee to be supplied. ''(Confirm colour, texture, code)''<br />
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broom cleaning to remove dirt. While this flooring may not be suited to areas where infection control is a priority, it can be used in other areas of health facilities, such as offices or public recreational access areas such as coffee shops.<br />
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<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-8"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image92.png|169x154px]]Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
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Laminated timber floors should be dry-brushed and vacuumed regularly to remove dirt and grit which can lead to scratches. Spills should be wiped up immediately, and cleaning should never be done with large amounts of water. Slightly damp, well-squeezed dry laminate mops or cloths should be used with manufacturer approved cleaning agent. No abrasive cleaners should be used, and no stripping, sanding, waxing, polishing or varnishing is required.<br />
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Figure 36<br />
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Dirt trapping mats are the best investment in maintaining these floors. Felt pads are recommended under the feet of furniture and soft tread castors should be used on chairs.<br />
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<span id="safety-7"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
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Laminated flooring provides a smooth, sheer finish, which can present a slip hazard, particularly if spills occur. Floors with rubber inserts in the V-joints provide a slip-resistant surface. This hard floor finish can be fitted with underlays to reduce leg fatigue. Fire ratings vary substantially, depending on the product, and these should be checked with the manufacturer to ensure suitability for use in the health facility.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-7"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
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Laminated timber floors are not suited to commercial areas where wet processes will take place. The junctions between planks are not sealed, and will allow moisture access. This will adversely affect the products – some of which have a fibreboard core.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-7"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Medium-density fibreboard contains a higher resin to wood ratio than any other urea-formaldehyde pressed wood product, and is recognised as being the highest formaldehyde-emitting pressed wood product. (Source: US Environmental Protection Agency). These VOCs are fairly quickly dissipated though, and the glue-free installation of the interlocking planks means lower emissions when compared to a glued-down system using high-VOC adhesives.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-7"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The popularity of laminated timber flooring has widened the range of ‘wood-look’ finishes available. The diversity of the timber grains and hues provides creative opportunities that echo a natural environment –albeit in appearance only. The move in healthcare to provide a more ‘homely’ residential appeal has also seen these timber laminates being used more in certain areas of health facilities.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-8"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Laminated flooring tends to amplify the sound of footfalls, but sound-deadening acoustic underlays should be used where possible. These loose-laid or glued-down sub-layers can improve the sound of impact by 20 dB, when used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-6"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Matching moulded skirting is usually available in matching grains and colours to suit the floor panels. This independent skirting is not recommended in high infection control risk areas as the small crevices are difficult to clean, and will gather dust and moisture. Varnished timber skirting is also commonly used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specification-for-laminated-timber-flooring"></span><br />
==== Typical specification for laminated timber flooring ====<br />
<br />
<span id="laminated-flooring-pvc-planks"></span><br />
=== Laminated flooring – PVC planks ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-9"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image94.jpeg]]Interlocking laminated floor planks are also manufactured from PVC-layers, which are more durable than the fibreboard core planks. In addition, the formaldehydes associated with MDF and HDF are avoided, and the performance under wet conditions is superior. This product is more suitable in heavy commercial applications than laminated timber planks, and in some ranges even suitable for light industrial applications. These ‘planks’ are actually small rigid vinyl sheets which are formed with an interlocking joint detail. These products are thinner than MDF laminates at 2.5 to 5 mm thick, but are available in similar sizes as the laminated timber planks (around 150 to 230 mm wide x 1 200 mm long). Some ranges are available in 600 x 600 tiles. The basic layers of the product include:<br />
<br />
* A polyurethane reinforced surface treatment<br />
* The embossed high-density wear layer of 0.4 to0.7 mm pure PVC (this makes the surface scratch- and scuff- resistant)<br />
* The decorative layer with the highly realistic photographic paper image of the wood , stone or other graphic design<br />
* The stabilising glass fibre fleece core layer (around 1 mm) for dimensional stability<br />
* A PVC-composite load-bearing base layer<br />
<br />
These layers are fused under heat and high-pressure. The interlocking system of the planks means that the floor finish can be installed without adhesives – as a floating floor. This has advantages in terms of the VOCs given off where solvent adhesives are used. The surface of the junction between planks can be a smooth butt-joint, or a pronounced bevel/V-joint.<br />
<br />
Glued-down planks/tiles are however also available (in 2.5 to3 mm thickness with 0.55 and 07 mm PU--wear layers respectively). Both are suitable for heavy commercial and the latter for light industrial use. The glued-down planks have a deep embossed finish giving a realistic appearance to the wood-grain, and improving slip-resistance.<br />
<br />
Flooring is graded for levels of use according to EN 685. Health facilities would require a minimum EN 31 Class: Commercial Moderate (for public and commercial use which is low or intermittent), but medium, heavy and intense traffic may be more relevant to specific areas of the facility. (En Class 32, 33 and 34 respectively.) Abrasion Class 5 (AC5 EN 33) can be used in public and commercial areas with heavy traffic. Abrasion resistance should meet Group T.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-8"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although the laminated vinyl floor planks do not provide a nutrient source for bacteria, this flooring can present an infection control risk in the small grooves of the interlocking joints which could trap small particles of dust and moisture, and are difficult to clean thoroughly. Open V-joints are easier to clean, but provide deeper ‘reservoirs’ for dust, and will need thorough and regular vacuuming or broom cleaning to remove dirt. A well-maintained floor will however present an easy to clean, hygienic floor finish suited to the healthcare environment.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-9"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The vinyl planks with PU-reinforcement make for a simple maintenance regime. The floor should be swept and vacuumed regularly, and washed periodically with water and manufacturer-approved cleaning agent. No abrasive cleaning agents or tools should be used, and no stripping, sanding, waxing, polishing or varnishing is required. Dirt trapping mats are the best investment in maintaining these floors.<br />
<br />
The glued-down tiles/planks should not be washed for a few days after installation – in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations -to allow the planks to settle in the adhesive. Moisture exposure during this stage may also affect the adhesive bond.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-8"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Laminated vinyl planks are deeply embossed to enhance the realistic wood grain. This ridged surface provides good slip-resistance. The floating floor installation can be laid with sound-absorbing underlays, which also reduce leg-fatigue. Fire ratings vary substantially, depending on the product, and these should be checked with the manufacturer to ensure suitability for use in the health facility. The laminated vinyl plank is a Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-8"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Laminated vinyl planks can be used in areas where occasional spills occur, although spills should be wiped up immediately.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-8"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
The floating – interlocking planks will not require adhesives to fix the floor in place, and this will reduce the VOC emissions when compared to glued-down systems. Certain vinyl planks have been certified with a Gold Indoor Air Comfort-rating which is awarded to products of very low VOC emissions where these are below any globally determined imit.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-8"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The popularity of laminated flooring has widened the range of ‘wood-look’ finishes available. The diversity of the timber grains and hues provides creative opportunities that echo a natural environment –albeit in appearance only. The move in healthcare to provide a more ‘homely’ residential appeal has also seen these vinyl planks being used more in certain areas of health facilities. The grain should always be laid parallel to the direction of the natural light falling into the room.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-9"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
AC5 - EN 33 Class interlocking ''(or glued-down – specify)'' vinyl PVC--layered flooring plank 1 219 x228 x 5 mm thick ''(confirm size and thickness)'' in four-sided V-groove, bevel-edge joint (''select edge detail''), fixed floating (''or laid in manufacturer approved adhesive).'' Expansion gaps between walls and floor to be provided in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Installation only by manufacturer- approved installer. Supplier to provide 10-year commercial warranty. ''(Confirm colour, texture, code.)''<br />
<br />
Floating laminated flooring tends to amplify the sound of footfalls, but sound-deadening acoustic underlays should be used where possible. These loose-laid or glued-down sublayers can improve the sound of impact by 20 dB, when used with the laminated flooring. Glued-down systems have less echo effect for the sound of footfalls and impact.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-7"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
The PVC-planks cannot be coved - more as a result of the directional pattern, but also the rigidity. Using a complementary colour vinyl skirting could still be used. This allows for a seamless skirting and hygienic finish. Matching moulded skirting can also be used in matching grains and colours to suit the floor panels. This independent skirting is not recommended in high infection control risk areas as the small crevices are difficult to clean, and will gather dust and moisture. Varnished timber skirting is also commonly used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for laminated vinyl planks<br />
<br />
<span id="flooring-accessories"></span><br />
== Flooring accessories ==<br />
<br />
<span id="walk-off-dirt-trapping-mats"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image96.jpeg]]Walk-off dirt trapping mats ===<br />
<br />
An effective entrance barrier or dirt trapping mat can reduce cleaning by up to 65%. The highly abrasive African soil conditions create an extremely aggressive environment that can shorten the life span of the floor-sheeting. Without removing the bulk of this dirt and grit at the entrance, the floor finish - whether hard, soft, resilient or hybrid - can be badly damaged by the dirt and grit that is carried in on visitors’ shoes.<br />
<br />
Walk-off mats should be placed strategically at all entrances, allowing a minimum of four to five paces, (around 3 m) across which people will walk. This will remove the majority of loose particles, and prolong the life of the floor finish.<br />
<br />
Various types of entrance barrier matting are available including:<br />
<br />
* Coarse carpet with ridged surface<br />
* Coir bristle brush<br />
* PVC-brush<br />
* Aluminium structure with inserts of rubber<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image98.jpeg]]Aluminium structure with inserts of carpet<br />
<br />
A recess in the screed should be specified and/or detailed to the exact depth of the mat. This will ensure a flush finish at floor level, and prevent the mat from becoming a tripping hazard. If the mats are not recessed, they will need to be firmly anchored, and have bevelled edges on all sides.<br />
<br />
<span id="expansion-joints"></span><br />
=== Expansion joints ===<br />
<br />
Expansion joints must be carried through the floor finish and screed from the slab below to prevent cracks in the finish. This applies to hard and resilient flooring. Soft finishes such as carpet, can be laid over the screed joint. These joints should be finished with purpose-designed expansion joint covers which will vary according to the type of finish laid, and include:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image100.jpeg]]Extruded PVC-covers that are glued to the floor either side of the joint<br />
* Metal joint covers made of aluminium, stainless steel or brass with rubber inserts or metal clip-on covers<br />
<br />
Where PVC joint covers are used with resilient sheeting, the joint must be filled to support the expandable section of the joint cover.<br />
<br />
Preventing uneven surfaces is a priority, and every effort must be made to ensure a smooth transition over expansion joints to minimise tripping hazards.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image102.jpeg]]Consult flooring manufacturers for appropriate treatment of expansion joint covers and ensure that these are specified at documentation stage.<br />
<br />
<span id="transition-strips-stairs-and-ramps"></span><br />
=== Transition strips, stairs and ramps ===<br />
<br />
<span id="transitions"></span><br />
==== Transitions: ====<br />
<br />
The UK National Health Service identified uneven surfaces and changes in level as one of four main causes of “’slip and trip’ accidents in healthcare facilities. (Healey, 2007)<br />
<br />
Changes in floor finish often mean a difference in levels of friction or surface resistance, which can lead to falls. It can also result in a slight change in floor level, if the floor finish thickness varies – as is often the case when sheeting meets a tiles floor for example. It is recommended that these transitions do not exceed 5 mm vertically, but a bevelled transition of 5 mm over 100 mm length (minimum) is less likely to cause tripping. Planning and detail design will reduce the risks.<br />
<br />
By positioning the transition at a threshold also minimises risk as it is more expected here. Purpose-made cover strips are manufactured to link different types of floor finish and thickness and these should be selected, described at specification stage. These are available in metals, such as aluminium, brass, and stainless steel and these strips are also manufactured from extruded PVC.<br />
<br />
In areas where highly sensitive patients (such as spinal surgery patients) are wheeled to theatre, transition strips, or any bumps or ridges, must be avoided as any unnecessary vibration can adversely affect the patient.<br />
<br />
<span id="stairs"></span><br />
==== Stairs: ====<br />
<br />
Stairways are also an area where trips and falls are more common, and need careful planning in terms of finish. Specifying stair nosing will:<br />
<br />
* Provide good slip resistance to the leading edge of the step<br />
* Visually define the step end<br />
* Protect the exposed edge of the finish – irrespective of whether its tile, vinyl or carpet<br />
<br />
Stair nosing is available in extruded and ridged PVC-strips, aluminium strips with rubber or carborundum inserts, or purpose-made step tiles with bull-nosed edges and non-slip grooves. Ensure that the treatment of the stair edge does not become a tripping hazard in itself. The stair nosing must finish as near to flush as possible to the finish on the tread itself.<br />
<br />
<span id="ramps"></span><br />
==== Ramps: ====<br />
<br />
The National Building Regulations give clear parameters for universal/wheelchair access. In addition, the use of wheeled equipment in hospital and healthcare facilities from beds to food trolleys to drip stands, means high-volume use of ramps. The potential for slipping increases due to the gradient. Finishes that provide reasonable slip-resistance are appropriate in this application.<br />
<br />
<span id="c5.4-external-finishes-at-entrances"></span><br />
=== C5.4 External finishes at entrances ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image104.jpeg]]Special attention should be paid to the external areas leading up to all entrances to health facilities bearing in mind that infirm patients will be using this access. At casualty/emergency units, patient drop-off zones, and ambulance bays, there is the additional need for stretchers, wheelchairs and emergency trolleys to be quickly and smoothly wheeled through these entrances. Bevel-edged pavers will add to the effort required to push a trolley over a pavement.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image106.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
Stormwater grids and manhole covers should ideally not be located on these routes, and non-mountable kerbing or rainwater channels should also be avoided. Ramps and slopes should be suitably treated to avoid slipping in wet weather.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image108.jpeg]]Areas set aside for helicopter landings, and the route from there to the casualty/emergency entrance should also be viewed with these comments in mind.<br />
<br />
Figure 45<br />
<br />
PERFORMANCE<br />
<br />
<span id="performance-categories"></span><br />
== Performance categories ==<br />
<br />
The properties described in the selection criteria in Section C above have been listed in [[#_Ref384228042|Table 2]] below, and then grouped into five performance categories that would satisfy the requirements in various areas within a healthcare facility<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ <span id="_Ref384228042" class="anchor"></span>Table 2<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| FLOOR PROPERTIES<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"| PERFORMANCE CATEGORY<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''1'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''2'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''3'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 4<br />
|-<br />
| Smooth<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Impervious<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Jointless/seamless<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Textured<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Perforated<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Jointed<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Low maintenance<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
|-<br />
| Washable/easily cleaned<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Suited to high humidity areas<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br /><br />
O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br /><br />
✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|-<br />
| Acoustic priority<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|-<br />
| Aesthetic priority<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Legend/Key:<br />
<br />
'''✓'''indicates this property is required for the class<br />
<br />
🗴indicates this property is not required for the class<br />
<br />
oindicates this property is an optional requirement for the class<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 1 (typical area – operating theatre or ward):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting, linoleum sheeting, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 2 (typical room – passage):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting, linoleum sheeting, rubber sheeting, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 3 (typical area – dirty utility):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting or tiles, linoleum sheeting or tiles, rubber sheeting or tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 4 (typical area – office or waiting room):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl Sheeting or tiles, linoleum sheeting or tiles, rubber sheeting or tiles, cork tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, laminated flooring, carpets, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 5(typical area – plant room):<br />
<br />
* Epoxy paints, rubber sheeting or tiles, etc.<br />
<br />
Refer to [[#_Ref384228064|Table ''3 Matrix of recommended floor performance categories'']] to establish what performance category the floor of the room in question will require.<br />
<br />
<span id="performance-categories-recommended-per-room"></span><br />
== Performance categories recommended per room ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ <span id="_Ref384228064" class="anchor"></span>Table 3 Matrix of recommended floor performance categories<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Department<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Room Name<br />
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"| Floor Performance<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 1<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 2<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 3<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 4<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 5<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Acute In-Patient Wards (Adults)'''<br />
| Circulation Space<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaners Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Consulting Room<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Day Lounge (patients)<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Duty Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Equipment Store<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| General Ward (single or multi-bed)<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Isolation Ward<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kit Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Linen Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Office<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Patient ablutions<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Patient Assisted Ablution<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Ablutions<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Change Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Rest Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Surgical Sundries Store<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Treatment Room<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Waiting area (public)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Ward Kitchen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Ward Nurse Station<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| Administration Department<br />
| Circulation<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaners Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Offices/ interview rooms<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Reception<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Boardroom<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Stores<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kitchenette<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Records Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Print room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff WC’s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Waiting area (public)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Casualty &amp; Trauma'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Hazmat Shower'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Minor Theatre / Suture Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Resuscitation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Central Sterilising &amp; Supply Department (CSSD)'''<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Linen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Packing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sterile Storage'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sterilization (Autoclaves)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Wash'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Washing &amp; Disinfecting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="37" style="text-align: center;"| '''Community Health Centre'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dental Surgery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guard House or Security Kiosk'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation/ Separate Nursing Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Off-Loading or Holding area for Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''PABX / Server Rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public WC’s &amp; change rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Resuscitation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Bay (entrances)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ultrasound Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''X-Ray Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" style="text-align: center;"| '''Day Clinic (Department)'''<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''General Ward (single or multi-bed)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Operating Theatre'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Setting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Dental Unit (Dept)'''<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dental Surgery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Panoral Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception / Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area (Public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''High Care or Cardiac Care Unit'''<br />
<br />
'''(HC / CCU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Open Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Intensive Care Unit (ICU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Open Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Kitchen – (Main Hospital)'''<br />
| '''Bulk Dry Goods Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cold Room/Freezer'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cooking Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cutlery/Crockery Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dishwashing &amp; Potwashing Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Food Preparation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plating /Serving Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Receiving Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley wash area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" style="text-align: center;"| '''Laboratory (Pathology/Cytology/Haematology/ Chemistry)'''<br />
<br />
'''(Biosafety Level 2)'''<br />
<br />
'''Laboratory (Pathology/Cytology/Haematology/ Chemistry)'''<br />
<br />
'''(Biosafety Level 2)'''<br />
<br />
''' '''<br />
<br />
''' '''<br />
| '''Blood and blood products store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cell and Tissue Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cytopathology Sample storage'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clinical material store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Disposal area (dangerous materials)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Drug &amp; Vaccines Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Flammable goods store (external)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gas Cylinder &amp; Pressure Vessel store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Hazardous substances store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Histopathology Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Microbiology Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POCT consulting room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reagents / Chemical Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sample Collection laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Specimen Reception &amp; Sorting rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores (protective clothing/equipment)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room incl. lockers'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| '''Laundry – (Main Hospital)'''<br />
| '''Assembly, packing and dispatch'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pressing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sorting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Washing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" style="text-align: center;"| '''Maternity / Delivery Department'''<br />
| '''Baby bathing area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''First Stage Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nursery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wards'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="36" style="text-align: center;"| '''Mental Health Facility'''<br />
| '''Body Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Children's Play Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clean Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room/ Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Counselling Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Linen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''ECT procedure room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''En Suite bath/shower room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Group Therapy Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gymnasium (OT &amp; Physio)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''IT Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Medicine Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Multi-Purpose Hall'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Bathroom/Shower'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Dining room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Laundry'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| '''⏺'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Lounge'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Quiet Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Seclusion Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Security Control Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Security Search Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room &amp; WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wards'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waste Disposal Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Mortuary'''<br />
| '''Blue Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner’s Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Instruments Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Medical Observation room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pathologist Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Post-Mortem Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Visitor’s Waiting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Neo-Natal Intensive Care Unit (NNICU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Incubator Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mother’s Rest Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Operating Theatre (Dept.)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Operating Theatre'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Post-Operative Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pre-Operative Holding Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub-up Area/Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Setting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Outpatients Department'''<br />
| '''Reception / Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Admissions Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Baby Changing area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Children’s Play / waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Areas (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wheelchair Storage area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Paediatric Ward'''<br />
| '''Child Assist Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility - Isolation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''General Ward (single or multi-bed)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk / Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Parent Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Play Area (patients)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Pharmacy/ Dispensary'''<br />
| '''Cleaner’s Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Bulk Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Counselling Cubicle'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Liquid filling Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Off-Loading Bay'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Waiting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Schedule Drugs Strong Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Tablet Packing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Vacolitre Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Physiotherapy Department'''<br />
| '''Audiology Testing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gymnasium'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Occupational Therapy room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Speech Therapy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" style="text-align: center;"| '''Primary Health Clinic'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary &amp; Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guard House or Security Kiosk'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation / Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Bay (entrances)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="25" style="text-align: center;"| '''Radiology (Diagnostic)'''<br />
| '''Bucky Room (general x-ray rm)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Change cubicles'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''CT / MRI Scan Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility / Sluice'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Fluoroscopy Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Fluoroscopy Control Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''In-patient waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mammogram Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Porters &amp; wheelchair/trolley parking'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Server Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores (Equipment/ General)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ultrasound Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Telemedicine Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Room/ CR Room/ Reporting area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align: center;"| '''Nurses Residence'''<br />
| '''Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Bedrooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Lounge'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Areas (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="definitions"></span><br />
= DEFINITIONS =<br />
<br />
<span id="terminology"></span><br />
== Terminology ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Aggregation<br />
! Collected together from different sources and considered a whole.<br />
|-<br />
| Ambulant/Ambulatory<br />
| (of a patient) Being able to walk or move around; not being confined to a bed.<br />
|-<br />
| Bacteriostatic<br />
| A word used to describe the property of a material which claims to inhibit the multiplication of bacteria.<br />
|-<br />
| Bariatric<br />
| Describing the condition of obesity.<br />
|-<br />
| Bonded<br />
| Chemically attached or fused in layers.<br />
|-<br />
| Guarantee<br />
| A document setting out a promise of quality made by a manufacturer or the provider of a service, a formal promise that a product will be repaired free of charge if it breaks or fails within a particular period or that substandard work will be redone.<br />
|-<br />
| Heterogeneous<br />
| Consisting of various layers or types throughout.<br />
|-<br />
| Homogenous<br />
| Consisting of things of similar type throughout.<br />
|-<br />
| Hydrophobic<br />
| Water-repellent.<br />
|-<br />
| Hygroscopic<br />
| Readily absorbing moisture from the atmosphere.<br />
|-<br />
| Impervious<br />
| Not allowing passage through (usually of water/moisture).<br />
|-<br />
| Interstices<br />
| Small holes or perforations.<br />
|-<br />
| Jointed<br />
| Junctions which may be open or covered, but not completely sealed and smooth.<br />
|-<br />
| Jointless<br />
| Without joints or having joints which are sealed by materials and methods which make the whole surface imperious and prevent the collection of dirt and bacteria in the joint.<br />
|-<br />
| Olfactory<br />
| Relating to the smell or the sense of smell.<br />
|-<br />
| Perfusion<br />
| Inject liquid into tissue or organ by circulating through blood vessels in the body.<br />
|-<br />
| Polyamide<br />
| A synthetic polymer made by the linkage of an amino group of one molecule and a carboxylic acid group of another, including many synthetic fibres such as nylon.<br />
|-<br />
| Resilient finish<br />
| The quality of a material to spring back quickly into shape after being bent, stretched, or squashed. Resilient flooring refers to flooring materials which have a relatively firm surface, yet characteristically have ‘give’ and ‘bounce back’ to their original surface profile from the weight of objects that compress its surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Seamless<br />
| A surface without open joints or junctions, or where such joints are completely sealed and smooth to create a continuous and whole membrane.<br />
|-<br />
| Slip-resistant<br />
| A quality of a finish to prevent wet or dry slipping. This relates to the friction of the material in relation to the pedestrian traffic across it, and also the type of footwear users have when walking across this finish. Wet pendulum and dry floor friction tests indicate comparative results. Refer to section B4.3.3 for more detail.<br />
|-<br />
| Smooth surface<br />
| A flat surface without projections, indentations or perforations such as a brush-painted plastered surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Textured<br />
| A surface finish which is not smooth, but has a fissured/embossed or ridged finish.<br />
|-<br />
| Tufted<br />
| A group of threads drawn through a fabric and tied securely beneath the surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Vitrified<br />
| To change a material into glass, under high heat and other conditions.<br />
|-<br />
| Warranty<br />
| A written promise to repair or replace a product that has a manufacturing fault. This commonly comes with conditions and is limited to a timeframe given at the time of purchase.<br />
|-<br />
| Washable<br />
| A term implying that a finish can be repeatedly and regularly cleaned using water and water-diluted cleaners without detrimental effect to the finish.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<span id="abbreviations"></span><br />
== Abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! '''CCU'''<br />
! Cardiac Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''CHD'''<br />
| Center for Health Design<br />
|-<br />
| '''CSSD'''<br />
| Central Sterilising and Supply Department<br />
|-<br />
| '''EN'''<br />
| European norms<br />
|-<br />
| '''ENT'''<br />
| Ear, nose and throat<br />
|-<br />
| '''HAI'''<br />
| Healthcare-associated infections<br />
|-<br />
| '''HC'''<br />
| High care<br />
|-<br />
| '''HDF'''<br />
| High-density fibreboard<br />
|-<br />
| '''IAQ'''<br />
| Indoor air quality<br />
|-<br />
| '''ICU'''<br />
| Intensive Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''IEQ'''<br />
| Indoor environmental quality<br />
|-<br />
| '''IUSS'''<br />
| Infrastructure Unit Systems Support<br />
|-<br />
| '''MDF'''<br />
| Medium-density fibreboard<br />
|-<br />
| '''MRSA'''<br />
| Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, (a common skin bacterium that is resistant to a range of antibiotics), otherwise referred to as multi-drug resistant bacteria<br />
|-<br />
| '''NDoH'''<br />
| National Department of Health<br />
|-<br />
| '''NICU'''<br />
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''NRC'''<br />
| Noise reduction coefficient<br />
|-<br />
| '''OHS'''<br />
| Occupational health and safety<br />
|-<br />
| '''OoM'''<br />
| Order of magnitude<br />
|-<br />
| '''PMIS'''<br />
| Project Management Information System<br />
|-<br />
| '''PMSU'''<br />
| Project Management Support Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''PuR'''<br />
| Polyurethane-resistant<br />
|-<br />
| '''PVC'''<br />
| Polyvinylchloride<br />
|-<br />
| '''RC'''<br />
| Recommendation Committee<br />
|-<br />
| '''STF'''<br />
| Slips, trips and falls<br />
|-<br />
| '''TNO'''<br />
| Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research<br />
|-<br />
| '''VOC'''<br />
| Volatile organic compound<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="references"></span><br />
= REFERENCES =<br />
<br />
<span id="bibliography"></span><br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
Alcorn, A. and Wood, P., 1998. New Zealand building materials embodied energy coefficients database. (Volume II-Coefficients). Wellington, New Zealand: Centre for Building Performance Research.<br />
<br />
Cement &amp; Concrete Institute (CCI), 2009. ''Sand-cement screeds and concrete toppings for floors.'' [pdf] Midrand, South Africa: CCI. Available at: http://www.afrisam.co.za/media/13770/Sand_cement_floor_screeds_and_concrete_toppings_for_floors.pdf[Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Center for Health Assets Australasia, 2009. ''Floor coverings in healthcare buildings.'' (Technical series TS-7 version 1.1). New South Wales:NSW Health.<br />
<br />
Department of Health (DH), 2010. ''Core elements: Health Building Note 00-03: Clinical and clinical support spaces''. UK: DH.<br />
<br />
Department of Health (DoH), 1980. ''Regulations governing private hospitals and unattached operating theatres.'' (Government notice No. R.158 of the Health Act, 1971. (C.63). Cape Town South Africa: Government Gazette.<br />
<br />
Department of Health Gateway Review, Estates &amp; Facilities Division, 2011. ''Performance requirements for building elements used in healthcare facilities.'' (Version:0.6:England). [pdf] Leeds: HMSO. Available at: http://www.derbyshirelmc.org.uk/Guidance/8941-England-8941_0.6_England.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Department of Health, n.d. ''R&amp;D project B(04)02: Developing an integrated system for the optimal selection of hospital finishes.'' Aberdeen, Scotland: Department of Health.<br />
<br />
HermanMiller Healthcare, 2006. ''Sound practices: Noise control in the healthcare environment.'' (Research summary/2006). Zeeland, Michigan: Herman Miller.<br />
<br />
Joseph, A., Malone, E., Pati, D. and Quan, X., 2011. ''Healthcare environmental terms and outcome measures: An evidence-based design glossary.'' Concord, CA:The Center for Health Design.<br />
<br />
Jung, W.K., Koo, H.C., Kim, K.W., Shin, S., Kim, S.H. and Park, Y.H., 2008. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli. ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 74(7), pp.2171-2178.<br />
<br />
Lavy, S., 2010. Facility managers’ preferred interior wall finishes in acute-care hospital buildings. In: CIB, ''18th CIB World Building Congress: Facilities management and maintenance''. Salford, United Kingdom, 10-13 May 2010. Salford, United Kingdom: CIB.<br />
<br />
Makison, C. and Swan, J., 2005. The effect of humidity on the survival of MRSA on hard surfaces. (R&amp;D report B(03)02). [pdf] London: Estates and Facilities Division of the Department of Health. Available at: http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/Documents/254/B(03)02%20MRSA.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Nanda, U., Malone, E. and Joseph, A., 2012. ''Achieving EBD goals through flooring selection &amp; design.'' [pdf] Concord, CA:The Center for Health Design. Available at: http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/chd_achieving_ebd_goals_through_flooring__design_final_0.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. ''Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 56: Building component series: Partitions.'' UK: TSO.<br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. ''Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 60: Ceilings.'' 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. UK: TSO.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2006. ''Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (SHTM) 61: Building component series: Flooring.'' Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2006. ''Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (SHTM) 61: Building component series: Flooring.'' Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2007. ''Scottish Health Facilities Note 30: Infection control in the built environment: Design and planning.'' (Version 3). Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) in association with the University of Sheffield and Queen Margaret University College, 2004. ''The role of hospital design in the recruitment, retention and performance of NHS nurses in England.'' (Full report). [pdf] Edinburgh: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE). Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/files/the-role-of-hospital-design.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Welsh Health Estates, 2009. ''Health Building Note 04-01: Adult in-patient accommodation''. Cardiff, Wales:Welsh Health Estates.<br />
<br />
Wolkoff, P., 1999. How to measure and evaluate volatile organic compound emissions from building products. A perspective. ''The Science of the Total Environment,'' 227(1999), pp.197-213.<br />
<br />
<span id="websites-further-reading"></span><br />
== Websites: Further reading ==<br />
<br />
https://www.transparency.perkinswill.com<br />
<br />
http://www.gatech.edu<br />
<br />
http://www.GreenhealthMagazine.org<br />
<br />
http://greenhomeguide.com<br />
<br />
http://gbcsa.org.za<br />
<br />
http://www.green-buildings.com<br />
<br />
http://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com<br />
<br />
http://www.carpet-rug.org/documents/technical-bulletins<br />
<br />
http://www.amorimcork.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.wicanders.com<br />
<br />
http://envirocork.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.building.co.uk<br />
<br />
http://www.floorworx.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.flowcretesa.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.polyflor.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.belgotexcarpets.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.vandykcarpets.com<br />
<br />
<span id="photographic-and-illustration-credits"></span><br />
== PHOTOGRAPHIC AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Cover photo:<br />
! C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.1 to6<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.7<br />
| G. Abbott- CSIR<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.8<br />
| R. Cubbin based on Life cycle Floor Cost Table – by Nora®, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.9<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.10<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.11 to13<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.14<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.15<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.16<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.17<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.18<br />
| C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.19<br />
| C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.20 to26<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.27<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.28 to 36<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.37 to 38<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.39 to 40<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.41<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.42<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.43<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig. 44<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.45<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.46<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.47<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|}</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Materials_and_finishes_-_Internal_Floor_Finishes&diff=6130Materials and finishes - Internal Floor Finishes2026-04-22T10:14:48Z<p>SheldonBole: testing visual editor</p>
<hr />
<div>= CONTEXT sb =<br />
<br />
<span id="overview-finishes-in-the-healthcare-environment"></span><br />
== Overview: Finishes in the healthcare environment ==<br />
<br />
“Flooring occupies every square inch of measured healthcare facility space providing a major life cycle investment opportunity to help realise positive healthcare outcomes.” (Centre for Health Design, 2012)<br />
<br />
Build''i''ng finishes account for a large proportion of the overall cost of constructing a healthcare facility. According to Shohet et al. (2002), interior finishing and interior construction accounts for 32% of the initial budget. Maintenance and cleaning of finishes add substantially to the ‘whole-life costs’ of finishes within a hospital or healthcare facility.<br />
<br />
Despite this, finishes are often treated as optional and purely aesthetic components of the building and the spaces within it. When budget constraints are implemented, the finishes are usually the first area to suffer. Institutions will often standardise finishes across a spectrum of rooms/facilities for economy in replacement and/or cleaning regimes.<br />
<br />
Interior finishes, however, play a vital role in the healthcare environment, and contribute substantially to the delivery of healthcare service and the protection of staff and patients.<br />
<br />
<span id="until-the-germ-theory-was-developed-more-men-were-dying-from-small-wounds-and-diseases-than-from-major-traumas-on-the-frontlines.-but-as-soon-as-germ-theory-was-developed-a-whole-new-paradigm-a-better-way-of-understanding-what-was-happening-made-dramatic-significant-medical-improvement-possible-covey-1992"></span><br />
===== ''“Until the germ theory was developed, more men were dying from small wounds and diseases than from major traumas on the frontlines. But as soon as germ theory was developed a whole new paradigm, a better way of understanding what was happening made dramatic significant medical improvement possible” (Covey, 1992)'' =====<br />
<br />
In a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) in association with the University of Sheffield and Queen Margaret University College, 2004, the comments from the majority of people who visited hospitals, including staff and patients, included “cold, depressing, dehumanising, Kafkaesque, dirty, smelly, frightening, impersonal, confusing, dull shabby, windowless, grim, stressful…”. While it is a fact that most patients interviewed may have been negative as a result of their being ill, it does highlight a problem of the inhumane and threatening appearance of hospital environments (historically) where even more attention should be paid to creating a caring atmosphere.<br />
<br />
It is this paradigm shift that is required when considering and selecting finishes. The role of finishes in a healthcare facility has become as important an aspect of design as room sizes and relationships.<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1d-image6.jpeg|221x161px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Building finishes are usually seen as a separate and final application to the building structure (Dean, 1996).<br />
<br />
There are however, instances where the finish is integral to the structure. These documents therefore include finishes and materials in such cases.<br />
<br />
How to use this document:<br />
<br />
Review the selection criteria – Part B<br />
<br />
Select a room/department name in Part D, and note the performance category.<br />
<br />
'''Refer to Table 1 for the properties that make up that performance category.'''<br />
<br />
'''Refer to Part C to assess flooring types that could satisfy those performance requirements.'''<br />
<br />
Suite of documents<br />
<br />
This document forms part of a series of documents addressing internal materials and finishes in health facilities, which in turn form part of the suite of documents created under the IUSS Project. The aim of the materials and finishes suite of documents is to provide guidance on design and specification for the various building components where current legislation, including the National Building Regulations, does not adequately cover suitability of finishes in the healthcare facility context.<br />
<br />
While the guidelines speak mostly to new building work, most of the principles are consistent with refurbishment projects to existing buildings as well.<br />
<br />
Other IUSS health facility guides in this series include: ''<br /><br />
''<br />
<br />
* Internal Ceiling Finishes (draft document rev 4)<br />
* Internal Wall Finishes (draft document rev 4)<br />
* Joinery and Storage Systems (to follow)<br />
* Doors and Ironmongery (to follow)<br />
* Sanitary ware (to follow)<br />
* Signage and Wayfinding (to follow)<br />
<br />
These guidelines are updated and revised periodically, and can be accessed at [http://www.iussonline.co.za/ <u>www.iussonline.co.za</u>].<br />
<br />
The primary objective of this technical guide is to assist decision-makers with the selection of ‘appropriate’ floor finishes in the health facility context.<br />
<br />
The guide looks at the context (Part A), then examines various selection criteria (Part B) then summarises technical information of various floor finishes (Part C) to assist with assessing the best finish for the facility. Finally, the selection criteria are grouped together to form performance categories (Part D) and a matrix of rooms which indicates the most relevant performance category.<br />
<br />
<span id="policy-context"></span><br />
== Policy context ==<br />
<br />
This document offers guidance on the selection of appropriate floor finishes in health facilities. While the aim is to inform project and design teams about the wide range of considerations to take into account when selecting finishes, it does not diminish the responsibility of the design team to comply with all applicable professional and regulatory obligations and to specify materials and finishes ‘fit for purpose’.<br />
<br />
Some of the pertinent regulations are the following:<br />
<br />
* National Building Regulations and Building Standards ACT, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977) amended 30 May 2008.<br />
* SANS 10400, Code of Practice for the application of the National Building Regulations, first Rev. August 1990.<br />
<br />
SANS 204 Energy efficiency in buildings (General)<br />
<br />
SANS 281 Hardwood block and strip flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 586 Resin modified vinyl floor tiles<br />
<br />
SANS 784 Design edition 1 for access and mobility – tactile indicators<br />
<br />
SANS 786 Flexible vinyl flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 978 Wood mosaic flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 1042 Polymer floor dressings<br />
<br />
SANS 1375 Woven carpeting<br />
<br />
SANS 1415 Textile floor coverings (needle-punch)<br />
<br />
SANS 1419 Carpet underlays<br />
<br />
SANS 1449 Ceramic wall and floor tiles<br />
<br />
SANS 1549 and 52825 Raised access flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 2001 EM2 Construction works EM2 – Surface finishes – concrete floors<br />
<br />
SANS 2001 EF1 Construction works EF1 – Floor coverings and wall linings<br />
<br />
SANS 6160 Electrical resistance of floors<br />
<br />
SANS 10043 The installation of wood and laminate flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 10070 The installation of resilient thermoplastic/flexible floor covering materials<br />
<br />
SANS 10109-1 and 2 Finishes to concrete floors<br />
<br />
SANS 10177-4: Fire-testing of materials Part 4: Surface fire index of floor coverings<br />
<br />
SANS 10245 The maintenance of textile floor coverings<br />
<br />
SANS 13746 Textile floor coverings – guidelines for installation and use on stairs<br />
<br />
R158, Government Notice dated Feb 1980 (updated March 1993) Regulation pertaining to control of Private Hospitals, (revised 05 November 1996, but not gazetted).<br />
<br />
* R187, Regulations Governing Private Health Establishments, Western Cape, 22 June 2001.<br />
<br />
The design principles on the above documents must be taken into account alongside the recommendations of this document. Furthermore, the South African National Standards (SANS 10400) addresses numerous aspects involving materials and finishes. (Refer specifically to Parts J and T.) Current South African national standards applicable are as follows:<br />
<br />
Other provincial policy documents are also applicable:<br />
<br />
* KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Health Policy Document for the Design of Structural Installations, Rev.7, January 2013.<br />
* Eastern Cape Department of Roads and Public Works and Department of Health Hospital Design Guide, Rev. August 2004.<br />
<br />
<span id="selection-criteria"></span><br />
= SELECTION CRITERIA =<br />
<br />
<span id="scope"></span><br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image7.jpeg|212x138px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Flooring is probably the most important dimension of a health facility contributing to public and patient perceptions and affecting numerous other aspects, which will be examined under the selection criteria.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image9.jpeg]]Floor finishes cannot be considered independently of their applicable subfloor, installation, adhesives or underlays and the relevant cleaning protocols. These integrated flooring systems need to be evaluated as a whole in terms of the various criteria.<br />
<br />
In the flooring industry there are four main categories of floor finish:<br />
<br />
Hard finishes<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image11.jpeg]]This would include rigid finishes such as porcelain or ceramic, marble tiles, or seamless coatings such as cementitious or epoxy coatings.<br />
<br />
Resilie'''n'''t finishes<br />
<br />
This would include flexible and semi-flexible sheeting such as vinyl, linoleum, rubber or cork.<br />
<br />
Soft finishes<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image13.jpeg]]This would include textiles such as carpets as well as walk-off mats and anti-fatigue mats.<br />
<br />
Hybrid finishes<br />
<br />
This new generation floor finish combines various materials finished with a wear layer. These layers are fused under heat and pressure.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image15.jpeg]]Each floor type has different applications and resultant benefits and disadvantages. The various characteristics would need to be weighed up against the functions of the various rooms within a healthcare facility. Other important aspects to consider in flooring are skirting, transitions or changes in floor finishes, and changes in level including ramps and stairs. These are discussed in more detail under Section C5.<br />
<br />
The following factors relating to construction and specification will also influence the floor finish:<br />
<br />
* Specifications for substrate preparation and installation must be prepared in conjunction with the supplier of the floor finish, <u>before</u> construction commences<br />
* Variance in floor finish thicknesses or falls in floors, e.g. rooms with floor drains may affect floor structure levels. Engineer input may be needed as it could potentially impact cover to reinforcement steel<br />
* Structure and substrates, e.g. concrete floors during construction need to cure and dry adequately before the application of screeds and likewise, the screed, before the application of the final floor finish.<br />
* Involvement of the floor finish supplier from specification, throughout construction and at final completion, i.e. sign-off<br />
*<br />
* Floor finish product guarantees, and prescriptive conditions that could have an impact on construction, such as quality of substrate, installation by approved installers, etc.<br />
<br />
<span id="environmental-aspects-in-the-choice-of-finishes"></span><br />
== Environmental aspects in the choice of finishes ==<br />
<br />
A guide of finishes would be incomplete without highlighting the environmental aspects in the choice of finishes.<br />
<br />
This is an extremely broad factor covering the following:<br />
<br />
* Embodied energy of materials<br />
* Life cycle costing/sustainability<br />
* Toxicity and effects of indoor environment quality<br />
<br />
<span id="embodied-energy-of-materials"></span><br />
=== Embodied energy of materials ===<br />
<br />
The term embodied energy refers to the total energy measure required to manufacture a product. This includes:<br />
<br />
* Harvesting/mining of the raw material<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Source: Alcorn and Wood, 1998.<br />
|-<br />
! Material<br />
! Embodied Energy in MJ/kg (million joules per kilogram)<br />
|-<br />
| Concrete (in situ)<br />
<br />
Concrete (precast)<br />
<br />
Hardwood timber, kiln dried, rough sawn<br />
<br />
Softwood timber, kiln dried, finished<br />
<br />
Cement<br />
<br />
Plywood<br />
<br />
Steel (virgin)<br />
<br />
Felt underlay to Carpet<br />
<br />
Carpet (polypropylene/needle-punch)<br />
<br />
Ceramic tile<br />
<br />
Rubber (natural latex)<br />
<br />
Rubber (synthetic)<br />
<br />
Vinyl flooring<br />
<br />
Linoleum<br />
| 1.0 – 1.6<br />
<br />
2.0<br />
<br />
2.0<br />
<br />
2.5<br />
<br />
7 – 8<br />
<br />
10.4<br />
<br />
32<br />
<br />
18.6<br />
<br />
95.4<br />
<br />
2.5<br />
<br />
67.5<br />
<br />
110.0<br />
<br />
79.1<br />
<br />
116.0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="section"></span><br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
Processing the material<br />
<br />
* Manufacturing the product<br />
* Transporting /delivering the product to the manufacturing plant, retail outlets and finally the end user<br />
* Labour or mechanical energy spent on placing the product in its finished position<br />
<br />
Buying locally-produced materials is an easy and achievable way to lower embodied energy of a building. The table below gives an indication of the embodied energy of various typical building materials.<br />
<br />
<u>Embodied energy of common flooring materials (finish and substrates)</u><br />
<br />
While health facility design may limit your selection of materials in terms of other performance factors, which are more critical, every opportunity to reduce the embodied energy of materials should be pursued. Manufacturers are increasingly aiming at reducing embodied energy, as well as the carbon footprint in the manufacture of their products. This is driven by the market demand and designers can contribute by choosing materials that support green initiatives in this regard.<br />
<br />
<span id="life-cycle-costing-and-sustainability"></span><br />
=== Life cycle costing and sustainability ===<br />
<br />
Life cycle costs are described as the social, economic and environmental costs of a material or product from cradle to grave – that is, from the extraction of the raw ore needed to make it, through the manufacturing, to the end use to disposal or recycling. (Daniel D. Chiras. The New Ecological Home, 2004''')'''<br />
<br />
The durability of materials is a key element in the life cycle cost assessment. A product may have a low embodied energy, but require more frequent replacement in the building.<br />
<br />
Specifiers should investigate the service life of materials with the respective manufacturers to establish its life span. This element should also be highlighted to funders who often place more emphasis on reducing the capital cost of a facility, without considering the long-term cost.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image17.jpeg]]The graph below indicates how capital outlay costs compare to life span costs – emphasising the importance of life cycle costs.<br />
<br />
Sustainability should be considered in all four stages of product life:<br />
<br />
* Manufacture<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image19.jpeg]]Use<br />
* Maintenance<br />
* Disposal<br />
<br />
The Green Building Council of South Africa has developed Green Star <sup>TM</sup> rating tools which will credit materials with the following:<br />
<br />
* Reuse of existing material<br />
* Recycling properties<br />
* Local sourcing<br />
<br />
As a practical example, and to indicate the benefit of comparing life cycle costing, the table left shows the comparative life cycle costs of various floor finishes - in this instance demonstrating the low life cycle costs of a rubber product, even though the installation cost for this product was the highest at the outset.<br />
<br />
<span id="toxicity-and-effect-on-indoor-environment"></span><br />
=== Toxicity and effect on indoor environment ===<br />
<br />
Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) is one of the nine categories of the Green Building Council of South Africa’s Green Star <sup>TM</sup> Rating Tools. These rating tools are used to assess environmental performance of a building and/or materials and through improvement in IEQ, the wellbeing of the occupant is protected.<br />
<br />
IEQ is measured in terms of the following:<br />
<br />
* Internal noise levels (this is discussed in more detail under Selection Criteria: Acoustics)<br />
* Mould prevention (this is discussed in more detail under Selection Criteria: Humidity)<br />
* Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)<br />
<br />
Materials such as paints and polyvinyl-chlorides can emit VOCs (gasses) when finishes are new and these reduce over the life span of the product. Sealants and adhesives also give off VOCs, having a negative effect on indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
VOCs can cause irritation and odour annoyance and could lead to behavioral, neurotoxic, hemotoxic and genotoxic effects (Meininghaus et al., 2000; Hoskins, 2003; Hodgson et al., 2000)<br />
<br />
According to Hoskins (2003), VOCs can be carcinogenic, depending on the compound.<br />
<br />
When considering the toxic impact on the environment in which the various floor finishes will be installed, the finish as a whole – complete with sealants, substrate material and adhesives – must be taken into account.<br />
<br />
A further important aspect to consider is the use of non-toxic materials in '''mental health facilities,''' where patients are prone to chew and ingest any materials that can be uplifted off surfaces, from paint to flooring.<br />
<br />
Every effort must be made when specifying materials and finishes in these facilities to ensure that materials and their junctions are well secured and cannot be peeled back or picked off by patients. The toxicity of the material content should also be clarified with manufacturers to ensure that these materials are safe and fit for this purpose.<br />
<br />
<span id="evidence-based-design"></span><br />
== Evidence-based design ==<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image20.jpeg|203x152px|C:\Users\Marlene\Dropbox\Marlene Personal\KHAYELITSHA HOSPITAL\023.JPG]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Determining which criteria to apply when selecting finishes appropriate for health facilities could be very subjective. However, in recent years, there have been substantial advances made by various researchers in providing scientific evidence for the impact of the healthcare environment on healthcare outcomes. Many studies, such as Ulrich et al., (2008) demonstrated connections between the design of facilities and the effect on patients, staff and the public utilising healthcare buildings. This has led to a growing understanding of what are priorities in designing health facilities:<br />
<br />
Extensive research by The Center for Health Design (CHD) Research Coalition on Evidence-Based Design literature led to the Evidence-based design glossary (Phase 1 Report Healthcare Environmental Terms and Outcome Measures) November 2011.<br />
<br />
Various unrelated research papers were gathered with intersting results. These included:<br />
<br />
* Environmental factors influencing the contamination of inanimate surfaces (including interior finish materials of flooring and furniture, as well as surface cleaning methods) Anderson, Mackle, Stoler and Mallison 1982, and Lankford, Collins, Youngberg, Rooney, Warren and Noskin 2006).<br />
* Reducing background noise in operating theatres and the impact on surgical errors (Moorthy, Munz, Dosis, Bann and Darzi, 2003).<br />
* Multiple environmental factors affecting patient fall rates (Calkins, Biddle and Biesan, 2011 and Becker et al., 2003).<br />
* Patient satisfaction with quality of care when sound-reflecting ceiling tiles were replaced with sound-absorbing tiles to reduce noise (Hagerman and Colleagues, 2005).<br />
* Positive visual distractions, including windows, nature photographs, etc. and the effect on patients’ restless behaviour in waiting rooms (Nanda, 2010, Pati and Nanda, 2011).<br />
* Nurses’ exposure to daylight correlating to job satisfaction (Alimoglu and Donmez, 2005).<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image22.jpeg]]Noise as a source of stress and its negative impact on staff (Morrison, Haas, Shaffner, Garett and Fackler, 2003).<br />
* Textile materials containing microbial agents (Takai et al., 2002).<br />
* Aesthetic appeal and its effect on patient and staff satisfaction and patient waiting (Becker and Douglass, 2008).<br />
<br />
Arising out of an overview of these studies, the following selection criteria have been identified:<br />
<br />
* Infection prevention<br />
* Cleaning and maintenance<br />
* Safety<br />
* Indoor air quality – humidity<br />
* Indoor air quality – emissions<br />
* Acoustics<br />
* Aesthetics<br />
<br />
Although all these factors are important, the specific functions of each space or room will re-order the priority of fulfilling each aspect.<br />
<br />
To assist with establishing these priorities and assessing the effects of each criterion, these are examined in more detail in the next section.<br />
<br />
<span id="selection-criteria-1"></span><br />
== Selection criteria ==<br />
<br />
''“Outbreaks of infection have been related to the design, plan layout, function and/or <u>finish</u> of the built environment.”''<br />
<br />
''Cotterill et al. 1996 and Kumari et al. 1998.''<br />
<br />
Infection prevention<br />
<br />
The South African Patients’ Rights Charter (1997) states: “Everyone has the right to a healthy and safe environment that will ensure their physical and mental health or wellbeing including … protection from all forms of environmental danger, such as pollution, ecological degradation or infection.”<br />
<br />
According to a survey conducted by Rohde (2002), materials and finishes have in the past been selected according to the following characteristics in <u>declining</u> order of importance: Aesthetics, durability, ease of maintenance, client preference, initial cost, cost of maintenance, infection control, ease of installation and life cycle cost.<br />
<br />
Selecting the correct finish is a complex process with many aspects to consider, and the many and varied room types in a health facility extend the options. However, in healthcare facilities, the importance of the effect of a particular finish on the prevention of infection control must be prioritised. While it is understood that not every area of a hospital or health facility will carry infection prevention as the highest priority, this aspect remains the most pressing issue in selection of finishes in health facilities.<br />
<br />
“Ideal features of surfaces that satisfy sustainability, infection prevention and safe patient outcomes include cleanability, resistance to moisture and reducing the risk of fungal contamination.” (Bartley, 2010 based on CDC and HICPAC Guidelines 2003)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"| Risk categories<br />
|-<br />
| Extreme<br />
| High<br />
| Medium<br />
| Low<br />
|-<br />
| Operating theatres<br />
| General wards<br />
| Pathology units<br />
| Offices<br />
|-<br />
| Intensive care units<br />
| Dispensary production areas<br />
| Outpatients units<br />
| Engineering workshops<br />
|-<br />
| Sterile supply units<br />
| Treatment rooms<br />
| Dispensaries<br />
| Medical records<br />
|-<br />
| Neonatal<br />
| Nurseries<br />
| Radiology<br />
| Plant rooms<br />
|-<br />
| Delivery units<br />
|<br />
| Kitchenettes/ward kitchens<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Burns units<br />
|<br />
| Mortuaries<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Oncology units<br />
|<br />
| Public areas<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Renal units<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The rising incidence of HAIs in hospital and medical facilities supports the view that the selection of materials must first address infection prevention. This impacts the choice of materials in two aspects. The first is whether the surfaces are likely to become reservoirs for infectious agents. This is a function of the surface conditions and structure of the flooring. The second is the ability to clean the finish, and this is discussed further in the next section.<br />
<br />
The Center for Disease Control in the United States quoted statistics in 2010 of one out of every 20 hospitalised patients contracting HAIs, particularly in relation to sepsis and pneumonia.<br />
<br />
Although there is no known direct evidence linking HAIs in patients to particular floor finishes, there have been numerous studies conducted on microbial counts on floor finishes – particularly in soft textiles such as carpets. Beyer and Belsito (2000) proved that carpets acted as a reservoir for fungi and bacteria.<br />
<br />
Anderson, et al., (1982) also carried out microbiological studies comparing patient rooms with and without carpets. The study found higher microbial counts and more E. coli and other organisms on carpet samples than bare floors.<br />
<br />
There are two schools of thought in relation to the contentious issue of the use of carpets in healthcare facilities. The one approach builds on the studies listed above and cautions against the use of carpeting where spills would result in damp settings, which are then conducive to growth of bacteria. The role of cleaning in these circumstances would be paramount, but a study by Joseph (2006) found that contamination levels quickly returned to pre-cleaning status and hence were not a reliable means of maintaining a clean surface.<br />
<br />
The other approach maintains that carpets neatly trap micro-organisms, which can then be removed by HEPA filter vacuum cleaners. This is compared to hard or resilient surfaces which encourage the redistribution of particles into the air during sweeping or mopping. (Radke, 1997)<br />
<br />
The emphasis would then shift to cleaning protocols and management issues. Notwithstanding, it is recommended that carpets be avoided where patients are at greater risk of infection. Above is a table adapted from NSW Health: Infection Control Policy (PD 2007-035), which sets out patient risk categories.<br />
<br />
When selecting finishes for a room/area that has an extreme or high infection control risk, special care has to be taken to select an appropriate finish. The available types of skirting to suit the floor finish chosen, must also be considered.<br />
<br />
<span id="a-note-about-skirtings"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image24.jpeg]]A note about skirtings ====<br />
<br />
The specifier must ensure that there is proper detailing to the joint between the wall and floor finish. In high risk functional areas, such as an operating theatres, or where immunocompromised patients are accommodated (such as ICU wards), there should be no joint between the horizontal and vertical surfaces, but rather a rounded integral skirting as a continuation of the floor finish.<br />
<br />
Skirting in clinical areas should be a minimum of 150 mm and 100 mm high in non-clinical areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-can-be-one-of-the-following"></span><br />
==== Skirtings can be one of the following: ====<br />
<br />
* Integral or coved skirting, which is achieved by installing the floor finish over a 20 to 35 mm radius-coved fillet at the junction of the wall and floor, which supports the continuation of the floor finish up the wall surface for a short distance. This removes the edge of the floor-sheet, and the ‘joint’ with the wall finish from the corner and makes it more accessible and open for cleaning and maintenance. The top edge of the flooring must be finished with a capping strip, secured and sealed so as to not compromise infection control. This is achievable with sheeting products such as vinyl or linoleum.<br />
* Pre-formed set-in skirtings can also be used, and are applied with adhesives, and seal the joint between floor and walls.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image25.jpeg|302x264px|C:\Users\Marlene\Dropbox\Marlene Personal\KHAYELITSHA HOSPITAL\076.JPG]]Sit-on skirtings can vary, from timber to specially formed skirtings, which are not integral. Textile floor finishes are normally applied with a flat, i.e. not coved integral skirting.<br />
<br />
Refer to Part D for the individual types of flooring and related skirting, applicable to each floor finish.<br />
<br />
Floors that resist the spread of infection will have qualities that can be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
* Smooth<br />
* Impervious<br />
* Joint-less/seamless<br />
<br />
On the opposite side of this spectrum, where infection prevention is the lowest priority, flooring will have the following properties:<br />
<br />
* Perforated<br />
* Textured<br />
* Jointed<br />
<br />
<span id="a-note-about-antibacterial-treatments-and-additives-to-flooring-products"></span><br />
==== A note about antibacterial treatments and additives to flooring products: ====<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers tout the additional benefit of anti-microbial treatment in paints or grout to combat bacteria. The use of antimicrobial additives in the built environment is growing, for example - the impregnation of wood framing with silver nitrate to prevent microbial and mould growth, and extend the life span of the wood.<br />
<br />
“Over the last few years, some carpet manufacturers have treated their products with fungicidal and/or bactericidal chemicals. Although these chemicals may help to reduce the overall numbers of bacteria or fungi present in carpet, their use does not preclude the routine care and maintenance of the carpeting”<br />
<br />
Center for Disease Control –<br />
<br />
Guideline for Environmental Infection Control: 2003<br />
<br />
The CDC HICPAC guidelines (CDC 2003) indicate that there is no evidence that antimicrobial-impregnated articles will prevent disease. There is a need for further research on products treated with these chemicals in terms of their potential risk and benefit.<br />
<br />
* The US Carpet and Rug Institute issued a technical bulletin in 2007 in this regard to curb ‘over-zealous marketing claims’ regarding these treatments and what they achieve. Since the treatment is applied to the carpet fibres or the backing – or both - no implicit human health claims can be made about the finished product unless that finished product has been tested and registered through an accredited independent testing organisation.<br />
* Synthetic fibres, such as polypropylene textile and vinyl sheeting for example, in themselves do no provide a nutrient source which microbes need to survive, but some finishes can trap soil, dust and moisture which do provide that source.<br />
* The American Institute of architects has cautioned against the overzealous adoption of antimicrobial surface finishes without the existence and review of independently validated evidence for dosage, efficacy and efficacy claims.<br />
* The application of antimicrobial surface finishes in is only recommended in South African burns units and where independently validated evidence of efficacy, dosage and safety are available, reviewed and approved.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance"></span><br />
=== Cleaning and maintenance ===<br />
<br />
Cleaning and maintenance of floor finishes is interconnected to infection control, occupational health safety (OHS), slips, trips and falls (STFs) and life cycle costing.<br />
<br />
The ability of the floor finish to be cleaned will define the extent to which infectious agents can be removed and prevented from multiplying. For cleaning to be effective, the floor finish must be able to withstand regular and fairly vigorous cleaning.<br />
<br />
Sufficient access to all areas of the finish or adversely, the absence of any inaccessible gaps, voids, joints is of critical importance, to prevent breeding areas for bacteria, etc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image27.jpeg]]A further aspect to consider is the level of disruption required to carry out the cleaning of the floor finish regularly. While textile finishes can reduce cold and institutional environments, they would be totally unsuitable in areas with a high infection control risk and a high incidence of soiling.<br />
<br />
Damage or shortened life spans of floor finishes are greatly reduced by dirt traps or walk-off carpets at main entrances. Refer to Section C5.<br />
<br />
It is also important for the manufacturer of the floor finish to convey the cleaning and maintenance required for product guarantees to remain, to the end-user or institution. An effective cleaning regime is the primary means of defence in terms of controlling infection.<br />
<br />
Floors that have a high priority for easy cleaning and low dirt retention can be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
* Low maintenance<br />
* Washable<br />
<br />
<span id="safety"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image29.jpeg]]Safety ===<br />
<br />
Safety as a selection factor for floor finishes can be broadly discussed under the following subheadings:<br />
<br />
* Slips, trips and falls (STF)<br />
* Occupational health safety (OHS)<br />
* Slip resistance<br />
* Wheeled equipment use<br />
* Fire performance<br />
<br />
<span id="slips-trips-and-falls-stf"></span><br />
==== Slips, trips and falls (STF) ====<br />
<br />
The following factors impact on the incidence and prevention of STFs:<br />
<br />
* Frictional/slip resistance characteristics of the floor finish<br />
* Presence of moisture or fluids, e.g., water, cleaning agents, blood, etc. on the floor<br />
* Cleaning of the floor<br />
* Pedestrian footwear<br />
* Human movement across floor, e.g., walking on crutches, pushing a bed/trolley, carrying objects<br />
* Lighting levels on floor<br />
* Change in level of floor, e.g., ramps, stairs<br />
* Change in floor finish<br />
* Age of pedestrian – the aged and children are most prone to STFs<br />
<br />
<span id="occupational-health-safety-ohs"></span><br />
==== Occupational health safety (OHS) ====<br />
<br />
For the purpose of this document, OHS is highlighted in terms of the safety of the staff working in the health facility.<br />
<br />
Floor finishes can impact on staff as follows:<br />
<br />
* Risk of STFs, as dealt with above<br />
* Negative impacts on feet and legs from standing and walking<br />
* Movability of wheeled equipment, such as trolleys and beds<br />
* Risk of injury while cleaning surfaces<br />
<br />
Hard surfaces such as porcelain tiles cause more feet and leg fatigue than resilient surfaces, such as vinyl and linoleum. Suitable footwear can also alleviate the fatigue.<br />
<br />
Negative OHS impacts on cleaning staff tasked with regular cleaning of rough surfaces and should also be considered, such as possible arm and shoulder injuries.<br />
<br />
<span id="slip-resistance"></span><br />
==== Slip resistance ====<br />
<br />
Slip resistance of a floor finish is impacted on the following basic factors:<br />
<br />
* Surface macro roughness<br />
* Surface micro roughness<br />
* Surface profile<br />
* Properties of the footwear in contact with the floor<br />
* Slope or angle of the floor, e.g., ramps<br />
* Potential for the presence of moisture through regular cleaning or by accidental spills e.g., blood)<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image31.jpeg]]The potential risk of reduced slip resistance, caused by cleaning operations, should be considered. Adequate visual notices such as: “Cleaning in progress/Caution wet floors” and the cordoning off of wet areas and allowing sufficient time for drying of the floor, are basic methods of managing the risk. Selecting the appropriate cleaning agent and applying it in correct concentration, also affects the slip resistance of a floor.<br />
<br />
<span id="wheeled-equipment-use"></span><br />
==== Wheeled equipment use ====<br />
<br />
Wheeled equipment, such as beds, trolleys, wheelchairs, etc. are used frequently in health facilities. The ease with which wheeled equipment can be used on a floor should be considered when selecting a finish. This is of critical importance to rehabilitation and acute departments. The movement of obese patients should also be considered generally.<br />
<br />
A general rule is that the larger the wheels’ diameter, the more the manoeuvrability of the equipment increases.<br />
<br />
The material that the wheels are made of also has an impact. Softer materials, like rubber and inflated wheels, suit hard or resilient finishes. Hard or solid wheel materials, like nylon, suit resilient finishes better. Damage can also be caused by wheeled equipment, particularly if heavy use levels occur or where heavy equipment, e.g. mobile X-Ray machine is used and this should be considered when the floor finish is selected.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image33.jpeg]]This factor would be relevant where rooms may have a higher risk due to the above features, and in this instance, flooring with properties that could be beneficial in these circumstances would be indicated thus:<br />
<br />
Safety<br />
<br />
Note: The requirement for fire safety in respect will not vary much from room to room within a health facility, and is therefore considered a global requirement in the overall building, rather than a ‘selection criteria’ for an individual space. The specifier would need to consult the fire regulations applicable to the building type.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality"></span><br />
=== Indoor air quality ===<br />
<br />
There are two critical aspects to be considered when selecting floor finishes under the heading of indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
* The first is the effect of the functions in that environment on the flooring material - namely water/moisture in wet spaces.<br />
* The second is the effect of the material on the floor material - namely the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).<br />
<br />
<span id="humidity"></span><br />
==== Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Proper moisture control is essential in order to reduce health risks and sick building syndrome in an enclosed space<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''Mortenson et al., 2005''<br />
</blockquote><br />
Certain rooms and areas of health facilities are by nature of the function they house, wet spaces. These are spaces specifically used for the purpose of cleaning, washing, bathing or food preparation. These rooms will generate more moisture than others, and as a result will require moisture resistant finishes. If the floor finishes are hygroscopic, these finishes can be prone to mildew and mould growth. Surfaces must remain dry and clean in order to prevent the growth of fungus. (Hodgson et al., 2000)<br />
<br />
Non-porous materials that do not absorb water are essential in these areas. These materials should also withstand regular cleaning, and should be able to withstand regular exposure to the moisture. Indoor air quality (IAQ) may be compromised by microbial contaminants such as mould, bacteria, allergens, chemicals, etc. in the air, which can affect the health of people. Where this is a requirement in a floor finish, this property will be listed as:<br />
<br />
* High humidity<br />
<br />
<span id="emissions-from-materials"></span><br />
==== Emissions from materials ====<br />
<br />
As discussed under environmental aspects, the kind of flooring installed can affect the environmental quality of the interior if VOCs are given off (commonly referred to as off-gassing) by one of the following:<br />
<br />
* The product itself<br />
* The adhesives used to fix the product<br />
<br />
“Unnecessary noise is the most cruel abuse of care which can be inflicted on either the sick or the well”<br />
<br />
Florence Nightingale (1859)<br />
<br />
The sealants used to finish<br />
<br />
* The cleaning solutions required for regular maintenance<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image35.jpeg]]The smell of the interior of a new car – enjoyed by many – is an example of plasticisers that have evaporated – emissions that affect the indoor air quality. Various methods for measuring VOCs have been developed in recent years since the increase in awareness that these emissions exist and can have an influence on the indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
The Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) awards points in the IEQ13 Category where interior finishes minimise the contribution and levels of VOCs in buildings – with reference to paints, adhesives/sealants and carpets/flooring, where these products meet the IEQ levels outlines. IEQ14 section measured the formaldehyde minimisation, which is common with composite wood products. In addition, MAT-7 section recognises the reduction of PVC-products in the building materials used. It should be noted that primary VOCs decline quickly in the short-term (&lt;1 year), while secondary emissions can continue for the life span of the product, and should also be borne in mind when assessing this aspect of materials. Timing of the testing will yield very diverse results.<br />
<br />
Occupants with respiratory weaknesses such as asthma are most likely to be affected by VOC-emissions, and high-risk patients would benefit from materials that do not contribute to their condition. The ultimate goal of reducing emissions in the manufacture of building products should be to create a better and healthier environment for the patients and users of the facility.<br />
<br />
However, the ‘order of magnitude’ should also be applied when using ‘low VOC emissions’ as a criterion to select finishes. The use of vinyl sheeting, for example, may result in higher VOC emissions than say, ceramic tiles, but the infection control benefits of the seamless finish of the vinyl will outweigh the risks from VOC emissions. (More fatalities in patients have been linked to infection control issues than to VOC emissions issues.) 1999)<br />
<br />
<blockquote>To achieve ‘low VOC emissions’ should be a global criterion for a healthcare building rather than for one or more specific rooms, and hence a separate criterion has not been listed for this item. More detail on the VOC-emissions of the individual flooring types is discussed under the Technical Section C.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<span id="acoustics"></span><br />
=== Acoustics ===<br />
<br />
Noise in health facilities is mainly generated by the following:<br />
<br />
* Impact sounds, e.g., pedestrian and wheeled equipment, bedrails moved up and down, doors closing and opening, footfalls, etc.<br />
* Airborne sounds, e.g., speech, medical equipment bleeps and alarms, nurse calls, PA system, etc.<br />
<br />
Acoustical engineers at John Hopkins University found that average (continuous level equivalent, LA<sub>eq</sub>) daytime hospital noise levels have risen from 57 dBA in 1960, to 72 dBA in 2006, with night-time sounds increasing from 42 dBA to 60 dBA over the same period. (Sound Practices: Noise Control in the Healthcare Environment – Research Summary, 2006, Herman Miller Healthcare). An average motorcycle noise level measures 85 dB. The World Health Organization recommended LA<sub>eq</sub> value for ward areas is 30 dBA.<br />
<br />
Studies have shown that high levels of noise have negative physical and psychological effects on patients, disrupting sleep, increasing stress and raising blood pressure levels (Cmiel et al., 2004). The University of Michigan released a news brief in November 2005, showing that chronic noise increased the risk of heart-attack in patients by 50% for men and 75% for women. The negative effect of chronic noise extends to staff as well. While the presence of electronic devices and healthcare apparatus, designed to give audible signals and alarms to the nursing staff of the patient’s vital signs, architects and health facility planners need to make an effort to minimise this effect of noise and alarm fatigue.<br />
<br />
Long straight passages are perfect echo corridors, often amplifying noises. Disturbances in the sound path help limit the sound transmission, for example by creating steps in the ceiling level or changes of direction in the passageways.<br />
<br />
People who work in noisy environments for long shifts day in and day out, also have similar stress-induced experiences. They report everything from exhaustion to burnout, depression and irritability”<br />
<br />
S. Mazer –<br />
<br />
Healing Healthcare Systems<br />
<br />
Nurses’ stations during shift change are areas where noise levels can reach those similar to jack-hammer levels, according to Cmiel, et al. (2004). Consideration should be given to applying acoustic materials to these areas to maximise sound absorption where possible.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image37.jpeg]]Recesses to accommodate noisy equipment can also be treated acoustically to reduce reverberation. Distance is also a good strategy where feasible as sound intensity decreases with distance, provided that the room dimensions and surfaces are such that there is very little reverberation.<br />
<br />
Flooring that absorbs sound, or at least does not contribute to noise levels, used in conjunction with sound absorbent ceiling finishes should be used in key areas such as nurses’ rest rooms or waiting areas where infection control requirements would not be as critical. In areas where sound reduction rates highly as a requirement (e.g. ICU and general wards), then this factor would be listed as:<br />
<br />
* High acoustic<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics"></span><br />
=== Aesthetics ===<br />
<br />
Research results from CABE (2004 and 2005), King’s Fund (2004) and Leather, Beale and Lee (2000) all highlight the need for an integrated, holistic and sympathetic hospital aesthetic.<br />
<br />
Key results show that the architectural setting, including finishes, has an effect on the patient’s experience as well as the recruitment and retention of staff – happy staff are more motivated to care for patients, who in turn recover more quickly.<br />
<br />
Paediatric wards particularly give an opportunity to set a playful scene and help little patients feel at ease. In public areas, more emphasis may also be required for an attractive and welcoming interior.<br />
<br />
Colour and pattern can be used in floor finishes in health facilities for practical and aesthetical purposes:<br />
<br />
* to improve the ‘institutional/cold’ interior look of the facility, room or area;<br />
* for way-finding, e.g., colour-coding per department; or<br />
* to create ‘spaces’ by giving individuality, e.g., to a specific area within a large open area.<br />
<br />
However, the following is to be considered:<br />
<br />
* Excessive combination of colours and patterns are inappropriate in certain areas/rooms, such as operating theatres.<br />
* Some patterns and colours could impact negatively on certain patient groups, e.g., the aged or mentally ill.<br />
<br />
Where aesthetics is a primary requirement, this factor will be listed as:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image40.jpeg]]High aesthetics<br />
<br />
<span id="technical-information-flooring-types"></span><br />
= TECHNICAL INFORMATION – FLOORING TYPES =<br />
<br />
<span id="hard-finishes"></span><br />
== Hard finishes ==<br />
<br />
Hard finishes are generally durable and easy to keep clean. As with any floor finish, a poor substrate will result in poor performance by the finish on the floor. The following factors should be considered in installation of any hard finish:<br />
<br />
* The concrete floor slab should be sufficiently cured and have achieved the required moisture content before the screed is applied. These tests can be performed by hydro, Romus or Tramex meters.<br />
* The screed specification to be adapted to suit the requirements of the manufacturer. Consider thickness, strength, levelness, panels etc. SANS 50197-1: 2000 and SANS 1083 refers.<br />
* The specifier should consult with the manufacturer and obtain detailed installation methods and procedures confirming joint widths, joint material, adhesive, primers, recommended panel sizes, movement joints at wall perimeters, on panels and expansion joint sealers.<br />
* It is useful to specify and include floor-traps in tiled floors for easy draining when cleaning, but ensure then that the screed is laid to fall to the floor drain.<br />
<br />
<span id="porcelain-and-ceramic-tiles"></span><br />
=== Porcelain and ceramic tiles ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image43.jpeg]]Porcelain and ceramic tiles generally provide a durable, aesthetically acceptable floor finish that is moisture-resistant. A wide spectrum of tiles is available, with varying sizes, material composition, quality and cost, resulting in varying performance. Porcelain and/or ceramic tiles are most commonly used in health facilities in wet areas, such as bathrooms, kitchens, utility and cleaning areas due to the impervious quality and performance under wet conditions. The use of unglazed tiles not recommended in health facilities as these absorb moisture and other fluids which may be present in kitchens, mortuaries, etc.<br />
<br />
The specifier should research the actual tile carefully, ascertain if the product is imported, what long-term stocks would be available, and ensure the tiles have been sufficiently cured. Where possible, the specifier should use full-bodied porcelain tiles rather than glazed porcelain or glazed ceramic tiles. This is evident in the comparison of the general properties of the two tile types as follows:<br />
<br />
* Full-bodied porcelain tile:<br />
* ‘Colour’ is throughout, as the term ‘full-bodied’ implies.<br />
* ‘Squareness’ of tiles consistent with minor deviations.<br />
* Tile sizes are consistent with minor deviations.<br />
* Smaller joints can be used, due to tile size consistency.<br />
* ‘Flatness’ of tile face consistent.<br />
<br />
Glazed ceramic tile:<br />
<br />
* ‘Colour’ is a glaze on top of tile that can wear or chip off.<br />
* Tile sizes can vary.<br />
* ‘Squareness’ of tiles can vary.<br />
* Wider joints required, due to size and squareness inconsistencies.<br />
* Tiles often not ‘flat’ and edge surfaces tend to dip resulting in uneven floors.<br />
* Porcelain tiles carry a PEI-rating which will indicate the anticipated wear rating of that tile and what applications will be suitable. The ratings range from Class 0 (wall tile only – should not be used on floors) to Class 5, which is suited to heavy commercial and institutional floors subjected to heavy traffic. This Class 5 would be the required rating for hospitals or healthcare facilities.<br />
<br />
The more highly polished the tile, the less slip resistance, so porcelain tiles should be used with careful consideration in health facilities. They could be used in a mortuary, hospital kitchen and laundry where non-slip tiles would be necessary and in non-circulation route public spaces, such as cafeterias.<br />
<br />
Infection prevention<br />
<br />
Although an individual tile unit complies with selection criteria such as being impervious, and easy to clean, a finished tiled floor - including grout and movement joints - provides a less favourable result in terms of:<br />
<br />
* Grout in the joints is porous and can retain moisture which encourages the growth of mould.<br />
* Grout joints pose a potential infection control risk in small cracks and openings that form between the tile edge and the body of the grout.<br />
* Expansion joint material (polysulfide, etc.) is susceptible to damage, due to wear and mechanical cleaning.<br />
* Tiles may crack and chip when items are dropped on them – creating small cracks where moisture can be retained and microbes can grow.<br />
* Replacement of these damaged tiles, or re-grouting is disruptive to the daily operations of the facility.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image45.jpeg]]Antifungal grout will contribute to the control of mildew, but cannot replace good maintenance regimes.<br />
<br />
Cleaning and maintenance<br />
<br />
Porcelain tiled floors generally require to be cleaned with water and cleaning agent, using a map or similar. For specific spills in specialised areas, such as hospital kitchens and mortuaries, appropriate cleaning will be required. The ease of cleaning, as well as the durability of the tiles under rigorous cleaning regimes, makes a tiled floor suitable in areas where spills are common – such as kitchens and bathrooms.<br />
<br />
Safety<br />
<br />
Highly polished (especially porcelain-tiled) surfaces can be a slip hazard, particularly where frail or weak patients will navigate the area. This is amplified during cleaning procedures. High reflection and glare can also lead to disorientation. (Wilmott and Colleagues, 1986)<br />
<br />
* Tiles with non-slip surfaces can be used where risks are higher, and the likelihood of water on the floor is more prevalent, but note that increasing the texture of the tile for slip resistance will also create a ‘cleanability’ issue.<br />
* The potential for injury is also increased where slips or trips lead to falls on the unforgiving, hard surface.<br />
* Tiled surfaces also contribute to staff fatigue more than softer finishes.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
The polished or glazed surfaces of the tiles make them highly suitable and unaffected by high humidity in the room. However, as mentioned above, the joints are susceptible to moisture retention and encourage mould and microbe growth in the minute cracks and gaps. Proper scrubbing and regular maintenance will inhibit fungal contamination.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Porcelain tiles and cementitious grout ('''not recommended in health facilities''') do not generate VOC emissions, but some adhesives, other grouts, sealants and cleaning agents do generate VOCs affecting the indoor air quality. The production of tiles has a high energy input, with high sustainability production ‘costs’ and production emissions.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-1"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Tiles contribute substantially to noise in the healthcare setting. This is due to the hard, reflective surfaces, as well as the small dips at the joints, which cause the clattering of trolley wheels common in these facilities. The specifier should consider the kind of traffic that will be using the space and the resultant acoustic effect.<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image46.jpeg|296x101px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Aesthetics<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image47.png|264x267px]]Tiles are available in a wide selection of colours, shapes and sizes. This allows for visually appealing non-institutional aesthetics in health facilities. Patterns can be used for wayfinding or demarcation of public and off-limit areas, as well as branding in foyers and front of house areas. Since the surfaces do not scratch or scuff easily, the aesthetic appeal is durable.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Skirting on tiles floors can be formed by simply cutting floor tiles or using preformed ceramic or porcelain skirting tiles. Wall tiles are common in wet areas, running from ceiling to floor, and no separate skirting is needed. The joints between the wall and floor are however an infection control risk area, as these areas are not easy to clean or dry, and moisture retention leads to bacterial contamination.<br />
<br />
Figure 24<br />
<br />
''<br /><br />
''<br />
<br />
'''SPEC FOR FULL-BODIED PORCELAIN TILES'''<br />
<br />
Allow all new concrete work and screeds to cure for at least 28 days before proceeding. All new concrete work and screeds must have a moisture content of 5% or less before tiling can be commenced. When tiling directly onto concrete, ensure that the surfaces are clean and free of all traces of shutter release and curing agents, laitance and any other surface contaminants, preferably by scarifying or sandblasting.<br />
<br />
Full-bodied porcelain floor tiles PEI-rating Class 5, size 400 x 400 x 8 mm ''(confirm size)'' affixed to wood floated 1:4 cement and sand screed with manufacturer-approved rapid setting tile adhesive using a notched floor trowel with 3 mm joints continuous in both directions, grouted with fine epoxy grout as approved by the manufacturer. Allow a minimum 5 mm expansion joints at perimeter, and maximum 5 m centres internally in both directions and allow all structural expansion and construction joints to be carried through. ''(Confirm colour and code.)''<br />
<br />
Typical specifications for tiling – e.g., full-bodied porcelain<br />
<br />
<span id="terrazzo-cementitious-and-seamless-coatings"></span><br />
=== Terrazzo, cementitious and seamless coatings ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-1"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image49.jpeg]] General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Terrazzo is a composite material, consisting of marble, quartz, granite, onyx and glass chips in a cement or resinous matrix, poured in situ. After curing, it is ground and polished to a smooth finish. Application requires skill and experience. The use of terrazzo in health facilities should be restricted to high volume ‘front of house’ areas, with careful consideration to slip resistance.<br />
<br />
Cementitious and granolithic toppings generally provide a hard, durable and cost-effective finish. Grano requires a good specification, attention to aggregate selection and experience in application. These finishes are suited to use in plant rooms and external passages and provide a fairly slip-resistant finish.<br />
<br />
Epoxy/polyurethane/resin coatings – This term encompasses a wide range of liquid or trowel applied products such as epoxy, polyurethane resins. Thicknesses of coatings vary. This provides a more impervious surface than cementitious coatings.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although these finishes produce continuous, seamless coatings, the product should be laid in panels according to the manufacturer’s instruction, and underslab joints must be carried through the finish. These finishes are commonly used in food process and pharmaceutical prep areas due to the high chemical resistance, abrasion and impact resistance.<br />
<br />
Both cementitious and granolithic toppings are prone to fine, barely noticeable cracks and together with the ‘panel joints’ present weaknesses in terms of infection control as these areas can store moisture and encourage microbial growth.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-1"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The impervious surface lends itself to easy cleaning and maintenance and the surface resists most chemicals and does not stain easily. The finish is able to withstand rigorous cleaning regimes and mild alkaline detergent used with a single- or double-head rotary scrubber is recommended for regular cleaning. With good maintenance, a life expectancy of 10 years is common.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-1"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Epoxy finishes present an increased risk of slips, trips and falls due to the smoothness of the surface, and this is amplified during cleaning. Nonslip finishes are available, but decrease ‘cleanability’ of the surface.<br />
<br />
The hard surface increases the risk of injury when falls do happen, and staff fatigue is also increased due to the hardness underfoot. The installation process presents OHS risks during construction, e.g.: grinding of terrazzo, scarifying substrate to prepare for cementitious topping application, etc.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-1"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
These surfacbodes are durable in areas of high moisture/humidity and are easily dried with the appropriate mops, making them suitable for service areas. The fine cracks which can result will retain moisture, however, making them unsuitable for use where infection control is a high priority.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-1"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Body The high synthetic content of epoxy and polyurethane coatings affect the indoor environment through VOC-emissions. These are most notable directly after installation, but these continue, albeit reduced, for the life span of the product. This does vary from one manufacturer to another, and most will claim low VOC emissions, and some even claim VOC--free products.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-2"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image51.jpeg]]The hard reflective surface of this finish will contribute significantly to a noisy environment as very little sound absorption will take place. This finish is not suitable for use in sound-sensitive environments.<br />
<br />
Allow all new concrete work and screeds to cure for at least 28 days before proceeding, and ensure a minimum strength of 25 mPa is achieved. The surface is to be free from laitance, dust and any other contamination, and must not exceed relative humidity of 75%. The installation is to be carried out by a subcontractor approved by the product manufacturer only. Apply primer at 0.25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> followed by 8 mm epoxy terrazzo topping including granite chips at a rate of 16.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and an average density of 2.1 kg/litre (''confirm colour.)'' The topping to be ground down to 6 mm, all joints grouted with manufacturer approved coloured grout, and the surface to be sealed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.<br />
<br />
Aesthetics<br />
<br />
Terrazzo coatings are available in vivid colours, and stone chip textures give a lively appearance below the glossy smooth surface. Vibrant patterns can be created for an impressive foyer for example. Most other epoxy and cementitious coatings are monochromatic, flat colours that appear quite utilitarian. They are most commonly used in plant rooms.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-1"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Integral skirting can be formed in one with the floor covering for a clean and tidy junction. Skill and experience is needed for a neat, durable result. The same tendency to crazing and cracks over long lengths will increase the infection control risk.<br />
<br />
Typical specifications for terrazzo<br />
<br />
Float up to 5 mm of finished surface with layers of concrete (grano) approximately 10 mm thick, composed 1 part cement, 2.5 parts concrete sand and 3.5 parts granite or other approved hard stone chippings. Form finished surface with 1 part cement and 1 part fine granite chippings or other approved hard stone (graded up to particles which will pass a 6 mm mesh) brought to a smooth surface with a steel trowel. Grano finish: 30 mpa (25 mm thick). The floating and finishing coats are to be performed in one operation. The grano-lithic work is to be carried out by experienced workmen and is to be laid in panels v-jointed and not exceeding 6 m<sup>2</sup> in area unless otherwise specified. Thin strips of wood or other suitable materials are to be laid between panels to break contact. All granolithic floors are to be covered up and protected from damage and discoloration during the progress of the work. Allow for cleaning down and for one coat of architect approved wax polish, well rubbed into floor at completion. No dry cement powder or grout to be applied to surface preparation of surface beds.<br />
<br />
Ensure grano substrate has a maximum moisture content of 4%. The surface is to be free from laitance, dust and any other contamination. The installation is to be carried out by a subcontractor approved by the product manufacturer only. Prime surface with manufacturer recommended clear primer (spread rate –<br /><br />
6 m²/litre). Apply three coats semi-gloss water-based epoxy coating ''(confirm colour) wi''th a minimum dry film thickness of 60 microns thick per coat with a maximum over-coating time of 12 hours. Applied in accordance with approved manufacturer specifications.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for grano<br />
<br />
Typical specification for epoxy paint (to be applied to grano)<br />
<br />
<span id="resilient-finishes"></span><br />
== Resilient finishes ==<br />
<br />
Resilient finishes are generally flexible floor coverings that provide a continuous impervious finish well suited to the healthcare environment’s needs. The sheeting is seldom more than 5 mm thick and is therefore very dependent on the quality of the sub-base onto which it is laid.<br />
<br />
Due to the comparatively thin, smooth, polished aesthetics of resilient flooring, it is critically important that the sub-base is of adequate strength, perfectly level and has controlled moisture content, as any failure in the substrate will affect the performance of the floor finish. Any imperfections will be emphasised, creating scuffing and uneven wear. Minor movements in substrate however can be tolerated in the flexibility of the sheeting.<br />
<br />
In recent years, self-levelling screeds/compounds have been introduced prior to the installation of sheeting. A variety of products are available of varying strength, thicknesses, cost and drying periods. Generally, self-levelling screeds are fast-setting, allowing foot traffic within hours and sheeting application within short periods, from 24 hours to longer. Installers can lay around 200 m<sup>2</sup>/hour. Sheeting is applied with adhesives to the substrate as per the manufacturer’s specifications. Joints in resilient sheeting are formed by using welding rods and these are heat welded for a seamless finish.<br />
<br />
Building expansion joints needs to be taken through the self-levelling and sheeting to allow movement and special cover-strips are used in these instances.<br />
<br />
Typical screed specification<br />
<br />
Screeds are a critical part of ensuring a successful floor covering, and where thin sheeting such as vinyl, etc. is to be applied to the surface, the specification of the screed must meet certain criteria. The four important aspects are:<br />
<br />
* Strength – is it strong enough for its purpose?<br />
* Levelness – is it level enough for its purpose?<br />
* Moisture content – is there moisture present?<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR SCREED STRENGTH<br />
<br />
The screed mix must consist of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand. Both sand and stone must comply with SABS 1083. Cement must comply with SANS 50197-1:2000, and achieve strength of 25 mPa. No dry mix permitted. The screed must be laid to a minimum of 25 mm thick (preferably 40 mm thick) with a wood-trowelled finish where self-levelling compound is to be laid. Cube samples of the screed mix must comply when tested in accordance with SANS 5861-3:1994. The dry, cured (minimum of 14 days) screed must also be tested using a BRE screed tester, with one test per 20 to 25 m<sup>2</sup>, and 3 to 5 m intervals on corridors.<br />
<br />
These tests must meet the requirements as follows: ''(specify which is relevant)''<br />
<br />
Strength Category A – maximum of 3 mm indentation – for hospital operating suites and related corridors or rooms requiring microbe or dust-free environments.<br />
<br />
Strength Category B – maximum of 4 mm indentation – for public areas such as lobbies, passages, wards<br />
<br />
Strength Category C – maximum of 5 mm indentation – for offices, consulting rooms and domestic premises<br />
<br />
Since most projects will carry a single specification for screed to cover all areas of the project, the best category applicable should be used – which is Category A.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR LEVELNESS – IN HEALTH FACILITIES<br />
<br />
The screed must meet Class 1 standard for levelness (which means that there is a maximum difference of 3 mm, from the highest to the lowest point, over a 3 m straight line joining two points on the surface.) This test can be conducted with an aluminium straight edge, and should be checked in various directions on the screed.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image54.jpeg]][[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image58.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
Adhesion to the concrete slab – is it sticking to the slab?<br />
<br />
'''SPEC FOR SCREED STRENGTH:'''<br />
<br />
The screed mix must consist of 1 part Cement to 3 parts sand. Both sand and stone must comply with SABS 1083. Cement must comply with SANS 50197-1:2000, and achieve strength of 25mPa. No dry mix permitted. The screed must be laid to a minimum of 25mm thick (preferably 40mm thick) with a wood-trowelled finish where self-levelling compound is to be laid. Cube samples of the screed mix must comply when tested in accordance with SANS 5861-3:1994. The dry, cured (min. 14 days) screed must also be tested using a “BRE screed tester” , with one test per 20-25m2, and 3-5m intervals on corridors. These tests must meet the requirements as follows: ''(specify which is relevant)''<br />
<br />
* Strength Category A – ''max. 3mm indentation – for Hospital Operating Suites &amp; related corridors or rooms requiring microbe or dust-free environments.''<br />
* Strength Category B- ''max. 4mm indentation – for public areas such as lobbies, passages, wards''<br />
* Strength Category C ''- max. 5mm indentation – for offices, consulting rooms &amp; domestic premises''<br />
<br />
Since most projects will carry a single specification for screed to cover all areas of the project, the best category applicable should be used – which is Category A.<br />
<br />
To conduct the necessary tests takes time and costs money, but unless these tests are specified and priced as part of the tender documentation, the quality of the floor finish is left up to the installer, with no control measures for the specifier to check the quality, so it is essential that these specifications be included.<br />
<br />
Cement and calcium-sulphate screeds must be abraded and vacuumed prior to laying the self-levelling compound. In addition, the screed must be sound, dry, free from cracks, clean and free from any materials that could impair adhesion. Apply two coats of primer, with the second coat applied in cross-direction to the first coat, in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Once dry, the self-levelling compound is to be applied using the pumped method ''(refer to manufacturer’s spec)'' to a 5 mm thickness ''(confirm thickness).'' The compound is to be spread using a notched floor rake to ensure the correct thickness is achieved, and rolled with a spiked roller to ensure all air bubbles are removed. The finished surface is to be lightly abraded with 30 to 60 grit paper (''usually with a floor sander'') prior to laying the resilient sheeting. The self-levelling compound is to be installed by a manufacturer-approved contractor.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR MOISTURE CONTENT<br />
<br />
The screed should be completely dry (cured for a minimum of four weeks - as a rule of thumb, concrete or cement will cure at a rate of 25 mm/month.) Moisture content should be checked at regular intervals - every 30 m2 (approximately), or at least in every area where external conditions might differ – (e.g. – ground level may be raised around a portion of the building). Moisture readers, such as the “Tramex”-meter, will only give superficial readings (within 5 mm of the surface). For true readings of the moisture content of a sub-base, the probes/readers must be able to read 40 to50 mm deep. Readers such as “protimeters” or “Wagner”- moisture readers use two probes approximately 100 mm apart to give relative humidity readings. Readings should not exceed 75% RH (max.) If the moisture does exceed 75%, and is not more than 90%, painted on moisture barrier coatings can be used to good effect.<br />
<br />
Phenolphthalein solution can be used as a liquid moisture test as this chemical compound will show if moisture/damp is present. This liquid will remain clear in dry conditions, change to pink where moisture is detected, or turn purple where the surface is wet. Again, it is only an indication of the surface moisture, not what the conditions are below the surface.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR ADEHESION TO THE SUB-BASE CONCRETE<br />
<br />
Pull-off tests are also recommended – and should be conducted every 30 m<sup>2</sup> (or each room if smaller) by a recognised laboratory to establish the adhesion of the screed to the sub-base and the results supplied for approval.<br />
<br />
Typical self-levelling/Smoothing compound specification<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image61.jpeg]]Self-levelling compounds will improve the smoothness, and levelness of screeds, and these compounds are a pre-requisite by most manufacturers for the installation of resilient sheeting.<br />
<br />
<span id="vinyl-sheeting"></span><br />
=== Vinyl sheeting ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-2"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is manufactured from a combination of vinyl resin and various additives such as the following:<br />
<br />
* Plasticisers – used to make the sheet more flexible,<br />
* Stabilisers – to minimise degradation and discoloration<br />
* Pigments – for colours and patterns<br />
* Fillers – such as lime, or other locally available material<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is generally 2 to 2.5 mm thick and depending on the manufacturer,<br /><br />
is supplied in 1.2 m or 2 m wide rolls. It is commonly used as a floor finish in health facilities, because it provides a durable, resilient and impervious finish.<br />
<br />
Vinyl is available in a range of types:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image63.jpeg]]'''Homogeneous''': Sheet consists of a single layer of consistent materials, with the wear layer being the full sheet. It is uncoated and requires stripping and sealing unless it is supplied with a specialised surface treatment such as polyurethane reinforcement (PuR).<br />
* '''Heterogeneous''': Sheet consists of three to four different layers including the carrier, PVC-layers, printed film and a clear PVC-wear layer. Good durability will be achieved with a 0.7 mm wear layer.<br />
* '''Directional or non-directional patterns''': This relates to the visual pattern which may mean laying all sheets in the same direction. Non-directional sheeting is less limiting in terms of the pattern, but the manufacturer’s instructions must still be adhered to when laying sheets.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image65.jpeg]]'''With or without PuR finish''': Polyurethane reinforcement (PuR) is introduced in the manufacturing process and provides a ‘ready polished’ product. When sheeting has a PU-coating, stripping and sealing directly after installation is not essential. However, water-based dressings and appropriate cleaning is still needed to maintain the product. The PU-coating also improves resistance to staining and cleaning chemicals and supports indentation recovery. It is also important to establish whether high-speed buffing machines are required for cleaning of the product, and whether the institution has this equipment available.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-1"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting as a material has been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria, and particularly MRSAs. The welded joints prevent dust or dirt congregating in areas that are difficult to clean, and the integral skirting supports this seamless appeal. This has made vinyl sheeting very suitable for use in healthcare facilities. Some heterogeneous products also have silver-ions in the finishing layer to create an antibacterial surface.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-2"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The sheeting is easily washed, which contributes to its performance as a hygienic flooring finish. Vinyl sheeting is not easily damaged, and when treated with a polymer dressing/surface treatment, is low maintenance. When maintained properly, the sheets have a long life span, and therefore fairly cost-effective by comparison to other floor finishes.<br />
<br />
Products with PuR require only spray and dry buffing for general cleaning although water-based dressings are beneficial. Special cleaning solutions are used for heavy staining, but abrasive cleaning methods should not be used. No abrasive black or brown cleaning pads should be used on PU-coated floors as these will damage the surface and destroy the sheen. Only buffing and shampoo pads should be used.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image67.jpeg]]Cleaning should always be carried out as per the manufacturer’s specifications, to comply with material warranties, and the specifier should ensure that these instructions are included in handover packs issued to the building owner/user when occupation takes place.<br />
<br />
An effective entrance barrier/dirt trap mat can reduce cleaning by 65%. The highly-abrasive African soil conditions create an extremely aggressive environment that can shorten the life span of the floor-sheeting, and without removing the bulk of this dirt and grit at the entrance of the health facility, the vinyl floor will suffer.<br />
<br />
Strip and seal procedures should not be done more than once or twice a year, even in high traffic areas. Discoloration is often a result of poor daily maintenance, leaving a dirty residue which binds to the finish. Dry buffing brings out the natural colours, and a sealant will give the high shine finish.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-2"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
In terms of slips, trips and falls care must be taken where highly polished floors are used in wet areas. Attention also needs to be given to thresholds where floor finishes of differing thicknesses meet, as these can present a hazard if not detailed as a smooth transition.<br />
<br />
In terms of use by staff, the sheeting is softer underfoot than hard finishes, reducing leg fatigue. The smooth finish is easy to use with wheeled equipment, which creates a safe and workable environment for staff in health facilities.<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is generally slip-resistant, and most manufacturers will indicate results from the wet pendulum test or the dry floor friction test. Specialised sheeting with surface textures and/or quartz additives helps improve traction and reduce slipperiness. Antistatic sheeting is also available when required.<br />
<br />
In terms of SANS 10400, operating theatres, ICU, high-care or critical care units are required to have a floor finish with 120 minutes’ fire resistance. Compliance with this should be checked with the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-2"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is well suited to areas of high humidity, and wet areas such as sluice rooms. Spills should be wiped as quickly as possible though as condensation blooming can take place in the clear wear layer.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-2"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers have addressed VOC emissions in their products and indicate a pass in VOC emissions tests as well as BRE A+ ratings. Materials are 100% recyclable and also contain a percentage of recycled materials. Each supplier will differ, and specifiers should check these aspects when considering a product. VOC emissions of adhesives and sealants, where applicable, are also to be considered.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-1"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The wide variety of colourways available in vinyl sheeting allows for creative patterns to enhance the healing environment. Patterns can be used for wayfinding, signage (e.g., ward numbers), definition of public and staff only areas, or distinction between different departments.<br />
<br />
In addition, creative floor patterns can present branding identity, and enhance the environment to set patients at ease. Complex patterns should be aquajet cut, and the related budget allowances made at design stage. Skilled installers are also able to create many designs by hand.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-3"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image69.jpeg]]Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is relatively soft underfoot, and has better sound absorption qualities than hard finishes. Specialised vinyl sheeting products created for acoustic control are thicker at around 3.7 mm, but the extra foam backing on these types of sheeting can hamper the use of wheeled equipment in these areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-2"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
SPECIFY STRIP AND SEAL WHERE SHEETING IS SUPPLIED WITHOUT PUR<br />
<br />
Allow to strip with manufacturer approved stripper and seal with two coats of polyurethane sealant in accordance with SABS 825 and 1042, and manufacturer’s instructions – within 72 hours of installation.<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting can be laid with a variety of skirting solutions. The use of the flooring material as an integrally welded skirting, forming a coved joint between the wall and the floor is the best solution in terms of infection control as the joints are welded and the ‘corner’ is smooth, rounded and easy to clean. The cove former which supports the turn-up of the sheeting can be sealed off at each end (supplied in approx. 25 m rolled lengths) to ensure there is no access into this gap.<br />
<br />
Extruded PVC-skirting is also readily available, and these can either be set in to abut the floor-sheet, or simply glued on top of the sheet, with a small ‘foot’ taking the curve into the wall. The specifier must ensure that the thickness of the set in skirting matches the floor thickness. The set in skirting is welded against the floor-sheet.<br />
<br />
Capping strips can be used with all these types to create a neat line on the top edge.<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specifications"></span><br />
==== Typical specifications ====<br />
<br />
Since there is a range of vinyl products available, the specifier will need to determine whether homogenous or heterogeneous vinyl sheeting is preferred, and whether a PuR-layer is required or not before making the selection. A typical specification for homogenous type sheeting with PuR treatment is supplied as an example, but the specifier should always liaise with the manufacturer for project specification.<br />
<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIFICATIONS TO CONSIDER FOR VINYL SHEETING<br />
<br />
Note -1: It is highly recommended to the specifier to include in the project costing, an item for the preparation of a mock-up area of a minimum of 10 m<sup>2</sup> of flooring installation – complete with sub-base and skirting, to be inspected and approved prior to the main installation.<br />
<br />
Note 2 – If patterns are anticipated, these must be designed or at least described in the specification, so that it can be measured or budgeted for at documentation stage.<br />
<br />
SPECIFICATIONS FOR VINYL SKIRTINGS – ''Select one option:''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor vinyl sheeting coved 150 mm high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over preformed 20 x 20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Allow for butterfly corner method at all corners including at thresh-holds, all in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Set-in''': Extruded cove skirting to be supplied to abut flooring, and welded against the floor finish. The skirting is to be fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Once touch dry (approximately 15 minutes) cove skirting to be applied firmly working gradually along the length from one end to the other. Extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Sit-on''': Extruded cove skirting to be glued on top of floor-sheeting, and against wall. The skirting is to be fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Once touch dry (approximately 15 minutes) cove skirting to be applied firmly working gradually along the length from one end to the other. Extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing'') to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
HOMOGENOUS VINYL SHEETING WITH PUR TREATMENT<br />
<br />
Supply and fix ''2/2.5'' mm thick ''– (confirm thickness)'' x 2 m wide fully-flexible, ''nondirectional'' or ''marbleised pattern/directional - (select type)'' vinyl floor-sheeting with polyurethane reinforcement and surface treatment - abrasion group ''T/P (select group)'', and manufactured to EN 649.<br />
<br />
Sheeting is to be laid in ''pressure-sensitive'' ''or acrylic'' adhesive ''(select type'' ''as approved by flooring manufacturer)'', with a notched trowel at the rate of 5.5 to 6.5 m<sup>2</sup>/litre on a previously prepared Class 1 sub-base elsewhere described and measured. The sheet is to be rolled in both directions with a 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller, during the course of the installation, immediately after the sheeting is laid in the adhesive''. Factory edges of vinyl sheeting are to be removed before laying (10 to 20 mm) – recommended by some manufacturers (select if applicable)''. Installation in accordance with SABS 786:2007. Specify colour: ''(confirm code).'' Joints are to be butted, grooved to about half the depth of the sheet, (about 1 mm) and heat welded, with a welding rod. The finished width of the weld should be a width of 3 mm, and ensure a minimum 70% bond with the sheeting – all in accordance with the manufacturer’s spec. No concave or convex joints allowed – the joints must finish flush with the sheeting. All welds to be glazed and checked prior to polishing. No cross-joins allowed. On completion, PuR treated sheeting is to be washed down, and two coats of matt sealant is to be applied. This will prolong the life of the floor.<br />
<br />
(Note: No stripping to PuR finished floors as this will damage the sheeting.)<br />
<br />
<span id="linoleum-sheeting"></span><br />
=== Linoleum sheeting ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-3"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum has been used as flooring for over 100 years. It is manufactured from 97% natural, raw materials that are renewable and undergo an eco-friendly manufacturing process which does not produce environmental contaminants. Linoleum is made from linseed oil, rosin (from pine trees), wood and cork flour, limestone, organic pigments (for colour) and jute, which forms the backing.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image71.jpeg]][[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image73.jpeg]]Linoleum is less flexible and more porous than vinyl. It is available in a thickness of 2.5 mm, generally in rolls of 2 m width.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-2"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Bactericidal properties of linoleum prevent micro-organisms from multiplying. This includes MRSAs and this has been tested and proven by TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) and NAMSA (US Scientific Institute) in 1998.<br />
<br />
Joints can be welded giving a seamless and hygienic finish. Coved and welded integral skirting can be achieved, with skill and experience.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-3"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
New generation linoleum products come with a factory-applied surface finish or shield, which includes a primer and tough top layer which enhance low maintenance properties, and are restorable. This floor finish requires no stripping upon installation and to do so will damage the sheeting. This linoleum should simply be cleaned after installation in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.<br />
<br />
Linoleum that is supplied without the surface shield will however still require stripping and sealing on installation where the sealant acts as a sacrificial coat. Ensure that the correct products and procedure – as approved by the manufacturer – are applied, as sealers for vinyl will stain linoleum sheeting. Compliance with cleaning and maintenance, as laid down by the manufacturer, is required, to avoid invalidating the product guarantees. No alkaline products should be used as these will damage the linoleum.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image75.jpeg]]Linoleum is resistant to staining by blood or urine, but will discolour with iodine. Bleach will cause deterioration and loss of gloss. It has a good resistance to chemicals, diluted acids, oils and fats, and is extremely wear-resistant. Dirt-trap matting is recommended at entrances to the facility, to reduce the effect of the aggressive African soil conditions.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-3"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum has slip-resistant properties, although with any smooth surface, care must be taken when cleaning. Attention must be given to thresholds where differing floor thicknesses meet, and a smooth transition should be formed.<br />
<br />
Linoleum is soft underfoot, resulting in reduced staff leg fatigue when compared with hard finishes. The smooth finish, however, is easy to use with wheeled equipment, creating a safe and workable environment for the health facility.<br />
<br />
According to EN 13501-1, linoleum is suitable for exit routes in terms of fire safety, and is classified CFL/S1.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-3"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Although the floor installation is welded, the use of linoleum in wet areas is not recommended due to the jute/hessian backing.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-3"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
LINOLEUM SHEETING WITH PROTECTIVE TOP LAYER<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 2.5 mm thick x 2 m wide linoleum sheeting manufactured to specification EN 548 (with double protective top layer), laid in manufacturer-approved acrylic adhesive, spread with a notched trowel having 2.1 mm in height x 2.7 mm in width at 2.3 mm centres at a rate of 3 m² per litre on a previously prepared Class 1 subfloor by builder, as described above and elsewhere measured, including all cutting and waste. All joints to be butted or grooved and heat-welded with approved welding rods, ensuring that the welding rod bonds to more than 70% of the sheet thickness. It is essential that during the course of installation the material be rolled in both directions with an articulated 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller.<br />
<br />
Linoleum is a nontoxic natural product that does not emit VOCs, and makes for a better indoor air quality than rooms finished with petroleum-based/synthetic materials such as vinyl sheeting – which do emit VOCs. The linoleum is fully recyclable, and will earn credits for green-rated projects. A 30 to40 -year life span is not uncommon where floors are properly maintained, making for a low life cycle cost.<br />
<br />
According to C. Maloney (LEED Green Associate at Cornell University), linoleum is preferable to vinyl as a flooring product, because it is better for the environment, and also for the wellbeing of the occupants.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-4"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Regular linoleum has excellent sound absorption properties and produces results of around 5 dB when tested for acoustical impact noise reduction under EN ISO 7127-2. Specialised acoustic linoleum is even more effective in creating a calm, quiet environment. Cushion-backed flooring helps to dampen reverberation sounds, and patients respond well to the calming effect of the muffled sounds in usually noisy hospital environments.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-2"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum is available in a wide range of colours and designs help create healing environments. Patterns include wood-grains, marble and other interesting designs. Patterns are easy to achieve. Budget provision must be made for aquajet cutting where more intricate patterns are desired.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-3"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Due to its reduced flexibility, integral skirting using the floor-sheet requires special skill to form. The cove must be supported, properly fixed and capped. Preformed skirting can be fitted where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
'''SKIRTING - SELECT ONE'''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor linoleum sheeting coved 150 mm high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over pre-formed 20 x20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Allow for butterfly corner method at all corners including at thresholds, all in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer-approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Sit on''' extruded coved PVC--skirting, followed by capping strip (''confirm size of skirting, capping strip and colour),'' using manufacturer-approved contact adhesive, spread evenly and quickly with a brush onto both material and working surface. Allow both surfaces to become touch dry – approximately 15 minutes. Place material carefully into position at one end, and then work gradually along its length. When completely positioned, apply firm pressure along whole length to ensure perfect contact between the two adhesive surfaces. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
Clip-on capping strips with backing can also be specified – refer to manufacturers.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for linoleum flooring<br />
<br />
<span id="rubber-flooring"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image77.jpeg]]Rubber flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-4"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Rubber flooring is formed by vulcanising and compressing natural rubber, which is extracted from the sap of the tropical rubber plant. It is a simple process. There is no PVC- content, and it is available in tile and sheeting approximately 3 to 3.5 mm thick. The product is not manufactured locally in South Africa, but is available imported through local suppliers.<br />
<br />
European norms (ENs) that set the industry standard for rubber flooring include:<br />
<br />
* EN 1817 – Homogenous and heterogeneous rubber flooring<br />
* EN 1816 – as above, with foam backing<br />
<br />
Rubber is an extremely dense, hard-wearing product which will handle forklift traffic and has an extended life cycle of 30 to40 years. The most common surface finish is the classic round raised pastille.<br />
<br />
Some rubber is made from a combination of natural and synthetic rubber, and there are numerous interlocking tile products available that look similar to rubber, but are made of PVC.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-3"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Rubber flooring is bacteriostatic and will prevent the growth of mould and fungus. This makes is suitable for use in healthcare environments. The joints between the tiles, however, do present a risk, and sheeting is preferable in this regard, as all seams can be welded. The ‘wall-floor’ joint can also be an area of risk as integral skirting is difficult since the material is very dense and has reduced flexibility (although not impossible with skill). This can be an area that forms a reservoir to moisture and growth spot for microbes, and hence its reduced application in health facilities.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-4"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is extremely hard-wearing and durable and required uncomplicated maintenance with neutral detergents, rinsing and dry sweeping/vacuuming. As with any product, maintenance will prolong the life and enhance the appearance of the product.<br />
<br />
'''Safety'''<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image79.jpeg]]The circular pastille pattern of tiles and the textured surface of the sheeting provide a slip-resistant surface which is suitable even in wet conditions. Good walking comfort is achieved with less leg fatigue than hard surfaces. The raised pattern will produce slightly more drag than a perfectly smooth surface when it comes to wheeled equipment being pushed across it.<br />
<br />
Rubber is a Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-4"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is well suited for use in high-humidity/wet spill areas, as it is not adversely affected by moisture, and the slip-resistant surface makes it safe to use in these areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-4"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is a natural product that does not emit toxic VOCs. No formaldehyde materials are used in the manufacture of rubber flooring, and in terms of EN 14041:2004, an E1 classification is achieved, which means emissions fall into the ‘less than 0.7 ppm (parts per million)’ category. Rubber does have a distinctive odour.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-5"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is an excellent absorber of sound, with a sound absorption value of between 6 to10 dB. Rougher textured tiles will absorb even more, and specialised acoustic products up to 20 dB. The muffling of impact sounds in a healthcare environment will clam patients and contribute to a quiet, peaceful space.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-3"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is available in a limited range of monochromatic colours. Simple patterns can be achieved, but the single colour flooring can appear somewhat utilitarian – which may be suitable for specific areas. The durability of the flooring means that it maintains its appearance well, still visually appealing after many years of use.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-4"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Coving of the wall/floor joint is possible with rubber sheeting, but its reduced flexibility and thickness require expertise and special skills to achieve. Preformed skirting is more readily available. Rubber tiles are more commonly used in South Africa, and skirting then cannot be coved or welded to the flooring.<br />
<br />
'''SPECIFICATION FOR RUBBER FLOOR-SHEETING:'''<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 2.0 mm thick x 1.22 mm wide rubber floor-sheeting with a changing base colour, consisting of three harmoniously matched colour components and characteristic granule inclusions, laid into manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread according to manufacturer’s recommendations on a previously prepared Class 1 sub-floor by a builder, (specified above and elsewhere measured) , including all cutting and waste. Join sealing required, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.<br />
<br />
'''SKIRTING: SELECT ONE'''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor-sheeting coved 150 to 200 mm ''(select)'' high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over preformed 20 x 20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer-approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
(''Confirm skirting '''set-in''' or '''sit-on''')'' Supply and fix extruded coved fillet and capping strip ''(confirm skirting type, radius and size, colour, capping strip size and colour),'' using manufacturer-approved contact adhesive, spread evenly and quickly with a brush onto both material and working surface. Allow both surfaces to become touch dry – approximately 15 minutes. Place material carefully into position at one end, and then work gradually along its length. When completely positioned, apply firm pressure along whole length to ensure perfect contact between the two adhesive surfaces.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for rubber sheeting<br />
<br />
<span id="cork-flooring"></span><br />
=== Cork flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-5"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image81.jpeg]]Cork flooring is made from the bark of the cork oak tree, which is an evergreen tree common in Southern Europe and North Africa. The bark is ground and processed into sheets before being kiln-baked. The hand harvesting is strictly controlled, and since the bark grows back, this is a highly sustainable product.<br />
<br />
The main constituent of cork is a waxy, rubbery substance called suberin. This hydrophobic substance gives cork flooring its elastic and impermeable quality.<br />
<br />
The cork sheeting is most commonly formed into tiles or planks of between 4 to6 mm thick and varying sizes. The tiles are most commonly glued to the floor surface which must be free of imperfections, level dry and smooth. The tiles or planks are generally butt-jointed. Floating cork floors can be achieved by laying cork planks over timber floors. Interlocking, glue-less installation is also available. Cork is also formed into rolls for use as an underlay below other flooring materials to improve acoustic performance and prevent moisture ingress. It is recommended that cork suitable for commercial use (Class EN31-35) is used in healthcare facilities.<br />
<br />
Cork and rubber have also been combined with polymers such as neoprene and nitrite to create tough, durable floor-sheeting. Cork has also been combined with linoleum to form flooring products that are imported. These imported products cater for residential, commercial and industrial grade applications. Although cork has predominantly been used in the residential sector in South Africa, it is beginning to find a place in the commercial, and particularly the healthcare sectors, where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-4"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Cork is bacteriostatic and antifungal. Dirt and grime may collect, but not be trapped by the floor, and provided the floor is regularly swept or vacuumed, microbes will not be able to colonise, and the floor will prevent the spread of infection. Some manufacturers treat the cork with an additional antimicrobial sealant to prolong the durability of the product. Joints cannot be welded, and tiles are laid with butt joints. These joints can gather dust and moisture over time, and sealing the finished floor with a sealant is recommended.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-5"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
This is a low maintenance product, with simple cleaning procedures such as regular mopping and sweeping – no sophisticated equipment is needed. No harsh cleaning agents or polishing is required. Tiles usually come pre-sealed; however, application of an additional polyurethane sealant to cover the joints on the finished floor is recommended. Unless the floor is properly sealed, it can stain, and the sealant will need re-application periodically. The resilient nature of cork means it has excellent impact resistance. The 40 million microscopic air-pockets per cm<sup>3</sup> allow cork to return easily to its original shape, even after pressure from furniture or heavy foot traffic.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-4"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Cork consists of 50% air, which is contained in the microscopic honeycomb compartments that make up the material. This makes cork a great shock-absorber, reducing leg fatigue as well as injuries where patients may fall (particularly the elderly). The cellular structure also makes it slip-resistant. Nanobead technology surface finishes are available which provide excellent traction to prevent slipping.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-5"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Suberin is a natural waxy substance found in cork, and is responsible for the moisture repellent/resistant properties of cork. Cork is commonly used as an underlay to prevent the transfer of moisture to the floor finish. It is however not recommended to glue cork to consistently damp or wet areas as adhesive to the substrate may fail, and the moisture will divert to other finishes.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-and-insulation"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image83.jpeg]]Indoor air quality: Emissions and insulation ====<br />
<br />
Cork, and the process of producing cork flooring contains no formaldehyde or other toxic substances, and cork does not emit VOCs. However, adhesives, finishing/protection coats and sealants used with these flooring products may contain solvents and emit VOCs. Cork is also very lightweight due to the high air content and this reduces the transport costs and in turn the carbon cost of the product. Solvent- and formaldehyde-free polyurethane surface finishes are also available for commercial use (Class EN 32). The insulation properties of cork will produce good energy savings where heat load is a factor on the floor.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-6"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Impact sound reduction tests (in accordance with ISO140-8) show that cork can absorb and reduce sound by up to 16 dB. The air-filled compartments are excellent sound absorbers and will contribute to a calm, quiet environment. Sealants will reduce this capacity, but slightly increasing the reflectivity. ISO 10140-1:2010 indicated a 53% reduction in footfall sound.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-4"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Cork, like timber, is a naturally-grown product and much of its aesthetic appeal comes from the uniqueness of each batch of cork. Colour variations add to the appeal, and are to be expected from different trees and harvests. The colours range from yellows to dark browns, although off-whites are also being achieved through treatment. Exposure to light will over time lead to some degree of fading. Engineered multilayered cork products will be more consistent in pattern and colour. These hybrid products are examined more under Section C4.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-5"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Cork cannot be coved or welded. Any suitable coved set-in skirting can be used, with the flooring abutting this skirting. The thickness of the cork tiles should be borne in mind when abutting a coved skirting, however, as the cork is thicker than most pre-moulded coved skirting on the market.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for cork tiles<br />
<br />
<span id="soft-finishes"></span><br />
== Soft finishes ==<br />
<br />
<span id="carpet-textiles"></span><br />
=== Carpet textiles ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-6"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
'''Subfloors''' must be level, permanently dry, solid and free from cracks, dirt and adhesion inhibiting substances and not exceed a maximum humidity of 75% RH. Ensure that the subfloor is well absorbent. If the subfloor shows low absorbency or no absorbency, apply a high quality cement based levelling compound in a minimum thickness of 2 to 3 mm (measured elsewhere). Note that latex or acrylic levelling compounds will detrimentally affect the adhesion of the adhesives'''.''' Apply 600 x 300 x 3.2 mm thick cork panels consisting of 0.25 mm vinyl backing layer, 1.65 mm cork agglomerated core, 0.8 mm genuine cork veneer and 0.5 mm hard wearing surface, and prefinished with specialised surface treatment suitable for Class EN 33 Use (or equivalent). Panels are to be glued to the substrate (350 to400 g/m<sup>2</sup> spread rate) with a notched trowel using adhesive as per the cork panel manufacturer’s recommendation. Ensure the adhesive ridges are compressed completely to an even adhesive film. Roll with a 50 kg multipart roller after a short period and repeat rolling after approx. one hour. If necessary, weigh down edges. The edges of flooring area are to be caulked before fitting the skirting. A 15-year warranty is to be provided on the flooring product.<br />
<br />
Carpets are manufactured from fibres attached to a backing. The fibres range from natural wool to synthetically manufactured nylon or polypropylene fibres. Carpets can be made up of cut pile – individual strands, or tufted pile – which are closed loops. These are needle-punched into the backing. The heights of the tufts can be varied to create the striations and patterns commonly found in needle-punch carpets. The synthetic fibres are often treated to prevent the growth of mould and microbes, and make the carpet resistant to staining.<br />
<br />
Traditional carpets had jute backings, but this organic material - which had limitations such as rotting when exposed to moisture, or encouraging microbe infestation, has largely been replaced by synthetic fibre or resin-based backings which are more durable, non-allergenic and can resist moisture.<br />
<br />
Broadloom carpet widths are most commonly 3,66 m wide, but some manufacturers supply 4 m widths or narrower 1.8 m widths as well. Carpet tiles are generally 500 to600 mm square, but larger sizes and rectangular tiles are also available to order. A wide range of thicknesses are available – from 3 to 12 mm depending on the backing. Carpets are graded for various applications and traffic weights - from residential to heavy commercial. The colouring process ranges from pre-dyeing/injecting colour into the yarn, to continuous dyeing – where dyes are rolled or sprayed onto the carpet or by boiling in vats of dye after the manufacturing process is complete.<br />
<br />
The fibre weight varies from 400 gsm to 1 100 gsm, although this should be seen in relation to the overall weight of the carpet including the backing. The suitability of the carpet however, is reliant on its fitness for purpose, such as using the correct location grade, and the guarantees and warranties provided by the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-5"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although there is no direct evidence linking any flooring type directly to HAIs, the study by Sehulster and Chinn for Center for Disease Control (2003), recommended that carpets not be used in areas where spills are likely to occur, such as laboratories or cleaners rooms, nor where patients are at greater risk from infection from airborne pathogens, such as in burns units, ICUs and operating rooms. While fibres can trap pathogens (and thereby prevent them from circulating in the air), the proper cleaning of carpets and effective removal of these pathogens is difficult to check on a daily basis. In addition, the carpet is porous and permeable, (although some may have an impermeable backing) which is in conflict with the National Health requirements for these high-risk areas. Carpets in offices or waiting areas do provide a welcome relief from the noisy ward areas where harder surfaces are present.<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers indicate the additional benefit of antimicrobial treatment using phosphate amines such as silver, zinc or copper to combat bacteria. The US Carpet and Rug Institute issued a technical bulletin in regard to these treatments and what they achieve. Since the treatment is applied to the carpet fibres or the backing – or both, no implicit human health claims can be made about the finished product unless that finished product has been tested and registered by accredited independent testing organizations. Synthetic fibres in themselves do no provide a nutrient source which microbes need to survive, but textiles can trap soil, dust and moisture, which do provide that source.<br />
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<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-6"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image87.jpeg]]The first means of protecting and extending the life of carpets is the use of dirt-trapping mats at all entrances to the facility. This will remove a substantial amount of soil and dirt carried in on shoes/feet from the exterior. Fine soil crystals damage the fibres as they are ground into the carpet pile, and this can be avoided with regular vacuuming. The build-up of soil over time will also dull the appearance of the carpet.<br />
<br />
It is recommended that heavy traffic areas are vacuumed daily, while for other areas, once a week will suffice – depending on what function the room accommodates. Carpets should be professionally cleaned at least once a year – with products recommended by the manufacturer, as any sticky residue left behind after cleaning will only attract soil build-up. Facility managers must also ensure that vacuum cleaner filters are regularly cleaned and replaced when necessary, as this will also affect the efficacy of vacuuming. If vacuum cleaners are not well maintained, they may also aerosolise pathogens during vacuuming. Carpet protectors should also be used where chairs with castors are present – where recommended by the manufacturer.<br />
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<span id="safety-5"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Since slips usually occur when there is too little friction between feet and the walking surface, the rough texture of carpets results in a highly slip-resistant surface. The cushioned effect of some backing types also reduces leg fatigue. Too much cushioning can reduce roller mobility though, making carpets with plush fibre or thick cushioning unsuitable where trolleys or wheelchairs for example, need to traverse the floor.<br />
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Healthcare facilities are occupied by patients that are frail and sometimes non-ambulatory. With this in mind, the fire regulations for this occupancy code are more stringent in the National Building Regulations, and the specifier must ensure that the fire ratings of carpeting types comply with the relevant occupancy.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-and-insulation"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity and insulation ====<br />
<br />
Carpets are not suitable for use in high humidity areas for reasons discussed under infection control above. Carpeting is an effective insulation material, particularly when laid with an underlay.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-5"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Studies conducted by the US Carpet and Rug Institute show that - despite the ‘new carpet smell’ - carpet is one of the lowest emitters of VOCs indoors, less than paints for example, and these odours dissipate within days. Most local manufacturers indicate that the VOC emissions meet the GBCSA Green Star Rating – check product specific literature for the carpet under consideration.<br />
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Since carpets are often glued-down installations, the adhesives are often the culprit with VOC emissions on these floors. The specifier should check with the manufacturers about the levels of emission on the recommended adhesives.<br />
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<span id="aesthetics-5"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Carpets are being manufactured in a diverse range of colours, patterns and textures. The variety allows for creative, non-institutional application. Tiles are usually laid tessellated, which also adds to the interesting texture of the floor. Patterns and borders are achievable with tiles and most broadloom carpet, and can contribute to a professional atmosphere in the administrative sections of the healthcare facility.<br />
<br />
An interesting study by Harris (2011) recorded at the Centre for Disease Control demonstrated that the amount of time visitors spent in rooms with carpets was higher than they did in rooms with vinyl floor finishes – this is perhaps an indication of how an environmental aspect can influence behaviour, and could be linked to aesthetics, temperature comfort and sound attenuation.<br />
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<span id="acoustics-7"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
According to the Center for Health Design, carpets have the highest noise reduction co-efficient (NRC) for impact noise of all flooring types. Note that this is in relation to impact noise only – sounds such as footfalls, and dropping of objects onto the floor. The ability of carpet to absorb airborne sound is however mediocre, and according to the technical brief: ‘Acoustic Environments’ by Green Guide for Healthcare (2007), the acoustical benefit of carpet is to reduce impact rather than airborne noise. The noise attenuation properties of flooring, is often a trade-off with infection control. According to a study by Sehulster and Chinn for CDC in 2003, carpet should be avoided in areas housing immuno-compromised patients.<br />
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SPEC FOR CARPET BROADLOOM WITH UNDER-CUSHION<br />
<br />
Fit heavy commercial (SABS location grade: 5) textile carpet sheeting, with solution dyed nylon fibres, plain cut pile/level cut loop/tufted cut pile (select) OR polypropylene structured needle-punch fibre and woven polypropylene backing - SABS Class 2 fire rating. Carpet thickness 7 mm to 10 mm (confirm) Carpet fibres are to be pretreated against stains, and guarantee and warranty supplied. Broadloom carpet sheeting to be laid in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification by an approved installer in accordance with SANS 10186:2010. Carpets are to be installed over commercial grade, non-allergic, latex foam under-cushion. (Optional) (Confirm colour and weight/m2 of carpet)<br />
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Skirtings<br />
<br />
Traditionally timber skirting has been most commonly installed with carpeted floors, but there are very few limitations on the size and type of skirting that can be fitted.<br />
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SPEC FOR PLAIN-BACKED CARPET TILES FOR MEDIUM COMMERCIAL:<br />
<br />
Plain backed carpet tiles, medium commercial (SABS use class U4), with needle-punched fibres, size 500 x 500 x 5 mm thick (confirm size and thickness) with SABS Class 2 fire rating, fibre weight of 700 g/m² and total weight of 940 g/m², (confirm weight). Carpet tiles manufactured in accordance with SANS 1415:2000, installed by an approved installer in accordance with SANS 10186:2010. Carpet fibres are to be pre-treated against stains, and guarantee and warranty supplied. Confirm colour and relevant code).<br />
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Typical specification for carpet (broadloom)<br />
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<span id="typical-specification-for-carpet-tiles"></span><br />
==== Typical specification for carpet tiles ====<br />
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<span id="flocked-flooring"></span><br />
=== Flocked flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-7"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image89.jpeg]]Flocked flooring falls under textiles in terms of definition, but also has characteristics of resilient flooring. It combines the acoustic properties and warm feel of textiles with the waterproof, durable and washable properties of resilient flooring.<br />
<br />
Flocked flooring is manufactured by applying millions of short, cylindrical polyamide (nylon) fibres to an adhesive coated surface through an electrostatic process. The first electrostatically flocked flooring was made in 1960, so the technology is not new. The flooring consists of various layers including:<br />
<br />
* Densely flocked polyamide fibres<br />
* Waterproof PVC-adhesive<br />
* Stable glass-fibre mesh interlays for strength and durability<br />
* Cushioned waterproof, rot-resistant PVC--backing<br />
<br />
The sheeting is available in 2 m wide lengths, and 4.3 mm total thickness. Tiles are 500 x 500 mm, and 5.3 mm thick. The tiles and sheet are suitable for heavy commercial grade application.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-6"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Flocked flooring responds in a similar way to resilient flooring in terms of infection control. The flooring is fully waterproof and washable, being easily cleaned when wet spillages occur. This impermeable quality aids in infection control. The upright nylon fibres are very short when compared to other carpet fibres, and these more easily give up dirt that has fallen among the fibres, preventing microbes from settling in to grow. Like polypropylene fibres, the nylon fibres do not provide a source of nutrient for microbes, and the flooring is the only textile with the UK Allergy Approval certificate. The finished installation is not jointless however, as the joints are not welded, and the skirting is independent of the floor. These are areas that could be an infection risk.<br />
<br />
Antibacterial treatment is also integrated into the manufacturing process. As discussed under Carpets, these may contribute to the reduction of fungus or bacterial growth, but cannot substitute for routine and regular cleaning and maintenance.<br />
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<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-7"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
As mentioned above, the finish is easily vacuumed, and wet spills are easy to clean up as the finish is waterproof. As with any floor, regular cleaning will extend the life and appearance of the product as the build-up of soil over time will dull the appearance. The use of dirt-trapping mats at all entrances to the facility will remove a substantial amount of soil and dirt carried in from the exterior. Because the product is easily vacuumed, it is less likely to trap soil or dirt long enough to encourage microbial growth on the particles of soil and moisture – both of which would need to be present since the nylon fibres themselves provide no nutrient value. Periodic professional cleaning will restore the appearance and this product has a far longer life span than regular carpet textiles.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-6"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Since flocked flooring provides very high slip-resistance, even where spills occur, this product is very safe for use in health facilities, and for many years has been used in the marine industry to finish decks on boats. The cushioned effect also reduces leg fatigue without reducing roller mobility as a result of the short straight fibres of nylon.<br />
<br />
Healthcare facilities are occupied by patients that are frail and sometimes non-ambulatory. With this in mind, the fire regulations for this occupancy code are more stringent in the National Building Regulations, and the specifier must ensure that the fire ratings of carpeting types comply with the relevant occupancy. Flocked sheeting is Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-6"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Due to the waterproof characteristics of the flooring, flocked flooring is not adversely affected by wet areas and can tolerate humid conditions. However, special attention needs to be paid to sealing of joints and edges where moisture could get under the tiles or sheeting if the adhesive is not thoroughly applied.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-6"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
The manufacturers of flocked flooring indicate that VOC emissions are very low, and that certain ranges conform to all standards including the new VOC emissions classes in Europe. The specifics would be dependent on the product specified. Low-emission adhesives are also available. Responsible initiatives on the part of manufacturers include using recycled content in backing, and also supporting PVC-recycling projects.<br />
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<span id="aesthetics-6"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
A wide selection of patterns and colourways are available, from natural tones to bright colours, monochrome to multiple colours, standard or purpose-designed - there is ample opportunity for creativity. Tiles can be laid checkerboard or broadloom style. Cutting designs into the sheeting can also be achieved for branding or more intricate patterns. Conventional rotary screen-printing builds colours up in successive layers before heat fixing the print permanently onto the fibres. Digital printing can also be achieved where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR FLOCKED FLOORING<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 4.3 mm thick x 2 m wide electrostatically flocked textile floor-sheet covering, manufactured to specification EN 1307. Spread manufacturer approved acrylic adhesive on the exposed substrate with a trowel having triangular notches 1.78 x 1.78 x 1.6 mm at 3.0 mm centres at the rate of between 5.5 m² and 6.5 m² per litre depending on sub-floor porosity, on a previously prepared sub-floor by the builder, (as described) and elsewhere measured. Factory edges to be butted for seaming. It is essential that during the course of installation the product be rolled in both directions with an articulated 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller immediately after it has been laid into the adhesive.<br />
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Acoustics<br />
<br />
With around 70 million fibres/m<sup>2</sup>, the flooring is extremely dense, and it is this property that can substantially reduce impact sound. The flocked flooring has been tested under BS EN ISO 10140-2010 and proven to absorb 20 dB on the sheeting, and 17 dB on the tiles. The soft floor was also shown to absorb ambient noise. This finish would be appropriate in waiting areas or counselling rooms.<br />
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<span id="skirting"></span><br />
==== Skirting ====<br />
<br />
Coved and welded skirting cannot be achieved with flocked flooring. Traditional timber skirting is suitable but as for carpeted floors, but there are very few limitations on the size and type of skirting that can be fitted.<br />
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Typical specification for flocked flooring (broadloom)<br />
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<span id="hybrid-floor-finishes"></span><br />
== Hybrid floor finishes ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image91.jpeg]]Traditionally flooring types were limited to hard, resilient or soft finishes, but with new technology and manufacturing processes, a new class of flooring is beginning to surface – namely: hybrid floor finishes. The term refers to floors that are engineered from various layers, or combinations of various products. This could include hard, soft and resilient finishes. To some extent, flocked flooring could fall under this category as it crosses the boundary between resilient and soft finishes, but it has been classified as a textile at present. Laminated flooring is another such product. Laminated flooring consists of various layers which are compressed. There are two main types, namely those with a fibreboard substrate (like medium density fibreboard) and others with a vinyl substrate.<br />
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<span id="laminated-timber-flooring-fibreboard-substrate"></span><br />
=== Laminated timber flooring: Fibreboard substrate ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-8"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber flooring has largely replaced traditional timber flooring and parquet products due to the reduced cost, ease of installation, wider range of wood grain aesthetics available, as well as the reduced impact on the use timber resources. Laminated timber flooring consists of four layers:<br />
<br />
* A top layer/film of transparent aluminium oxide and melamine (the wear layer which makes the surface scratch- and scuff-resistant)<br />
* The highly realistic photographic paper image of the wood<br />
* the core layer of medium or high density fibreboard treated for water resistance<br />
* A base layer of waterproof film for stability<br />
<br />
These layers are fused under heat and high-pressure. The density of the fibreboard can vary substantially, and overall thicknesses range from 6 mm to 12 mm, but the industry recommendation is the 8 to9 mm plank for most applications. Plank sizes also vary in size, but generally are 200 mm x 1 300 mm. The interlocking system of the planks means that the floor finish can be installed without adhesives. The surface of the junction between planks can be a smooth butt-joint, a pronounced v-joint or fitted with a flush rubber strip for an anti-slip finish suited to wet areas. Expansion joints against walls are important, as is the laying of moisture barrier sheeting under the flooring. Sound-dampening underlays of 2 to 3 mm are also recommended.<br />
<br />
The majority of laminated timber flooring is suited to residential applications, but commercial grades are also available. Flooring is graded for levels of use according to EN 685. Health facilities would require a minimum EN 31 Class: Commercial Moderate (for public and commercial use which is low or intermittent), but medium, heavy and intense traffic may be more suited to specific areas of the facility. (En Class 32, 33 and 34 respectively.) Abrasion Class 5 (AC5 EN 33) can be used in public and commercial areas with heavy traffic.<br />
<br />
Abrasion Classes 1 to2 are for light domestic use only.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-7"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Laminated floor planks can present an infection control risk in the small grooves of the interlocking joints which can trap small particles of dust and moisture, and are difficult to clean thoroughly. Open V-joints are easier to clean, but provide deeper ‘reservoirs’ for dust, and will need thorough and regular vacuuming or<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR LAMINATED TIMBER FLOORING:<br />
<br />
Interlocking laminate flooring plank 1 285 x 194 x 8 mm thick ''(confirm size)'' in four-sided V-joint board (select edge detail), fixed floating on combination PU foam underlay with taped membrane overlaps on floor and 40 mm turn-up at walls. Expansion gaps between walls and floor to be finished off with wood stained skirting in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Installation by manufacturer approved installer, and 25-year guarantee to be supplied. ''(Confirm colour, texture, code)''<br />
<br />
broom cleaning to remove dirt. While this flooring may not be suited to areas where infection control is a priority, it can be used in other areas of health facilities, such as offices or public recreational access areas such as coffee shops.<br />
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<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-8"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image92.png|169x154px]]Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber floors should be dry-brushed and vacuumed regularly to remove dirt and grit which can lead to scratches. Spills should be wiped up immediately, and cleaning should never be done with large amounts of water. Slightly damp, well-squeezed dry laminate mops or cloths should be used with manufacturer approved cleaning agent. No abrasive cleaners should be used, and no stripping, sanding, waxing, polishing or varnishing is required.<br />
<br />
Figure 36<br />
<br />
Dirt trapping mats are the best investment in maintaining these floors. Felt pads are recommended under the feet of furniture and soft tread castors should be used on chairs.<br />
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<span id="safety-7"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Laminated flooring provides a smooth, sheer finish, which can present a slip hazard, particularly if spills occur. Floors with rubber inserts in the V-joints provide a slip-resistant surface. This hard floor finish can be fitted with underlays to reduce leg fatigue. Fire ratings vary substantially, depending on the product, and these should be checked with the manufacturer to ensure suitability for use in the health facility.<br />
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<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-7"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber floors are not suited to commercial areas where wet processes will take place. The junctions between planks are not sealed, and will allow moisture access. This will adversely affect the products – some of which have a fibreboard core.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-7"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Medium-density fibreboard contains a higher resin to wood ratio than any other urea-formaldehyde pressed wood product, and is recognised as being the highest formaldehyde-emitting pressed wood product. (Source: US Environmental Protection Agency). These VOCs are fairly quickly dissipated though, and the glue-free installation of the interlocking planks means lower emissions when compared to a glued-down system using high-VOC adhesives.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-7"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The popularity of laminated timber flooring has widened the range of ‘wood-look’ finishes available. The diversity of the timber grains and hues provides creative opportunities that echo a natural environment –albeit in appearance only. The move in healthcare to provide a more ‘homely’ residential appeal has also seen these timber laminates being used more in certain areas of health facilities.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-8"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Laminated flooring tends to amplify the sound of footfalls, but sound-deadening acoustic underlays should be used where possible. These loose-laid or glued-down sub-layers can improve the sound of impact by 20 dB, when used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-6"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Matching moulded skirting is usually available in matching grains and colours to suit the floor panels. This independent skirting is not recommended in high infection control risk areas as the small crevices are difficult to clean, and will gather dust and moisture. Varnished timber skirting is also commonly used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specification-for-laminated-timber-flooring"></span><br />
==== Typical specification for laminated timber flooring ====<br />
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<span id="laminated-flooring-pvc-planks"></span><br />
=== Laminated flooring – PVC planks ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-9"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image94.jpeg]]Interlocking laminated floor planks are also manufactured from PVC-layers, which are more durable than the fibreboard core planks. In addition, the formaldehydes associated with MDF and HDF are avoided, and the performance under wet conditions is superior. This product is more suitable in heavy commercial applications than laminated timber planks, and in some ranges even suitable for light industrial applications. These ‘planks’ are actually small rigid vinyl sheets which are formed with an interlocking joint detail. These products are thinner than MDF laminates at 2.5 to 5 mm thick, but are available in similar sizes as the laminated timber planks (around 150 to 230 mm wide x 1 200 mm long). Some ranges are available in 600 x 600 tiles. The basic layers of the product include:<br />
<br />
* A polyurethane reinforced surface treatment<br />
* The embossed high-density wear layer of 0.4 to0.7 mm pure PVC (this makes the surface scratch- and scuff- resistant)<br />
* The decorative layer with the highly realistic photographic paper image of the wood , stone or other graphic design<br />
* The stabilising glass fibre fleece core layer (around 1 mm) for dimensional stability<br />
* A PVC-composite load-bearing base layer<br />
<br />
These layers are fused under heat and high-pressure. The interlocking system of the planks means that the floor finish can be installed without adhesives – as a floating floor. This has advantages in terms of the VOCs given off where solvent adhesives are used. The surface of the junction between planks can be a smooth butt-joint, or a pronounced bevel/V-joint.<br />
<br />
Glued-down planks/tiles are however also available (in 2.5 to3 mm thickness with 0.55 and 07 mm PU--wear layers respectively). Both are suitable for heavy commercial and the latter for light industrial use. The glued-down planks have a deep embossed finish giving a realistic appearance to the wood-grain, and improving slip-resistance.<br />
<br />
Flooring is graded for levels of use according to EN 685. Health facilities would require a minimum EN 31 Class: Commercial Moderate (for public and commercial use which is low or intermittent), but medium, heavy and intense traffic may be more relevant to specific areas of the facility. (En Class 32, 33 and 34 respectively.) Abrasion Class 5 (AC5 EN 33) can be used in public and commercial areas with heavy traffic. Abrasion resistance should meet Group T.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-8"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although the laminated vinyl floor planks do not provide a nutrient source for bacteria, this flooring can present an infection control risk in the small grooves of the interlocking joints which could trap small particles of dust and moisture, and are difficult to clean thoroughly. Open V-joints are easier to clean, but provide deeper ‘reservoirs’ for dust, and will need thorough and regular vacuuming or broom cleaning to remove dirt. A well-maintained floor will however present an easy to clean, hygienic floor finish suited to the healthcare environment.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-9"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The vinyl planks with PU-reinforcement make for a simple maintenance regime. The floor should be swept and vacuumed regularly, and washed periodically with water and manufacturer-approved cleaning agent. No abrasive cleaning agents or tools should be used, and no stripping, sanding, waxing, polishing or varnishing is required. Dirt trapping mats are the best investment in maintaining these floors.<br />
<br />
The glued-down tiles/planks should not be washed for a few days after installation – in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations -to allow the planks to settle in the adhesive. Moisture exposure during this stage may also affect the adhesive bond.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-8"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Laminated vinyl planks are deeply embossed to enhance the realistic wood grain. This ridged surface provides good slip-resistance. The floating floor installation can be laid with sound-absorbing underlays, which also reduce leg-fatigue. Fire ratings vary substantially, depending on the product, and these should be checked with the manufacturer to ensure suitability for use in the health facility. The laminated vinyl plank is a Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-8"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Laminated vinyl planks can be used in areas where occasional spills occur, although spills should be wiped up immediately.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-8"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
The floating – interlocking planks will not require adhesives to fix the floor in place, and this will reduce the VOC emissions when compared to glued-down systems. Certain vinyl planks have been certified with a Gold Indoor Air Comfort-rating which is awarded to products of very low VOC emissions where these are below any globally determined imit.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-8"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The popularity of laminated flooring has widened the range of ‘wood-look’ finishes available. The diversity of the timber grains and hues provides creative opportunities that echo a natural environment –albeit in appearance only. The move in healthcare to provide a more ‘homely’ residential appeal has also seen these vinyl planks being used more in certain areas of health facilities. The grain should always be laid parallel to the direction of the natural light falling into the room.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-9"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
AC5 - EN 33 Class interlocking ''(or glued-down – specify)'' vinyl PVC--layered flooring plank 1 219 x228 x 5 mm thick ''(confirm size and thickness)'' in four-sided V-groove, bevel-edge joint (''select edge detail''), fixed floating (''or laid in manufacturer approved adhesive).'' Expansion gaps between walls and floor to be provided in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Installation only by manufacturer- approved installer. Supplier to provide 10-year commercial warranty. ''(Confirm colour, texture, code.)''<br />
<br />
Floating laminated flooring tends to amplify the sound of footfalls, but sound-deadening acoustic underlays should be used where possible. These loose-laid or glued-down sublayers can improve the sound of impact by 20 dB, when used with the laminated flooring. Glued-down systems have less echo effect for the sound of footfalls and impact.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-7"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
The PVC-planks cannot be coved - more as a result of the directional pattern, but also the rigidity. Using a complementary colour vinyl skirting could still be used. This allows for a seamless skirting and hygienic finish. Matching moulded skirting can also be used in matching grains and colours to suit the floor panels. This independent skirting is not recommended in high infection control risk areas as the small crevices are difficult to clean, and will gather dust and moisture. Varnished timber skirting is also commonly used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for laminated vinyl planks<br />
<br />
<span id="flooring-accessories"></span><br />
== Flooring accessories ==<br />
<br />
<span id="walk-off-dirt-trapping-mats"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image96.jpeg]]Walk-off dirt trapping mats ===<br />
<br />
An effective entrance barrier or dirt trapping mat can reduce cleaning by up to 65%. The highly abrasive African soil conditions create an extremely aggressive environment that can shorten the life span of the floor-sheeting. Without removing the bulk of this dirt and grit at the entrance, the floor finish - whether hard, soft, resilient or hybrid - can be badly damaged by the dirt and grit that is carried in on visitors’ shoes.<br />
<br />
Walk-off mats should be placed strategically at all entrances, allowing a minimum of four to five paces, (around 3 m) across which people will walk. This will remove the majority of loose particles, and prolong the life of the floor finish.<br />
<br />
Various types of entrance barrier matting are available including:<br />
<br />
* Coarse carpet with ridged surface<br />
* Coir bristle brush<br />
* PVC-brush<br />
* Aluminium structure with inserts of rubber<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image98.jpeg]]Aluminium structure with inserts of carpet<br />
<br />
A recess in the screed should be specified and/or detailed to the exact depth of the mat. This will ensure a flush finish at floor level, and prevent the mat from becoming a tripping hazard. If the mats are not recessed, they will need to be firmly anchored, and have bevelled edges on all sides.<br />
<br />
<span id="expansion-joints"></span><br />
=== Expansion joints ===<br />
<br />
Expansion joints must be carried through the floor finish and screed from the slab below to prevent cracks in the finish. This applies to hard and resilient flooring. Soft finishes such as carpet, can be laid over the screed joint. These joints should be finished with purpose-designed expansion joint covers which will vary according to the type of finish laid, and include:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image100.jpeg]]Extruded PVC-covers that are glued to the floor either side of the joint<br />
* Metal joint covers made of aluminium, stainless steel or brass with rubber inserts or metal clip-on covers<br />
<br />
Where PVC joint covers are used with resilient sheeting, the joint must be filled to support the expandable section of the joint cover.<br />
<br />
Preventing uneven surfaces is a priority, and every effort must be made to ensure a smooth transition over expansion joints to minimise tripping hazards.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image102.jpeg]]Consult flooring manufacturers for appropriate treatment of expansion joint covers and ensure that these are specified at documentation stage.<br />
<br />
<span id="transition-strips-stairs-and-ramps"></span><br />
=== Transition strips, stairs and ramps ===<br />
<br />
<span id="transitions"></span><br />
==== Transitions: ====<br />
<br />
The UK National Health Service identified uneven surfaces and changes in level as one of four main causes of “’slip and trip’ accidents in healthcare facilities. (Healey, 2007)<br />
<br />
Changes in floor finish often mean a difference in levels of friction or surface resistance, which can lead to falls. It can also result in a slight change in floor level, if the floor finish thickness varies – as is often the case when sheeting meets a tiles floor for example. It is recommended that these transitions do not exceed 5 mm vertically, but a bevelled transition of 5 mm over 100 mm length (minimum) is less likely to cause tripping. Planning and detail design will reduce the risks.<br />
<br />
By positioning the transition at a threshold also minimises risk as it is more expected here. Purpose-made cover strips are manufactured to link different types of floor finish and thickness and these should be selected, described at specification stage. These are available in metals, such as aluminium, brass, and stainless steel and these strips are also manufactured from extruded PVC.<br />
<br />
In areas where highly sensitive patients (such as spinal surgery patients) are wheeled to theatre, transition strips, or any bumps or ridges, must be avoided as any unnecessary vibration can adversely affect the patient.<br />
<br />
<span id="stairs"></span><br />
==== Stairs: ====<br />
<br />
Stairways are also an area where trips and falls are more common, and need careful planning in terms of finish. Specifying stair nosing will:<br />
<br />
* Provide good slip resistance to the leading edge of the step<br />
* Visually define the step end<br />
* Protect the exposed edge of the finish – irrespective of whether its tile, vinyl or carpet<br />
<br />
Stair nosing is available in extruded and ridged PVC-strips, aluminium strips with rubber or carborundum inserts, or purpose-made step tiles with bull-nosed edges and non-slip grooves. Ensure that the treatment of the stair edge does not become a tripping hazard in itself. The stair nosing must finish as near to flush as possible to the finish on the tread itself.<br />
<br />
<span id="ramps"></span><br />
==== Ramps: ====<br />
<br />
The National Building Regulations give clear parameters for universal/wheelchair access. In addition, the use of wheeled equipment in hospital and healthcare facilities from beds to food trolleys to drip stands, means high-volume use of ramps. The potential for slipping increases due to the gradient. Finishes that provide reasonable slip-resistance are appropriate in this application.<br />
<br />
<span id="c5.4-external-finishes-at-entrances"></span><br />
=== C5.4 External finishes at entrances ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image104.jpeg]]Special attention should be paid to the external areas leading up to all entrances to health facilities bearing in mind that infirm patients will be using this access. At casualty/emergency units, patient drop-off zones, and ambulance bays, there is the additional need for stretchers, wheelchairs and emergency trolleys to be quickly and smoothly wheeled through these entrances. Bevel-edged pavers will add to the effort required to push a trolley over a pavement.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image106.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
Stormwater grids and manhole covers should ideally not be located on these routes, and non-mountable kerbing or rainwater channels should also be avoided. Ramps and slopes should be suitably treated to avoid slipping in wet weather.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image108.jpeg]]Areas set aside for helicopter landings, and the route from there to the casualty/emergency entrance should also be viewed with these comments in mind.<br />
<br />
Figure 45<br />
<br />
PERFORMANCE<br />
<br />
<span id="performance-categories"></span><br />
== Performance categories ==<br />
<br />
The properties described in the selection criteria in Section C above have been listed in [[#_Ref384228042|Table 2]] below, and then grouped into five performance categories that would satisfy the requirements in various areas within a healthcare facility<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ <span id="_Ref384228042" class="anchor"></span>Table 2<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| FLOOR PROPERTIES<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"| PERFORMANCE CATEGORY<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''1'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''2'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''3'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 4<br />
|-<br />
| Smooth<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Impervious<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Jointless/seamless<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Textured<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Perforated<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Jointed<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Low maintenance<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
|-<br />
| Washable/easily cleaned<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Suited to high humidity areas<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br /><br />
O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br /><br />
✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|-<br />
| Acoustic priority<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|-<br />
| Aesthetic priority<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Legend/Key:<br />
<br />
'''✓'''indicates this property is required for the class<br />
<br />
🗴indicates this property is not required for the class<br />
<br />
oindicates this property is an optional requirement for the class<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 1 (typical area – operating theatre or ward):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting, linoleum sheeting, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 2 (typical room – passage):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting, linoleum sheeting, rubber sheeting, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 3 (typical area – dirty utility):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting or tiles, linoleum sheeting or tiles, rubber sheeting or tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 4 (typical area – office or waiting room):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl Sheeting or tiles, linoleum sheeting or tiles, rubber sheeting or tiles, cork tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, laminated flooring, carpets, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 5(typical area – plant room):<br />
<br />
* Epoxy paints, rubber sheeting or tiles, etc.<br />
<br />
Refer to [[#_Ref384228064|Table ''3 Matrix of recommended floor performance categories'']] to establish what performance category the floor of the room in question will require.<br />
<br />
<span id="performance-categories-recommended-per-room"></span><br />
== Performance categories recommended per room ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ <span id="_Ref384228064" class="anchor"></span>Table 3 Matrix of recommended floor performance categories<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Department<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Room Name<br />
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"| Floor Performance<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 1<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 2<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 3<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 4<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 5<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Acute In-Patient Wards (Adults)'''<br />
| Circulation Space<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaners Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Consulting Room<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Day Lounge (patients)<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Duty Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Equipment Store<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| General Ward (single or multi-bed)<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Isolation Ward<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kit Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Linen Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Office<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Patient ablutions<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Patient Assisted Ablution<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Ablutions<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Change Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Rest Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Surgical Sundries Store<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Treatment Room<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Waiting area (public)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Ward Kitchen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Ward Nurse Station<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| Administration Department<br />
| Circulation<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaners Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Offices/ interview rooms<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Reception<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Boardroom<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Stores<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kitchenette<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Records Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Print room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff WC’s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Waiting area (public)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Casualty &amp; Trauma'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Hazmat Shower'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Minor Theatre / Suture Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Resuscitation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Central Sterilising &amp; Supply Department (CSSD)'''<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Linen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Packing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sterile Storage'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sterilization (Autoclaves)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Wash'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Washing &amp; Disinfecting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="37" style="text-align: center;"| '''Community Health Centre'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dental Surgery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guard House or Security Kiosk'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation/ Separate Nursing Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Off-Loading or Holding area for Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''PABX / Server Rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public WC’s &amp; change rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Resuscitation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Bay (entrances)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ultrasound Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''X-Ray Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" style="text-align: center;"| '''Day Clinic (Department)'''<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''General Ward (single or multi-bed)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Operating Theatre'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Setting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Dental Unit (Dept)'''<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dental Surgery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Panoral Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception / Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area (Public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''High Care or Cardiac Care Unit'''<br />
<br />
'''(HC / CCU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Open Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Intensive Care Unit (ICU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Open Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Kitchen – (Main Hospital)'''<br />
| '''Bulk Dry Goods Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cold Room/Freezer'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cooking Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cutlery/Crockery Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dishwashing &amp; Potwashing Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Food Preparation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plating /Serving Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Receiving Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley wash area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" style="text-align: center;"| '''Laboratory (Pathology/Cytology/Haematology/ Chemistry)'''<br />
<br />
'''(Biosafety Level 2)'''<br />
<br />
'''Laboratory (Pathology/Cytology/Haematology/ Chemistry)'''<br />
<br />
'''(Biosafety Level 2)'''<br />
<br />
''' '''<br />
<br />
''' '''<br />
| '''Blood and blood products store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cell and Tissue Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cytopathology Sample storage'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clinical material store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Disposal area (dangerous materials)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Drug &amp; Vaccines Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Flammable goods store (external)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gas Cylinder &amp; Pressure Vessel store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Hazardous substances store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Histopathology Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Microbiology Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POCT consulting room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reagents / Chemical Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sample Collection laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Specimen Reception &amp; Sorting rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores (protective clothing/equipment)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room incl. lockers'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| '''Laundry – (Main Hospital)'''<br />
| '''Assembly, packing and dispatch'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pressing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sorting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Washing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" style="text-align: center;"| '''Maternity / Delivery Department'''<br />
| '''Baby bathing area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''First Stage Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nursery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wards'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="36" style="text-align: center;"| '''Mental Health Facility'''<br />
| '''Body Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Children's Play Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clean Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room/ Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Counselling Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Linen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''ECT procedure room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''En Suite bath/shower room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Group Therapy Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gymnasium (OT &amp; Physio)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''IT Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Medicine Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Multi-Purpose Hall'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Bathroom/Shower'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Dining room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Laundry'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| '''⏺'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Lounge'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Quiet Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Seclusion Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Security Control Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Security Search Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room &amp; WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wards'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waste Disposal Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Mortuary'''<br />
| '''Blue Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner’s Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Instruments Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Medical Observation room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pathologist Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Post-Mortem Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Visitor’s Waiting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Neo-Natal Intensive Care Unit (NNICU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Incubator Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mother’s Rest Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Operating Theatre (Dept.)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Operating Theatre'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Post-Operative Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pre-Operative Holding Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub-up Area/Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Setting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Outpatients Department'''<br />
| '''Reception / Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Admissions Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Baby Changing area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Children’s Play / waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Areas (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wheelchair Storage area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Paediatric Ward'''<br />
| '''Child Assist Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility - Isolation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''General Ward (single or multi-bed)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk / Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Parent Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Play Area (patients)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Pharmacy/ Dispensary'''<br />
| '''Cleaner’s Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Bulk Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Counselling Cubicle'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Liquid filling Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Off-Loading Bay'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Waiting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Schedule Drugs Strong Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Tablet Packing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Vacolitre Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Physiotherapy Department'''<br />
| '''Audiology Testing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gymnasium'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Occupational Therapy room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Speech Therapy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" style="text-align: center;"| '''Primary Health Clinic'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary &amp; Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guard House or Security Kiosk'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation / Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Bay (entrances)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="25" style="text-align: center;"| '''Radiology (Diagnostic)'''<br />
| '''Bucky Room (general x-ray rm)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Change cubicles'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''CT / MRI Scan Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility / Sluice'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Fluoroscopy Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Fluoroscopy Control Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''In-patient waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mammogram Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Porters &amp; wheelchair/trolley parking'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Server Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores (Equipment/ General)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ultrasound Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Telemedicine Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Room/ CR Room/ Reporting area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align: center;"| '''Nurses Residence'''<br />
| '''Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Bedrooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Lounge'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Areas (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="definitions"></span><br />
= DEFINITIONS =<br />
<br />
<span id="terminology"></span><br />
== Terminology ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Aggregation<br />
! Collected together from different sources and considered a whole.<br />
|-<br />
| Ambulant/Ambulatory<br />
| (of a patient) Being able to walk or move around; not being confined to a bed.<br />
|-<br />
| Bacteriostatic<br />
| A word used to describe the property of a material which claims to inhibit the multiplication of bacteria.<br />
|-<br />
| Bariatric<br />
| Describing the condition of obesity.<br />
|-<br />
| Bonded<br />
| Chemically attached or fused in layers.<br />
|-<br />
| Guarantee<br />
| A document setting out a promise of quality made by a manufacturer or the provider of a service, a formal promise that a product will be repaired free of charge if it breaks or fails within a particular period or that substandard work will be redone.<br />
|-<br />
| Heterogeneous<br />
| Consisting of various layers or types throughout.<br />
|-<br />
| Homogenous<br />
| Consisting of things of similar type throughout.<br />
|-<br />
| Hydrophobic<br />
| Water-repellent.<br />
|-<br />
| Hygroscopic<br />
| Readily absorbing moisture from the atmosphere.<br />
|-<br />
| Impervious<br />
| Not allowing passage through (usually of water/moisture).<br />
|-<br />
| Interstices<br />
| Small holes or perforations.<br />
|-<br />
| Jointed<br />
| Junctions which may be open or covered, but not completely sealed and smooth.<br />
|-<br />
| Jointless<br />
| Without joints or having joints which are sealed by materials and methods which make the whole surface imperious and prevent the collection of dirt and bacteria in the joint.<br />
|-<br />
| Olfactory<br />
| Relating to the smell or the sense of smell.<br />
|-<br />
| Perfusion<br />
| Inject liquid into tissue or organ by circulating through blood vessels in the body.<br />
|-<br />
| Polyamide<br />
| A synthetic polymer made by the linkage of an amino group of one molecule and a carboxylic acid group of another, including many synthetic fibres such as nylon.<br />
|-<br />
| Resilient finish<br />
| The quality of a material to spring back quickly into shape after being bent, stretched, or squashed. Resilient flooring refers to flooring materials which have a relatively firm surface, yet characteristically have ‘give’ and ‘bounce back’ to their original surface profile from the weight of objects that compress its surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Seamless<br />
| A surface without open joints or junctions, or where such joints are completely sealed and smooth to create a continuous and whole membrane.<br />
|-<br />
| Slip-resistant<br />
| A quality of a finish to prevent wet or dry slipping. This relates to the friction of the material in relation to the pedestrian traffic across it, and also the type of footwear users have when walking across this finish. Wet pendulum and dry floor friction tests indicate comparative results. Refer to section B4.3.3 for more detail.<br />
|-<br />
| Smooth surface<br />
| A flat surface without projections, indentations or perforations such as a brush-painted plastered surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Textured<br />
| A surface finish which is not smooth, but has a fissured/embossed or ridged finish.<br />
|-<br />
| Tufted<br />
| A group of threads drawn through a fabric and tied securely beneath the surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Vitrified<br />
| To change a material into glass, under high heat and other conditions.<br />
|-<br />
| Warranty<br />
| A written promise to repair or replace a product that has a manufacturing fault. This commonly comes with conditions and is limited to a timeframe given at the time of purchase.<br />
|-<br />
| Washable<br />
| A term implying that a finish can be repeatedly and regularly cleaned using water and water-diluted cleaners without detrimental effect to the finish.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<span id="abbreviations"></span><br />
== Abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! '''CCU'''<br />
! Cardiac Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''CHD'''<br />
| Center for Health Design<br />
|-<br />
| '''CSSD'''<br />
| Central Sterilising and Supply Department<br />
|-<br />
| '''EN'''<br />
| European norms<br />
|-<br />
| '''ENT'''<br />
| Ear, nose and throat<br />
|-<br />
| '''HAI'''<br />
| Healthcare-associated infections<br />
|-<br />
| '''HC'''<br />
| High care<br />
|-<br />
| '''HDF'''<br />
| High-density fibreboard<br />
|-<br />
| '''IAQ'''<br />
| Indoor air quality<br />
|-<br />
| '''ICU'''<br />
| Intensive Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''IEQ'''<br />
| Indoor environmental quality<br />
|-<br />
| '''IUSS'''<br />
| Infrastructure Unit Systems Support<br />
|-<br />
| '''MDF'''<br />
| Medium-density fibreboard<br />
|-<br />
| '''MRSA'''<br />
| Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, (a common skin bacterium that is resistant to a range of antibiotics), otherwise referred to as multi-drug resistant bacteria<br />
|-<br />
| '''NDoH'''<br />
| National Department of Health<br />
|-<br />
| '''NICU'''<br />
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''NRC'''<br />
| Noise reduction coefficient<br />
|-<br />
| '''OHS'''<br />
| Occupational health and safety<br />
|-<br />
| '''OoM'''<br />
| Order of magnitude<br />
|-<br />
| '''PMIS'''<br />
| Project Management Information System<br />
|-<br />
| '''PMSU'''<br />
| Project Management Support Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''PuR'''<br />
| Polyurethane-resistant<br />
|-<br />
| '''PVC'''<br />
| Polyvinylchloride<br />
|-<br />
| '''RC'''<br />
| Recommendation Committee<br />
|-<br />
| '''STF'''<br />
| Slips, trips and falls<br />
|-<br />
| '''TNO'''<br />
| Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research<br />
|-<br />
| '''VOC'''<br />
| Volatile organic compound<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="references"></span><br />
= REFERENCES =<br />
<br />
<span id="bibliography"></span><br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
Alcorn, A. and Wood, P., 1998. New Zealand building materials embodied energy coefficients database. (Volume II-Coefficients). Wellington, New Zealand: Centre for Building Performance Research.<br />
<br />
Cement &amp; Concrete Institute (CCI), 2009. ''Sand-cement screeds and concrete toppings for floors.'' [pdf] Midrand, South Africa: CCI. Available at: http://www.afrisam.co.za/media/13770/Sand_cement_floor_screeds_and_concrete_toppings_for_floors.pdf[Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Center for Health Assets Australasia, 2009. ''Floor coverings in healthcare buildings.'' (Technical series TS-7 version 1.1). New South Wales:NSW Health.<br />
<br />
Department of Health (DH), 2010. ''Core elements: Health Building Note 00-03: Clinical and clinical support spaces''. UK: DH.<br />
<br />
Department of Health (DoH), 1980. ''Regulations governing private hospitals and unattached operating theatres.'' (Government notice No. R.158 of the Health Act, 1971. (C.63). Cape Town South Africa: Government Gazette.<br />
<br />
Department of Health Gateway Review, Estates &amp; Facilities Division, 2011. ''Performance requirements for building elements used in healthcare facilities.'' (Version:0.6:England). [pdf] Leeds: HMSO. Available at: http://www.derbyshirelmc.org.uk/Guidance/8941-England-8941_0.6_England.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Department of Health, n.d. ''R&amp;D project B(04)02: Developing an integrated system for the optimal selection of hospital finishes.'' Aberdeen, Scotland: Department of Health.<br />
<br />
HermanMiller Healthcare, 2006. ''Sound practices: Noise control in the healthcare environment.'' (Research summary/2006). Zeeland, Michigan: Herman Miller.<br />
<br />
Joseph, A., Malone, E., Pati, D. and Quan, X., 2011. ''Healthcare environmental terms and outcome measures: An evidence-based design glossary.'' Concord, CA:The Center for Health Design.<br />
<br />
Jung, W.K., Koo, H.C., Kim, K.W., Shin, S., Kim, S.H. and Park, Y.H., 2008. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli. ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 74(7), pp.2171-2178.<br />
<br />
Lavy, S., 2010. Facility managers’ preferred interior wall finishes in acute-care hospital buildings. In: CIB, ''18th CIB World Building Congress: Facilities management and maintenance''. Salford, United Kingdom, 10-13 May 2010. Salford, United Kingdom: CIB.<br />
<br />
Makison, C. and Swan, J., 2005. The effect of humidity on the survival of MRSA on hard surfaces. (R&amp;D report B(03)02). [pdf] London: Estates and Facilities Division of the Department of Health. Available at: http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/Documents/254/B(03)02%20MRSA.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Nanda, U., Malone, E. and Joseph, A., 2012. ''Achieving EBD goals through flooring selection &amp; design.'' [pdf] Concord, CA:The Center for Health Design. Available at: http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/chd_achieving_ebd_goals_through_flooring__design_final_0.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. ''Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 56: Building component series: Partitions.'' UK: TSO.<br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. ''Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 60: Ceilings.'' 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. UK: TSO.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2006. ''Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (SHTM) 61: Building component series: Flooring.'' Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2006. ''Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (SHTM) 61: Building component series: Flooring.'' Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2007. ''Scottish Health Facilities Note 30: Infection control in the built environment: Design and planning.'' (Version 3). Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) in association with the University of Sheffield and Queen Margaret University College, 2004. ''The role of hospital design in the recruitment, retention and performance of NHS nurses in England.'' (Full report). [pdf] Edinburgh: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE). Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/files/the-role-of-hospital-design.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Welsh Health Estates, 2009. ''Health Building Note 04-01: Adult in-patient accommodation''. Cardiff, Wales:Welsh Health Estates.<br />
<br />
Wolkoff, P., 1999. How to measure and evaluate volatile organic compound emissions from building products. A perspective. ''The Science of the Total Environment,'' 227(1999), pp.197-213.<br />
<br />
<span id="websites-further-reading"></span><br />
== Websites: Further reading ==<br />
<br />
https://www.transparency.perkinswill.com<br />
<br />
http://www.gatech.edu<br />
<br />
http://www.GreenhealthMagazine.org<br />
<br />
http://greenhomeguide.com<br />
<br />
http://gbcsa.org.za<br />
<br />
http://www.green-buildings.com<br />
<br />
http://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com<br />
<br />
http://www.carpet-rug.org/documents/technical-bulletins<br />
<br />
http://www.amorimcork.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.wicanders.com<br />
<br />
http://envirocork.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.building.co.uk<br />
<br />
http://www.floorworx.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.flowcretesa.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.polyflor.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.belgotexcarpets.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.vandykcarpets.com<br />
<br />
<span id="photographic-and-illustration-credits"></span><br />
== PHOTOGRAPHIC AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Cover photo:<br />
! C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.1 to6<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.7<br />
| G. Abbott- CSIR<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.8<br />
| R. Cubbin based on Life cycle Floor Cost Table – by Nora®, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.9<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.10<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.11 to13<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.14<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.15<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.16<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.17<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.18<br />
| C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.19<br />
| C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.20 to26<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.27<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.28 to 36<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.37 to 38<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.39 to 40<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.41<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.42<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.43<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig. 44<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.45<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.46<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.47<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|}</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Materials_and_finishes_-_Internal_Floor_Finishes&diff=6129Materials and finishes - Internal Floor Finishes2026-04-22T09:48:24Z<p>SheldonBole: Removed Word doc's front page</p>
<hr />
<div>= CONTEXT =<br />
<br />
<span id="overview-finishes-in-the-healthcare-environment"></span><br />
== Overview: Finishes in the healthcare environment ==<br />
<br />
“Flooring occupies every square inch of measured healthcare facility space providing a major life cycle investment opportunity to help realise positive healthcare outcomes.” (Centre for Health Design, 2012)<br />
<br />
Build''i''ng finishes account for a large proportion of the overall cost of constructing a healthcare facility. According to Shohet et al. (2002), interior finishing and interior construction accounts for 32% of the initial budget. Maintenance and cleaning of finishes add substantially to the ‘whole-life costs’ of finishes within a hospital or healthcare facility.<br />
<br />
Despite this, finishes are often treated as optional and purely aesthetic components of the building and the spaces within it. When budget constraints are implemented, the finishes are usually the first area to suffer. Institutions will often standardise finishes across a spectrum of rooms/facilities for economy in replacement and/or cleaning regimes.<br />
<br />
Interior finishes, however, play a vital role in the healthcare environment, and contribute substantially to the delivery of healthcare service and the protection of staff and patients.<br />
<br />
<span id="until-the-germ-theory-was-developed-more-men-were-dying-from-small-wounds-and-diseases-than-from-major-traumas-on-the-frontlines.-but-as-soon-as-germ-theory-was-developed-a-whole-new-paradigm-a-better-way-of-understanding-what-was-happening-made-dramatic-significant-medical-improvement-possible-covey-1992"></span><br />
===== ''“Until the germ theory was developed, more men were dying from small wounds and diseases than from major traumas on the frontlines. But as soon as germ theory was developed a whole new paradigm, a better way of understanding what was happening made dramatic significant medical improvement possible” (Covey, 1992)'' =====<br />
<br />
In a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) in association with the University of Sheffield and Queen Margaret University College, 2004, the comments from the majority of people who visited hospitals, including staff and patients, included “cold, depressing, dehumanising, Kafkaesque, dirty, smelly, frightening, impersonal, confusing, dull shabby, windowless, grim, stressful…”. While it is a fact that most patients interviewed may have been negative as a result of their being ill, it does highlight a problem of the inhumane and threatening appearance of hospital environments (historically) where even more attention should be paid to creating a caring atmosphere.<br />
<br />
It is this paradigm shift that is required when considering and selecting finishes. The role of finishes in a healthcare facility has become as important an aspect of design as room sizes and relationships.<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1d-image6.jpeg|221x161px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Building finishes are usually seen as a separate and final application to the building structure (Dean, 1996).<br />
<br />
There are however, instances where the finish is integral to the structure. These documents therefore include finishes and materials in such cases.<br />
<br />
How to use this document:<br />
<br />
Review the selection criteria – Part B<br />
<br />
Select a room/department name in Part D, and note the performance category.<br />
<br />
'''Refer to Table 1 for the properties that make up that performance category.'''<br />
<br />
'''Refer to Part C to assess flooring types that could satisfy those performance requirements.'''<br />
<br />
Suite of documents<br />
<br />
This document forms part of a series of documents addressing internal materials and finishes in health facilities, which in turn form part of the suite of documents created under the IUSS Project. The aim of the materials and finishes suite of documents is to provide guidance on design and specification for the various building components where current legislation, including the National Building Regulations, does not adequately cover suitability of finishes in the healthcare facility context.<br />
<br />
While the guidelines speak mostly to new building work, most of the principles are consistent with refurbishment projects to existing buildings as well.<br />
<br />
Other IUSS health facility guides in this series include: ''<br /><br />
''<br />
<br />
* Internal Ceiling Finishes (draft document rev 4)<br />
* Internal Wall Finishes (draft document rev 4)<br />
* Joinery and Storage Systems (to follow)<br />
* Doors and Ironmongery (to follow)<br />
* Sanitary ware (to follow)<br />
* Signage and Wayfinding (to follow)<br />
<br />
These guidelines are updated and revised periodically, and can be accessed at [http://www.iussonline.co.za/ <u>www.iussonline.co.za</u>].<br />
<br />
The primary objective of this technical guide is to assist decision-makers with the selection of ‘appropriate’ floor finishes in the health facility context.<br />
<br />
The guide looks at the context (Part A), then examines various selection criteria (Part B) then summarises technical information of various floor finishes (Part C) to assist with assessing the best finish for the facility. Finally, the selection criteria are grouped together to form performance categories (Part D) and a matrix of rooms which indicates the most relevant performance category.<br />
<br />
<span id="policy-context"></span><br />
== Policy context ==<br />
<br />
This document offers guidance on the selection of appropriate floor finishes in health facilities. While the aim is to inform project and design teams about the wide range of considerations to take into account when selecting finishes, it does not diminish the responsibility of the design team to comply with all applicable professional and regulatory obligations and to specify materials and finishes ‘fit for purpose’.<br />
<br />
Some of the pertinent regulations are the following:<br />
<br />
* National Building Regulations and Building Standards ACT, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977) amended 30 May 2008.<br />
* SANS 10400, Code of Practice for the application of the National Building Regulations, first Rev. August 1990.<br />
<br />
SANS 204 Energy efficiency in buildings (General)<br />
<br />
SANS 281 Hardwood block and strip flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 586 Resin modified vinyl floor tiles<br />
<br />
SANS 784 Design edition 1 for access and mobility – tactile indicators<br />
<br />
SANS 786 Flexible vinyl flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 978 Wood mosaic flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 1042 Polymer floor dressings<br />
<br />
SANS 1375 Woven carpeting<br />
<br />
SANS 1415 Textile floor coverings (needle-punch)<br />
<br />
SANS 1419 Carpet underlays<br />
<br />
SANS 1449 Ceramic wall and floor tiles<br />
<br />
SANS 1549 and 52825 Raised access flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 2001 EM2 Construction works EM2 – Surface finishes – concrete floors<br />
<br />
SANS 2001 EF1 Construction works EF1 – Floor coverings and wall linings<br />
<br />
SANS 6160 Electrical resistance of floors<br />
<br />
SANS 10043 The installation of wood and laminate flooring<br />
<br />
SANS 10070 The installation of resilient thermoplastic/flexible floor covering materials<br />
<br />
SANS 10109-1 and 2 Finishes to concrete floors<br />
<br />
SANS 10177-4: Fire-testing of materials Part 4: Surface fire index of floor coverings<br />
<br />
SANS 10245 The maintenance of textile floor coverings<br />
<br />
SANS 13746 Textile floor coverings – guidelines for installation and use on stairs<br />
<br />
R158, Government Notice dated Feb 1980 (updated March 1993) Regulation pertaining to control of Private Hospitals, (revised 05 November 1996, but not gazetted).<br />
<br />
* R187, Regulations Governing Private Health Establishments, Western Cape, 22 June 2001.<br />
<br />
The design principles on the above documents must be taken into account alongside the recommendations of this document. Furthermore, the South African National Standards (SANS 10400) addresses numerous aspects involving materials and finishes. (Refer specifically to Parts J and T.) Current South African national standards applicable are as follows:<br />
<br />
Other provincial policy documents are also applicable:<br />
<br />
* KwaZulu-Natal, Department of Health Policy Document for the Design of Structural Installations, Rev.7, January 2013.<br />
* Eastern Cape Department of Roads and Public Works and Department of Health Hospital Design Guide, Rev. August 2004.<br />
<br />
<span id="selection-criteria"></span><br />
= SELECTION CRITERIA =<br />
<br />
<span id="scope"></span><br />
== Scope ==<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image7.jpeg|212x138px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Flooring is probably the most important dimension of a health facility contributing to public and patient perceptions and affecting numerous other aspects, which will be examined under the selection criteria.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image9.jpeg]]Floor finishes cannot be considered independently of their applicable subfloor, installation, adhesives or underlays and the relevant cleaning protocols. These integrated flooring systems need to be evaluated as a whole in terms of the various criteria.<br />
<br />
In the flooring industry there are four main categories of floor finish:<br />
<br />
Hard finishes<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image11.jpeg]]This would include rigid finishes such as porcelain or ceramic, marble tiles, or seamless coatings such as cementitious or epoxy coatings.<br />
<br />
Resilie'''n'''t finishes<br />
<br />
This would include flexible and semi-flexible sheeting such as vinyl, linoleum, rubber or cork.<br />
<br />
Soft finishes<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image13.jpeg]]This would include textiles such as carpets as well as walk-off mats and anti-fatigue mats.<br />
<br />
Hybrid finishes<br />
<br />
This new generation floor finish combines various materials finished with a wear layer. These layers are fused under heat and pressure.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image15.jpeg]]Each floor type has different applications and resultant benefits and disadvantages. The various characteristics would need to be weighed up against the functions of the various rooms within a healthcare facility. Other important aspects to consider in flooring are skirting, transitions or changes in floor finishes, and changes in level including ramps and stairs. These are discussed in more detail under Section C5.<br />
<br />
The following factors relating to construction and specification will also influence the floor finish:<br />
<br />
* Specifications for substrate preparation and installation must be prepared in conjunction with the supplier of the floor finish, <u>before</u> construction commences<br />
* Variance in floor finish thicknesses or falls in floors, e.g. rooms with floor drains may affect floor structure levels. Engineer input may be needed as it could potentially impact cover to reinforcement steel<br />
* Structure and substrates, e.g. concrete floors during construction need to cure and dry adequately before the application of screeds and likewise, the screed, before the application of the final floor finish.<br />
* Involvement of the floor finish supplier from specification, throughout construction and at final completion, i.e. sign-off<br />
*<br />
* Floor finish product guarantees, and prescriptive conditions that could have an impact on construction, such as quality of substrate, installation by approved installers, etc.<br />
<br />
<span id="environmental-aspects-in-the-choice-of-finishes"></span><br />
== Environmental aspects in the choice of finishes ==<br />
<br />
A guide of finishes would be incomplete without highlighting the environmental aspects in the choice of finishes.<br />
<br />
This is an extremely broad factor covering the following:<br />
<br />
* Embodied energy of materials<br />
* Life cycle costing/sustainability<br />
* Toxicity and effects of indoor environment quality<br />
<br />
<span id="embodied-energy-of-materials"></span><br />
=== Embodied energy of materials ===<br />
<br />
The term embodied energy refers to the total energy measure required to manufacture a product. This includes:<br />
<br />
* Harvesting/mining of the raw material<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Source: Alcorn and Wood, 1998.<br />
|-<br />
! Material<br />
! Embodied Energy in MJ/kg (million joules per kilogram)<br />
|-<br />
| Concrete (in situ)<br />
<br />
Concrete (precast)<br />
<br />
Hardwood timber, kiln dried, rough sawn<br />
<br />
Softwood timber, kiln dried, finished<br />
<br />
Cement<br />
<br />
Plywood<br />
<br />
Steel (virgin)<br />
<br />
Felt underlay to Carpet<br />
<br />
Carpet (polypropylene/needle-punch)<br />
<br />
Ceramic tile<br />
<br />
Rubber (natural latex)<br />
<br />
Rubber (synthetic)<br />
<br />
Vinyl flooring<br />
<br />
Linoleum<br />
| 1.0 – 1.6<br />
<br />
2.0<br />
<br />
2.0<br />
<br />
2.5<br />
<br />
7 – 8<br />
<br />
10.4<br />
<br />
32<br />
<br />
18.6<br />
<br />
95.4<br />
<br />
2.5<br />
<br />
67.5<br />
<br />
110.0<br />
<br />
79.1<br />
<br />
116.0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="section"></span><br />
===== =====<br />
<br />
Processing the material<br />
<br />
* Manufacturing the product<br />
* Transporting /delivering the product to the manufacturing plant, retail outlets and finally the end user<br />
* Labour or mechanical energy spent on placing the product in its finished position<br />
<br />
Buying locally-produced materials is an easy and achievable way to lower embodied energy of a building. The table below gives an indication of the embodied energy of various typical building materials.<br />
<br />
<u>Embodied energy of common flooring materials (finish and substrates)</u><br />
<br />
While health facility design may limit your selection of materials in terms of other performance factors, which are more critical, every opportunity to reduce the embodied energy of materials should be pursued. Manufacturers are increasingly aiming at reducing embodied energy, as well as the carbon footprint in the manufacture of their products. This is driven by the market demand and designers can contribute by choosing materials that support green initiatives in this regard.<br />
<br />
<span id="life-cycle-costing-and-sustainability"></span><br />
=== Life cycle costing and sustainability ===<br />
<br />
Life cycle costs are described as the social, economic and environmental costs of a material or product from cradle to grave – that is, from the extraction of the raw ore needed to make it, through the manufacturing, to the end use to disposal or recycling. (Daniel D. Chiras. The New Ecological Home, 2004''')'''<br />
<br />
The durability of materials is a key element in the life cycle cost assessment. A product may have a low embodied energy, but require more frequent replacement in the building.<br />
<br />
Specifiers should investigate the service life of materials with the respective manufacturers to establish its life span. This element should also be highlighted to funders who often place more emphasis on reducing the capital cost of a facility, without considering the long-term cost.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image17.jpeg]]The graph below indicates how capital outlay costs compare to life span costs – emphasising the importance of life cycle costs.<br />
<br />
Sustainability should be considered in all four stages of product life:<br />
<br />
* Manufacture<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image19.jpeg]]Use<br />
* Maintenance<br />
* Disposal<br />
<br />
The Green Building Council of South Africa has developed Green Star <sup>TM</sup> rating tools which will credit materials with the following:<br />
<br />
* Reuse of existing material<br />
* Recycling properties<br />
* Local sourcing<br />
<br />
As a practical example, and to indicate the benefit of comparing life cycle costing, the table left shows the comparative life cycle costs of various floor finishes - in this instance demonstrating the low life cycle costs of a rubber product, even though the installation cost for this product was the highest at the outset.<br />
<br />
<span id="toxicity-and-effect-on-indoor-environment"></span><br />
=== Toxicity and effect on indoor environment ===<br />
<br />
Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) is one of the nine categories of the Green Building Council of South Africa’s Green Star <sup>TM</sup> Rating Tools. These rating tools are used to assess environmental performance of a building and/or materials and through improvement in IEQ, the wellbeing of the occupant is protected.<br />
<br />
IEQ is measured in terms of the following:<br />
<br />
* Internal noise levels (this is discussed in more detail under Selection Criteria: Acoustics)<br />
* Mould prevention (this is discussed in more detail under Selection Criteria: Humidity)<br />
* Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)<br />
<br />
Materials such as paints and polyvinyl-chlorides can emit VOCs (gasses) when finishes are new and these reduce over the life span of the product. Sealants and adhesives also give off VOCs, having a negative effect on indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
VOCs can cause irritation and odour annoyance and could lead to behavioral, neurotoxic, hemotoxic and genotoxic effects (Meininghaus et al., 2000; Hoskins, 2003; Hodgson et al., 2000)<br />
<br />
According to Hoskins (2003), VOCs can be carcinogenic, depending on the compound.<br />
<br />
When considering the toxic impact on the environment in which the various floor finishes will be installed, the finish as a whole – complete with sealants, substrate material and adhesives – must be taken into account.<br />
<br />
A further important aspect to consider is the use of non-toxic materials in '''mental health facilities,''' where patients are prone to chew and ingest any materials that can be uplifted off surfaces, from paint to flooring.<br />
<br />
Every effort must be made when specifying materials and finishes in these facilities to ensure that materials and their junctions are well secured and cannot be peeled back or picked off by patients. The toxicity of the material content should also be clarified with manufacturers to ensure that these materials are safe and fit for this purpose.<br />
<br />
<span id="evidence-based-design"></span><br />
== Evidence-based design ==<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image20.jpeg|203x152px|C:\Users\Marlene\Dropbox\Marlene Personal\KHAYELITSHA HOSPITAL\023.JPG]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Determining which criteria to apply when selecting finishes appropriate for health facilities could be very subjective. However, in recent years, there have been substantial advances made by various researchers in providing scientific evidence for the impact of the healthcare environment on healthcare outcomes. Many studies, such as Ulrich et al., (2008) demonstrated connections between the design of facilities and the effect on patients, staff and the public utilising healthcare buildings. This has led to a growing understanding of what are priorities in designing health facilities:<br />
<br />
Extensive research by The Center for Health Design (CHD) Research Coalition on Evidence-Based Design literature led to the Evidence-based design glossary (Phase 1 Report Healthcare Environmental Terms and Outcome Measures) November 2011.<br />
<br />
Various unrelated research papers were gathered with intersting results. These included:<br />
<br />
* Environmental factors influencing the contamination of inanimate surfaces (including interior finish materials of flooring and furniture, as well as surface cleaning methods) Anderson, Mackle, Stoler and Mallison 1982, and Lankford, Collins, Youngberg, Rooney, Warren and Noskin 2006).<br />
* Reducing background noise in operating theatres and the impact on surgical errors (Moorthy, Munz, Dosis, Bann and Darzi, 2003).<br />
* Multiple environmental factors affecting patient fall rates (Calkins, Biddle and Biesan, 2011 and Becker et al., 2003).<br />
* Patient satisfaction with quality of care when sound-reflecting ceiling tiles were replaced with sound-absorbing tiles to reduce noise (Hagerman and Colleagues, 2005).<br />
* Positive visual distractions, including windows, nature photographs, etc. and the effect on patients’ restless behaviour in waiting rooms (Nanda, 2010, Pati and Nanda, 2011).<br />
* Nurses’ exposure to daylight correlating to job satisfaction (Alimoglu and Donmez, 2005).<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image22.jpeg]]Noise as a source of stress and its negative impact on staff (Morrison, Haas, Shaffner, Garett and Fackler, 2003).<br />
* Textile materials containing microbial agents (Takai et al., 2002).<br />
* Aesthetic appeal and its effect on patient and staff satisfaction and patient waiting (Becker and Douglass, 2008).<br />
<br />
Arising out of an overview of these studies, the following selection criteria have been identified:<br />
<br />
* Infection prevention<br />
* Cleaning and maintenance<br />
* Safety<br />
* Indoor air quality – humidity<br />
* Indoor air quality – emissions<br />
* Acoustics<br />
* Aesthetics<br />
<br />
Although all these factors are important, the specific functions of each space or room will re-order the priority of fulfilling each aspect.<br />
<br />
To assist with establishing these priorities and assessing the effects of each criterion, these are examined in more detail in the next section.<br />
<br />
<span id="selection-criteria-1"></span><br />
== Selection criteria ==<br />
<br />
''“Outbreaks of infection have been related to the design, plan layout, function and/or <u>finish</u> of the built environment.”''<br />
<br />
''Cotterill et al. 1996 and Kumari et al. 1998.''<br />
<br />
Infection prevention<br />
<br />
The South African Patients’ Rights Charter (1997) states: “Everyone has the right to a healthy and safe environment that will ensure their physical and mental health or wellbeing including … protection from all forms of environmental danger, such as pollution, ecological degradation or infection.”<br />
<br />
According to a survey conducted by Rohde (2002), materials and finishes have in the past been selected according to the following characteristics in <u>declining</u> order of importance: Aesthetics, durability, ease of maintenance, client preference, initial cost, cost of maintenance, infection control, ease of installation and life cycle cost.<br />
<br />
Selecting the correct finish is a complex process with many aspects to consider, and the many and varied room types in a health facility extend the options. However, in healthcare facilities, the importance of the effect of a particular finish on the prevention of infection control must be prioritised. While it is understood that not every area of a hospital or health facility will carry infection prevention as the highest priority, this aspect remains the most pressing issue in selection of finishes in health facilities.<br />
<br />
“Ideal features of surfaces that satisfy sustainability, infection prevention and safe patient outcomes include cleanability, resistance to moisture and reducing the risk of fungal contamination.” (Bartley, 2010 based on CDC and HICPAC Guidelines 2003)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4"| Risk categories<br />
|-<br />
| Extreme<br />
| High<br />
| Medium<br />
| Low<br />
|-<br />
| Operating theatres<br />
| General wards<br />
| Pathology units<br />
| Offices<br />
|-<br />
| Intensive care units<br />
| Dispensary production areas<br />
| Outpatients units<br />
| Engineering workshops<br />
|-<br />
| Sterile supply units<br />
| Treatment rooms<br />
| Dispensaries<br />
| Medical records<br />
|-<br />
| Neonatal<br />
| Nurseries<br />
| Radiology<br />
| Plant rooms<br />
|-<br />
| Delivery units<br />
|<br />
| Kitchenettes/ward kitchens<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Burns units<br />
|<br />
| Mortuaries<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Oncology units<br />
|<br />
| Public areas<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Renal units<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The rising incidence of HAIs in hospital and medical facilities supports the view that the selection of materials must first address infection prevention. This impacts the choice of materials in two aspects. The first is whether the surfaces are likely to become reservoirs for infectious agents. This is a function of the surface conditions and structure of the flooring. The second is the ability to clean the finish, and this is discussed further in the next section.<br />
<br />
The Center for Disease Control in the United States quoted statistics in 2010 of one out of every 20 hospitalised patients contracting HAIs, particularly in relation to sepsis and pneumonia.<br />
<br />
Although there is no known direct evidence linking HAIs in patients to particular floor finishes, there have been numerous studies conducted on microbial counts on floor finishes – particularly in soft textiles such as carpets. Beyer and Belsito (2000) proved that carpets acted as a reservoir for fungi and bacteria.<br />
<br />
Anderson, et al., (1982) also carried out microbiological studies comparing patient rooms with and without carpets. The study found higher microbial counts and more E. coli and other organisms on carpet samples than bare floors.<br />
<br />
There are two schools of thought in relation to the contentious issue of the use of carpets in healthcare facilities. The one approach builds on the studies listed above and cautions against the use of carpeting where spills would result in damp settings, which are then conducive to growth of bacteria. The role of cleaning in these circumstances would be paramount, but a study by Joseph (2006) found that contamination levels quickly returned to pre-cleaning status and hence were not a reliable means of maintaining a clean surface.<br />
<br />
The other approach maintains that carpets neatly trap micro-organisms, which can then be removed by HEPA filter vacuum cleaners. This is compared to hard or resilient surfaces which encourage the redistribution of particles into the air during sweeping or mopping. (Radke, 1997)<br />
<br />
The emphasis would then shift to cleaning protocols and management issues. Notwithstanding, it is recommended that carpets be avoided where patients are at greater risk of infection. Above is a table adapted from NSW Health: Infection Control Policy (PD 2007-035), which sets out patient risk categories.<br />
<br />
When selecting finishes for a room/area that has an extreme or high infection control risk, special care has to be taken to select an appropriate finish. The available types of skirting to suit the floor finish chosen, must also be considered.<br />
<br />
<span id="a-note-about-skirtings"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image24.jpeg]]A note about skirtings ====<br />
<br />
The specifier must ensure that there is proper detailing to the joint between the wall and floor finish. In high risk functional areas, such as an operating theatres, or where immunocompromised patients are accommodated (such as ICU wards), there should be no joint between the horizontal and vertical surfaces, but rather a rounded integral skirting as a continuation of the floor finish.<br />
<br />
Skirting in clinical areas should be a minimum of 150 mm and 100 mm high in non-clinical areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-can-be-one-of-the-following"></span><br />
==== Skirtings can be one of the following: ====<br />
<br />
* Integral or coved skirting, which is achieved by installing the floor finish over a 20 to 35 mm radius-coved fillet at the junction of the wall and floor, which supports the continuation of the floor finish up the wall surface for a short distance. This removes the edge of the floor-sheet, and the ‘joint’ with the wall finish from the corner and makes it more accessible and open for cleaning and maintenance. The top edge of the flooring must be finished with a capping strip, secured and sealed so as to not compromise infection control. This is achievable with sheeting products such as vinyl or linoleum.<br />
* Pre-formed set-in skirtings can also be used, and are applied with adhesives, and seal the joint between floor and walls.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image25.jpeg|302x264px|C:\Users\Marlene\Dropbox\Marlene Personal\KHAYELITSHA HOSPITAL\076.JPG]]Sit-on skirtings can vary, from timber to specially formed skirtings, which are not integral. Textile floor finishes are normally applied with a flat, i.e. not coved integral skirting.<br />
<br />
Refer to Part D for the individual types of flooring and related skirting, applicable to each floor finish.<br />
<br />
Floors that resist the spread of infection will have qualities that can be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
* Smooth<br />
* Impervious<br />
* Joint-less/seamless<br />
<br />
On the opposite side of this spectrum, where infection prevention is the lowest priority, flooring will have the following properties:<br />
<br />
* Perforated<br />
* Textured<br />
* Jointed<br />
<br />
<span id="a-note-about-antibacterial-treatments-and-additives-to-flooring-products"></span><br />
==== A note about antibacterial treatments and additives to flooring products: ====<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers tout the additional benefit of anti-microbial treatment in paints or grout to combat bacteria. The use of antimicrobial additives in the built environment is growing, for example - the impregnation of wood framing with silver nitrate to prevent microbial and mould growth, and extend the life span of the wood.<br />
<br />
“Over the last few years, some carpet manufacturers have treated their products with fungicidal and/or bactericidal chemicals. Although these chemicals may help to reduce the overall numbers of bacteria or fungi present in carpet, their use does not preclude the routine care and maintenance of the carpeting”<br />
<br />
Center for Disease Control –<br />
<br />
Guideline for Environmental Infection Control: 2003<br />
<br />
The CDC HICPAC guidelines (CDC 2003) indicate that there is no evidence that antimicrobial-impregnated articles will prevent disease. There is a need for further research on products treated with these chemicals in terms of their potential risk and benefit.<br />
<br />
* The US Carpet and Rug Institute issued a technical bulletin in 2007 in this regard to curb ‘over-zealous marketing claims’ regarding these treatments and what they achieve. Since the treatment is applied to the carpet fibres or the backing – or both - no implicit human health claims can be made about the finished product unless that finished product has been tested and registered through an accredited independent testing organisation.<br />
* Synthetic fibres, such as polypropylene textile and vinyl sheeting for example, in themselves do no provide a nutrient source which microbes need to survive, but some finishes can trap soil, dust and moisture which do provide that source.<br />
* The American Institute of architects has cautioned against the overzealous adoption of antimicrobial surface finishes without the existence and review of independently validated evidence for dosage, efficacy and efficacy claims.<br />
* The application of antimicrobial surface finishes in is only recommended in South African burns units and where independently validated evidence of efficacy, dosage and safety are available, reviewed and approved.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance"></span><br />
=== Cleaning and maintenance ===<br />
<br />
Cleaning and maintenance of floor finishes is interconnected to infection control, occupational health safety (OHS), slips, trips and falls (STFs) and life cycle costing.<br />
<br />
The ability of the floor finish to be cleaned will define the extent to which infectious agents can be removed and prevented from multiplying. For cleaning to be effective, the floor finish must be able to withstand regular and fairly vigorous cleaning.<br />
<br />
Sufficient access to all areas of the finish or adversely, the absence of any inaccessible gaps, voids, joints is of critical importance, to prevent breeding areas for bacteria, etc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image27.jpeg]]A further aspect to consider is the level of disruption required to carry out the cleaning of the floor finish regularly. While textile finishes can reduce cold and institutional environments, they would be totally unsuitable in areas with a high infection control risk and a high incidence of soiling.<br />
<br />
Damage or shortened life spans of floor finishes are greatly reduced by dirt traps or walk-off carpets at main entrances. Refer to Section C5.<br />
<br />
It is also important for the manufacturer of the floor finish to convey the cleaning and maintenance required for product guarantees to remain, to the end-user or institution. An effective cleaning regime is the primary means of defence in terms of controlling infection.<br />
<br />
Floors that have a high priority for easy cleaning and low dirt retention can be summarised as follows:<br />
<br />
* Low maintenance<br />
* Washable<br />
<br />
<span id="safety"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image29.jpeg]]Safety ===<br />
<br />
Safety as a selection factor for floor finishes can be broadly discussed under the following subheadings:<br />
<br />
* Slips, trips and falls (STF)<br />
* Occupational health safety (OHS)<br />
* Slip resistance<br />
* Wheeled equipment use<br />
* Fire performance<br />
<br />
<span id="slips-trips-and-falls-stf"></span><br />
==== Slips, trips and falls (STF) ====<br />
<br />
The following factors impact on the incidence and prevention of STFs:<br />
<br />
* Frictional/slip resistance characteristics of the floor finish<br />
* Presence of moisture or fluids, e.g., water, cleaning agents, blood, etc. on the floor<br />
* Cleaning of the floor<br />
* Pedestrian footwear<br />
* Human movement across floor, e.g., walking on crutches, pushing a bed/trolley, carrying objects<br />
* Lighting levels on floor<br />
* Change in level of floor, e.g., ramps, stairs<br />
* Change in floor finish<br />
* Age of pedestrian – the aged and children are most prone to STFs<br />
<br />
<span id="occupational-health-safety-ohs"></span><br />
==== Occupational health safety (OHS) ====<br />
<br />
For the purpose of this document, OHS is highlighted in terms of the safety of the staff working in the health facility.<br />
<br />
Floor finishes can impact on staff as follows:<br />
<br />
* Risk of STFs, as dealt with above<br />
* Negative impacts on feet and legs from standing and walking<br />
* Movability of wheeled equipment, such as trolleys and beds<br />
* Risk of injury while cleaning surfaces<br />
<br />
Hard surfaces such as porcelain tiles cause more feet and leg fatigue than resilient surfaces, such as vinyl and linoleum. Suitable footwear can also alleviate the fatigue.<br />
<br />
Negative OHS impacts on cleaning staff tasked with regular cleaning of rough surfaces and should also be considered, such as possible arm and shoulder injuries.<br />
<br />
<span id="slip-resistance"></span><br />
==== Slip resistance ====<br />
<br />
Slip resistance of a floor finish is impacted on the following basic factors:<br />
<br />
* Surface macro roughness<br />
* Surface micro roughness<br />
* Surface profile<br />
* Properties of the footwear in contact with the floor<br />
* Slope or angle of the floor, e.g., ramps<br />
* Potential for the presence of moisture through regular cleaning or by accidental spills e.g., blood)<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image31.jpeg]]The potential risk of reduced slip resistance, caused by cleaning operations, should be considered. Adequate visual notices such as: “Cleaning in progress/Caution wet floors” and the cordoning off of wet areas and allowing sufficient time for drying of the floor, are basic methods of managing the risk. Selecting the appropriate cleaning agent and applying it in correct concentration, also affects the slip resistance of a floor.<br />
<br />
<span id="wheeled-equipment-use"></span><br />
==== Wheeled equipment use ====<br />
<br />
Wheeled equipment, such as beds, trolleys, wheelchairs, etc. are used frequently in health facilities. The ease with which wheeled equipment can be used on a floor should be considered when selecting a finish. This is of critical importance to rehabilitation and acute departments. The movement of obese patients should also be considered generally.<br />
<br />
A general rule is that the larger the wheels’ diameter, the more the manoeuvrability of the equipment increases.<br />
<br />
The material that the wheels are made of also has an impact. Softer materials, like rubber and inflated wheels, suit hard or resilient finishes. Hard or solid wheel materials, like nylon, suit resilient finishes better. Damage can also be caused by wheeled equipment, particularly if heavy use levels occur or where heavy equipment, e.g. mobile X-Ray machine is used and this should be considered when the floor finish is selected.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image33.jpeg]]This factor would be relevant where rooms may have a higher risk due to the above features, and in this instance, flooring with properties that could be beneficial in these circumstances would be indicated thus:<br />
<br />
Safety<br />
<br />
Note: The requirement for fire safety in respect will not vary much from room to room within a health facility, and is therefore considered a global requirement in the overall building, rather than a ‘selection criteria’ for an individual space. The specifier would need to consult the fire regulations applicable to the building type.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality"></span><br />
=== Indoor air quality ===<br />
<br />
There are two critical aspects to be considered when selecting floor finishes under the heading of indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
* The first is the effect of the functions in that environment on the flooring material - namely water/moisture in wet spaces.<br />
* The second is the effect of the material on the floor material - namely the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).<br />
<br />
<span id="humidity"></span><br />
==== Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Proper moisture control is essential in order to reduce health risks and sick building syndrome in an enclosed space<br />
<br />
<blockquote>''Mortenson et al., 2005''<br />
</blockquote><br />
Certain rooms and areas of health facilities are by nature of the function they house, wet spaces. These are spaces specifically used for the purpose of cleaning, washing, bathing or food preparation. These rooms will generate more moisture than others, and as a result will require moisture resistant finishes. If the floor finishes are hygroscopic, these finishes can be prone to mildew and mould growth. Surfaces must remain dry and clean in order to prevent the growth of fungus. (Hodgson et al., 2000)<br />
<br />
Non-porous materials that do not absorb water are essential in these areas. These materials should also withstand regular cleaning, and should be able to withstand regular exposure to the moisture. Indoor air quality (IAQ) may be compromised by microbial contaminants such as mould, bacteria, allergens, chemicals, etc. in the air, which can affect the health of people. Where this is a requirement in a floor finish, this property will be listed as:<br />
<br />
* High humidity<br />
<br />
<span id="emissions-from-materials"></span><br />
==== Emissions from materials ====<br />
<br />
As discussed under environmental aspects, the kind of flooring installed can affect the environmental quality of the interior if VOCs are given off (commonly referred to as off-gassing) by one of the following:<br />
<br />
* The product itself<br />
* The adhesives used to fix the product<br />
<br />
“Unnecessary noise is the most cruel abuse of care which can be inflicted on either the sick or the well”<br />
<br />
Florence Nightingale (1859)<br />
<br />
The sealants used to finish<br />
<br />
* The cleaning solutions required for regular maintenance<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image35.jpeg]]The smell of the interior of a new car – enjoyed by many – is an example of plasticisers that have evaporated – emissions that affect the indoor air quality. Various methods for measuring VOCs have been developed in recent years since the increase in awareness that these emissions exist and can have an influence on the indoor air quality.<br />
<br />
The Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA) awards points in the IEQ13 Category where interior finishes minimise the contribution and levels of VOCs in buildings – with reference to paints, adhesives/sealants and carpets/flooring, where these products meet the IEQ levels outlines. IEQ14 section measured the formaldehyde minimisation, which is common with composite wood products. In addition, MAT-7 section recognises the reduction of PVC-products in the building materials used. It should be noted that primary VOCs decline quickly in the short-term (&lt;1 year), while secondary emissions can continue for the life span of the product, and should also be borne in mind when assessing this aspect of materials. Timing of the testing will yield very diverse results.<br />
<br />
Occupants with respiratory weaknesses such as asthma are most likely to be affected by VOC-emissions, and high-risk patients would benefit from materials that do not contribute to their condition. The ultimate goal of reducing emissions in the manufacture of building products should be to create a better and healthier environment for the patients and users of the facility.<br />
<br />
However, the ‘order of magnitude’ should also be applied when using ‘low VOC emissions’ as a criterion to select finishes. The use of vinyl sheeting, for example, may result in higher VOC emissions than say, ceramic tiles, but the infection control benefits of the seamless finish of the vinyl will outweigh the risks from VOC emissions. (More fatalities in patients have been linked to infection control issues than to VOC emissions issues.) 1999)<br />
<br />
<blockquote>To achieve ‘low VOC emissions’ should be a global criterion for a healthcare building rather than for one or more specific rooms, and hence a separate criterion has not been listed for this item. More detail on the VOC-emissions of the individual flooring types is discussed under the Technical Section C.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<span id="acoustics"></span><br />
=== Acoustics ===<br />
<br />
Noise in health facilities is mainly generated by the following:<br />
<br />
* Impact sounds, e.g., pedestrian and wheeled equipment, bedrails moved up and down, doors closing and opening, footfalls, etc.<br />
* Airborne sounds, e.g., speech, medical equipment bleeps and alarms, nurse calls, PA system, etc.<br />
<br />
Acoustical engineers at John Hopkins University found that average (continuous level equivalent, LA<sub>eq</sub>) daytime hospital noise levels have risen from 57 dBA in 1960, to 72 dBA in 2006, with night-time sounds increasing from 42 dBA to 60 dBA over the same period. (Sound Practices: Noise Control in the Healthcare Environment – Research Summary, 2006, Herman Miller Healthcare). An average motorcycle noise level measures 85 dB. The World Health Organization recommended LA<sub>eq</sub> value for ward areas is 30 dBA.<br />
<br />
Studies have shown that high levels of noise have negative physical and psychological effects on patients, disrupting sleep, increasing stress and raising blood pressure levels (Cmiel et al., 2004). The University of Michigan released a news brief in November 2005, showing that chronic noise increased the risk of heart-attack in patients by 50% for men and 75% for women. The negative effect of chronic noise extends to staff as well. While the presence of electronic devices and healthcare apparatus, designed to give audible signals and alarms to the nursing staff of the patient’s vital signs, architects and health facility planners need to make an effort to minimise this effect of noise and alarm fatigue.<br />
<br />
Long straight passages are perfect echo corridors, often amplifying noises. Disturbances in the sound path help limit the sound transmission, for example by creating steps in the ceiling level or changes of direction in the passageways.<br />
<br />
People who work in noisy environments for long shifts day in and day out, also have similar stress-induced experiences. They report everything from exhaustion to burnout, depression and irritability”<br />
<br />
S. Mazer –<br />
<br />
Healing Healthcare Systems<br />
<br />
Nurses’ stations during shift change are areas where noise levels can reach those similar to jack-hammer levels, according to Cmiel, et al. (2004). Consideration should be given to applying acoustic materials to these areas to maximise sound absorption where possible.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image37.jpeg]]Recesses to accommodate noisy equipment can also be treated acoustically to reduce reverberation. Distance is also a good strategy where feasible as sound intensity decreases with distance, provided that the room dimensions and surfaces are such that there is very little reverberation.<br />
<br />
Flooring that absorbs sound, or at least does not contribute to noise levels, used in conjunction with sound absorbent ceiling finishes should be used in key areas such as nurses’ rest rooms or waiting areas where infection control requirements would not be as critical. In areas where sound reduction rates highly as a requirement (e.g. ICU and general wards), then this factor would be listed as:<br />
<br />
* High acoustic<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics"></span><br />
=== Aesthetics ===<br />
<br />
Research results from CABE (2004 and 2005), King’s Fund (2004) and Leather, Beale and Lee (2000) all highlight the need for an integrated, holistic and sympathetic hospital aesthetic.<br />
<br />
Key results show that the architectural setting, including finishes, has an effect on the patient’s experience as well as the recruitment and retention of staff – happy staff are more motivated to care for patients, who in turn recover more quickly.<br />
<br />
Paediatric wards particularly give an opportunity to set a playful scene and help little patients feel at ease. In public areas, more emphasis may also be required for an attractive and welcoming interior.<br />
<br />
Colour and pattern can be used in floor finishes in health facilities for practical and aesthetical purposes:<br />
<br />
* to improve the ‘institutional/cold’ interior look of the facility, room or area;<br />
* for way-finding, e.g., colour-coding per department; or<br />
* to create ‘spaces’ by giving individuality, e.g., to a specific area within a large open area.<br />
<br />
However, the following is to be considered:<br />
<br />
* Excessive combination of colours and patterns are inappropriate in certain areas/rooms, such as operating theatres.<br />
* Some patterns and colours could impact negatively on certain patient groups, e.g., the aged or mentally ill.<br />
<br />
Where aesthetics is a primary requirement, this factor will be listed as:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image40.jpeg]]High aesthetics<br />
<br />
<span id="technical-information-flooring-types"></span><br />
= TECHNICAL INFORMATION – FLOORING TYPES =<br />
<br />
<span id="hard-finishes"></span><br />
== Hard finishes ==<br />
<br />
Hard finishes are generally durable and easy to keep clean. As with any floor finish, a poor substrate will result in poor performance by the finish on the floor. The following factors should be considered in installation of any hard finish:<br />
<br />
* The concrete floor slab should be sufficiently cured and have achieved the required moisture content before the screed is applied. These tests can be performed by hydro, Romus or Tramex meters.<br />
* The screed specification to be adapted to suit the requirements of the manufacturer. Consider thickness, strength, levelness, panels etc. SANS 50197-1: 2000 and SANS 1083 refers.<br />
* The specifier should consult with the manufacturer and obtain detailed installation methods and procedures confirming joint widths, joint material, adhesive, primers, recommended panel sizes, movement joints at wall perimeters, on panels and expansion joint sealers.<br />
* It is useful to specify and include floor-traps in tiled floors for easy draining when cleaning, but ensure then that the screed is laid to fall to the floor drain.<br />
<br />
<span id="porcelain-and-ceramic-tiles"></span><br />
=== Porcelain and ceramic tiles ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image43.jpeg]]Porcelain and ceramic tiles generally provide a durable, aesthetically acceptable floor finish that is moisture-resistant. A wide spectrum of tiles is available, with varying sizes, material composition, quality and cost, resulting in varying performance. Porcelain and/or ceramic tiles are most commonly used in health facilities in wet areas, such as bathrooms, kitchens, utility and cleaning areas due to the impervious quality and performance under wet conditions. The use of unglazed tiles not recommended in health facilities as these absorb moisture and other fluids which may be present in kitchens, mortuaries, etc.<br />
<br />
The specifier should research the actual tile carefully, ascertain if the product is imported, what long-term stocks would be available, and ensure the tiles have been sufficiently cured. Where possible, the specifier should use full-bodied porcelain tiles rather than glazed porcelain or glazed ceramic tiles. This is evident in the comparison of the general properties of the two tile types as follows:<br />
<br />
* Full-bodied porcelain tile:<br />
* ‘Colour’ is throughout, as the term ‘full-bodied’ implies.<br />
* ‘Squareness’ of tiles consistent with minor deviations.<br />
* Tile sizes are consistent with minor deviations.<br />
* Smaller joints can be used, due to tile size consistency.<br />
* ‘Flatness’ of tile face consistent.<br />
<br />
Glazed ceramic tile:<br />
<br />
* ‘Colour’ is a glaze on top of tile that can wear or chip off.<br />
* Tile sizes can vary.<br />
* ‘Squareness’ of tiles can vary.<br />
* Wider joints required, due to size and squareness inconsistencies.<br />
* Tiles often not ‘flat’ and edge surfaces tend to dip resulting in uneven floors.<br />
* Porcelain tiles carry a PEI-rating which will indicate the anticipated wear rating of that tile and what applications will be suitable. The ratings range from Class 0 (wall tile only – should not be used on floors) to Class 5, which is suited to heavy commercial and institutional floors subjected to heavy traffic. This Class 5 would be the required rating for hospitals or healthcare facilities.<br />
<br />
The more highly polished the tile, the less slip resistance, so porcelain tiles should be used with careful consideration in health facilities. They could be used in a mortuary, hospital kitchen and laundry where non-slip tiles would be necessary and in non-circulation route public spaces, such as cafeterias.<br />
<br />
Infection prevention<br />
<br />
Although an individual tile unit complies with selection criteria such as being impervious, and easy to clean, a finished tiled floor - including grout and movement joints - provides a less favourable result in terms of:<br />
<br />
* Grout in the joints is porous and can retain moisture which encourages the growth of mould.<br />
* Grout joints pose a potential infection control risk in small cracks and openings that form between the tile edge and the body of the grout.<br />
* Expansion joint material (polysulfide, etc.) is susceptible to damage, due to wear and mechanical cleaning.<br />
* Tiles may crack and chip when items are dropped on them – creating small cracks where moisture can be retained and microbes can grow.<br />
* Replacement of these damaged tiles, or re-grouting is disruptive to the daily operations of the facility.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image45.jpeg]]Antifungal grout will contribute to the control of mildew, but cannot replace good maintenance regimes.<br />
<br />
Cleaning and maintenance<br />
<br />
Porcelain tiled floors generally require to be cleaned with water and cleaning agent, using a map or similar. For specific spills in specialised areas, such as hospital kitchens and mortuaries, appropriate cleaning will be required. The ease of cleaning, as well as the durability of the tiles under rigorous cleaning regimes, makes a tiled floor suitable in areas where spills are common – such as kitchens and bathrooms.<br />
<br />
Safety<br />
<br />
Highly polished (especially porcelain-tiled) surfaces can be a slip hazard, particularly where frail or weak patients will navigate the area. This is amplified during cleaning procedures. High reflection and glare can also lead to disorientation. (Wilmott and Colleagues, 1986)<br />
<br />
* Tiles with non-slip surfaces can be used where risks are higher, and the likelihood of water on the floor is more prevalent, but note that increasing the texture of the tile for slip resistance will also create a ‘cleanability’ issue.<br />
* The potential for injury is also increased where slips or trips lead to falls on the unforgiving, hard surface.<br />
* Tiled surfaces also contribute to staff fatigue more than softer finishes.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
The polished or glazed surfaces of the tiles make them highly suitable and unaffected by high humidity in the room. However, as mentioned above, the joints are susceptible to moisture retention and encourage mould and microbe growth in the minute cracks and gaps. Proper scrubbing and regular maintenance will inhibit fungal contamination.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Porcelain tiles and cementitious grout ('''not recommended in health facilities''') do not generate VOC emissions, but some adhesives, other grouts, sealants and cleaning agents do generate VOCs affecting the indoor air quality. The production of tiles has a high energy input, with high sustainability production ‘costs’ and production emissions.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-1"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Tiles contribute substantially to noise in the healthcare setting. This is due to the hard, reflective surfaces, as well as the small dips at the joints, which cause the clattering of trolley wheels common in these facilities. The specifier should consider the kind of traffic that will be using the space and the resultant acoustic effect.<br />
<br />
<div class="figure"><br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image46.jpeg|296x101px]]<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Aesthetics<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image47.png|264x267px]]Tiles are available in a wide selection of colours, shapes and sizes. This allows for visually appealing non-institutional aesthetics in health facilities. Patterns can be used for wayfinding or demarcation of public and off-limit areas, as well as branding in foyers and front of house areas. Since the surfaces do not scratch or scuff easily, the aesthetic appeal is durable.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Skirting on tiles floors can be formed by simply cutting floor tiles or using preformed ceramic or porcelain skirting tiles. Wall tiles are common in wet areas, running from ceiling to floor, and no separate skirting is needed. The joints between the wall and floor are however an infection control risk area, as these areas are not easy to clean or dry, and moisture retention leads to bacterial contamination.<br />
<br />
Figure 24<br />
<br />
''<br /><br />
''<br />
<br />
'''SPEC FOR FULL-BODIED PORCELAIN TILES'''<br />
<br />
Allow all new concrete work and screeds to cure for at least 28 days before proceeding. All new concrete work and screeds must have a moisture content of 5% or less before tiling can be commenced. When tiling directly onto concrete, ensure that the surfaces are clean and free of all traces of shutter release and curing agents, laitance and any other surface contaminants, preferably by scarifying or sandblasting.<br />
<br />
Full-bodied porcelain floor tiles PEI-rating Class 5, size 400 x 400 x 8 mm ''(confirm size)'' affixed to wood floated 1:4 cement and sand screed with manufacturer-approved rapid setting tile adhesive using a notched floor trowel with 3 mm joints continuous in both directions, grouted with fine epoxy grout as approved by the manufacturer. Allow a minimum 5 mm expansion joints at perimeter, and maximum 5 m centres internally in both directions and allow all structural expansion and construction joints to be carried through. ''(Confirm colour and code.)''<br />
<br />
Typical specifications for tiling – e.g., full-bodied porcelain<br />
<br />
<span id="terrazzo-cementitious-and-seamless-coatings"></span><br />
=== Terrazzo, cementitious and seamless coatings ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-1"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image49.jpeg]] General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Terrazzo is a composite material, consisting of marble, quartz, granite, onyx and glass chips in a cement or resinous matrix, poured in situ. After curing, it is ground and polished to a smooth finish. Application requires skill and experience. The use of terrazzo in health facilities should be restricted to high volume ‘front of house’ areas, with careful consideration to slip resistance.<br />
<br />
Cementitious and granolithic toppings generally provide a hard, durable and cost-effective finish. Grano requires a good specification, attention to aggregate selection and experience in application. These finishes are suited to use in plant rooms and external passages and provide a fairly slip-resistant finish.<br />
<br />
Epoxy/polyurethane/resin coatings – This term encompasses a wide range of liquid or trowel applied products such as epoxy, polyurethane resins. Thicknesses of coatings vary. This provides a more impervious surface than cementitious coatings.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although these finishes produce continuous, seamless coatings, the product should be laid in panels according to the manufacturer’s instruction, and underslab joints must be carried through the finish. These finishes are commonly used in food process and pharmaceutical prep areas due to the high chemical resistance, abrasion and impact resistance.<br />
<br />
Both cementitious and granolithic toppings are prone to fine, barely noticeable cracks and together with the ‘panel joints’ present weaknesses in terms of infection control as these areas can store moisture and encourage microbial growth.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-1"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The impervious surface lends itself to easy cleaning and maintenance and the surface resists most chemicals and does not stain easily. The finish is able to withstand rigorous cleaning regimes and mild alkaline detergent used with a single- or double-head rotary scrubber is recommended for regular cleaning. With good maintenance, a life expectancy of 10 years is common.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-1"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Epoxy finishes present an increased risk of slips, trips and falls due to the smoothness of the surface, and this is amplified during cleaning. Nonslip finishes are available, but decrease ‘cleanability’ of the surface.<br />
<br />
The hard surface increases the risk of injury when falls do happen, and staff fatigue is also increased due to the hardness underfoot. The installation process presents OHS risks during construction, e.g.: grinding of terrazzo, scarifying substrate to prepare for cementitious topping application, etc.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-1"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
These surfacbodes are durable in areas of high moisture/humidity and are easily dried with the appropriate mops, making them suitable for service areas. The fine cracks which can result will retain moisture, however, making them unsuitable for use where infection control is a high priority.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-1"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Body The high synthetic content of epoxy and polyurethane coatings affect the indoor environment through VOC-emissions. These are most notable directly after installation, but these continue, albeit reduced, for the life span of the product. This does vary from one manufacturer to another, and most will claim low VOC emissions, and some even claim VOC--free products.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-2"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image51.jpeg]]The hard reflective surface of this finish will contribute significantly to a noisy environment as very little sound absorption will take place. This finish is not suitable for use in sound-sensitive environments.<br />
<br />
Allow all new concrete work and screeds to cure for at least 28 days before proceeding, and ensure a minimum strength of 25 mPa is achieved. The surface is to be free from laitance, dust and any other contamination, and must not exceed relative humidity of 75%. The installation is to be carried out by a subcontractor approved by the product manufacturer only. Apply primer at 0.25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> followed by 8 mm epoxy terrazzo topping including granite chips at a rate of 16.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and an average density of 2.1 kg/litre (''confirm colour.)'' The topping to be ground down to 6 mm, all joints grouted with manufacturer approved coloured grout, and the surface to be sealed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.<br />
<br />
Aesthetics<br />
<br />
Terrazzo coatings are available in vivid colours, and stone chip textures give a lively appearance below the glossy smooth surface. Vibrant patterns can be created for an impressive foyer for example. Most other epoxy and cementitious coatings are monochromatic, flat colours that appear quite utilitarian. They are most commonly used in plant rooms.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-1"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Integral skirting can be formed in one with the floor covering for a clean and tidy junction. Skill and experience is needed for a neat, durable result. The same tendency to crazing and cracks over long lengths will increase the infection control risk.<br />
<br />
Typical specifications for terrazzo<br />
<br />
Float up to 5 mm of finished surface with layers of concrete (grano) approximately 10 mm thick, composed 1 part cement, 2.5 parts concrete sand and 3.5 parts granite or other approved hard stone chippings. Form finished surface with 1 part cement and 1 part fine granite chippings or other approved hard stone (graded up to particles which will pass a 6 mm mesh) brought to a smooth surface with a steel trowel. Grano finish: 30 mpa (25 mm thick). The floating and finishing coats are to be performed in one operation. The grano-lithic work is to be carried out by experienced workmen and is to be laid in panels v-jointed and not exceeding 6 m<sup>2</sup> in area unless otherwise specified. Thin strips of wood or other suitable materials are to be laid between panels to break contact. All granolithic floors are to be covered up and protected from damage and discoloration during the progress of the work. Allow for cleaning down and for one coat of architect approved wax polish, well rubbed into floor at completion. No dry cement powder or grout to be applied to surface preparation of surface beds.<br />
<br />
Ensure grano substrate has a maximum moisture content of 4%. The surface is to be free from laitance, dust and any other contamination. The installation is to be carried out by a subcontractor approved by the product manufacturer only. Prime surface with manufacturer recommended clear primer (spread rate –<br /><br />
6 m²/litre). Apply three coats semi-gloss water-based epoxy coating ''(confirm colour) wi''th a minimum dry film thickness of 60 microns thick per coat with a maximum over-coating time of 12 hours. Applied in accordance with approved manufacturer specifications.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for grano<br />
<br />
Typical specification for epoxy paint (to be applied to grano)<br />
<br />
<span id="resilient-finishes"></span><br />
== Resilient finishes ==<br />
<br />
Resilient finishes are generally flexible floor coverings that provide a continuous impervious finish well suited to the healthcare environment’s needs. The sheeting is seldom more than 5 mm thick and is therefore very dependent on the quality of the sub-base onto which it is laid.<br />
<br />
Due to the comparatively thin, smooth, polished aesthetics of resilient flooring, it is critically important that the sub-base is of adequate strength, perfectly level and has controlled moisture content, as any failure in the substrate will affect the performance of the floor finish. Any imperfections will be emphasised, creating scuffing and uneven wear. Minor movements in substrate however can be tolerated in the flexibility of the sheeting.<br />
<br />
In recent years, self-levelling screeds/compounds have been introduced prior to the installation of sheeting. A variety of products are available of varying strength, thicknesses, cost and drying periods. Generally, self-levelling screeds are fast-setting, allowing foot traffic within hours and sheeting application within short periods, from 24 hours to longer. Installers can lay around 200 m<sup>2</sup>/hour. Sheeting is applied with adhesives to the substrate as per the manufacturer’s specifications. Joints in resilient sheeting are formed by using welding rods and these are heat welded for a seamless finish.<br />
<br />
Building expansion joints needs to be taken through the self-levelling and sheeting to allow movement and special cover-strips are used in these instances.<br />
<br />
Typical screed specification<br />
<br />
Screeds are a critical part of ensuring a successful floor covering, and where thin sheeting such as vinyl, etc. is to be applied to the surface, the specification of the screed must meet certain criteria. The four important aspects are:<br />
<br />
* Strength – is it strong enough for its purpose?<br />
* Levelness – is it level enough for its purpose?<br />
* Moisture content – is there moisture present?<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR SCREED STRENGTH<br />
<br />
The screed mix must consist of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand. Both sand and stone must comply with SABS 1083. Cement must comply with SANS 50197-1:2000, and achieve strength of 25 mPa. No dry mix permitted. The screed must be laid to a minimum of 25 mm thick (preferably 40 mm thick) with a wood-trowelled finish where self-levelling compound is to be laid. Cube samples of the screed mix must comply when tested in accordance with SANS 5861-3:1994. The dry, cured (minimum of 14 days) screed must also be tested using a BRE screed tester, with one test per 20 to 25 m<sup>2</sup>, and 3 to 5 m intervals on corridors.<br />
<br />
These tests must meet the requirements as follows: ''(specify which is relevant)''<br />
<br />
Strength Category A – maximum of 3 mm indentation – for hospital operating suites and related corridors or rooms requiring microbe or dust-free environments.<br />
<br />
Strength Category B – maximum of 4 mm indentation – for public areas such as lobbies, passages, wards<br />
<br />
Strength Category C – maximum of 5 mm indentation – for offices, consulting rooms and domestic premises<br />
<br />
Since most projects will carry a single specification for screed to cover all areas of the project, the best category applicable should be used – which is Category A.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR LEVELNESS – IN HEALTH FACILITIES<br />
<br />
The screed must meet Class 1 standard for levelness (which means that there is a maximum difference of 3 mm, from the highest to the lowest point, over a 3 m straight line joining two points on the surface.) This test can be conducted with an aluminium straight edge, and should be checked in various directions on the screed.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image54.jpeg]][[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image58.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
Adhesion to the concrete slab – is it sticking to the slab?<br />
<br />
'''SPEC FOR SCREED STRENGTH:'''<br />
<br />
The screed mix must consist of 1 part Cement to 3 parts sand. Both sand and stone must comply with SABS 1083. Cement must comply with SANS 50197-1:2000, and achieve strength of 25mPa. No dry mix permitted. The screed must be laid to a minimum of 25mm thick (preferably 40mm thick) with a wood-trowelled finish where self-levelling compound is to be laid. Cube samples of the screed mix must comply when tested in accordance with SANS 5861-3:1994. The dry, cured (min. 14 days) screed must also be tested using a “BRE screed tester” , with one test per 20-25m2, and 3-5m intervals on corridors. These tests must meet the requirements as follows: ''(specify which is relevant)''<br />
<br />
* Strength Category A – ''max. 3mm indentation – for Hospital Operating Suites &amp; related corridors or rooms requiring microbe or dust-free environments.''<br />
* Strength Category B- ''max. 4mm indentation – for public areas such as lobbies, passages, wards''<br />
* Strength Category C ''- max. 5mm indentation – for offices, consulting rooms &amp; domestic premises''<br />
<br />
Since most projects will carry a single specification for screed to cover all areas of the project, the best category applicable should be used – which is Category A.<br />
<br />
To conduct the necessary tests takes time and costs money, but unless these tests are specified and priced as part of the tender documentation, the quality of the floor finish is left up to the installer, with no control measures for the specifier to check the quality, so it is essential that these specifications be included.<br />
<br />
Cement and calcium-sulphate screeds must be abraded and vacuumed prior to laying the self-levelling compound. In addition, the screed must be sound, dry, free from cracks, clean and free from any materials that could impair adhesion. Apply two coats of primer, with the second coat applied in cross-direction to the first coat, in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Once dry, the self-levelling compound is to be applied using the pumped method ''(refer to manufacturer’s spec)'' to a 5 mm thickness ''(confirm thickness).'' The compound is to be spread using a notched floor rake to ensure the correct thickness is achieved, and rolled with a spiked roller to ensure all air bubbles are removed. The finished surface is to be lightly abraded with 30 to 60 grit paper (''usually with a floor sander'') prior to laying the resilient sheeting. The self-levelling compound is to be installed by a manufacturer-approved contractor.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR MOISTURE CONTENT<br />
<br />
The screed should be completely dry (cured for a minimum of four weeks - as a rule of thumb, concrete or cement will cure at a rate of 25 mm/month.) Moisture content should be checked at regular intervals - every 30 m2 (approximately), or at least in every area where external conditions might differ – (e.g. – ground level may be raised around a portion of the building). Moisture readers, such as the “Tramex”-meter, will only give superficial readings (within 5 mm of the surface). For true readings of the moisture content of a sub-base, the probes/readers must be able to read 40 to50 mm deep. Readers such as “protimeters” or “Wagner”- moisture readers use two probes approximately 100 mm apart to give relative humidity readings. Readings should not exceed 75% RH (max.) If the moisture does exceed 75%, and is not more than 90%, painted on moisture barrier coatings can be used to good effect.<br />
<br />
Phenolphthalein solution can be used as a liquid moisture test as this chemical compound will show if moisture/damp is present. This liquid will remain clear in dry conditions, change to pink where moisture is detected, or turn purple where the surface is wet. Again, it is only an indication of the surface moisture, not what the conditions are below the surface.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR ADEHESION TO THE SUB-BASE CONCRETE<br />
<br />
Pull-off tests are also recommended – and should be conducted every 30 m<sup>2</sup> (or each room if smaller) by a recognised laboratory to establish the adhesion of the screed to the sub-base and the results supplied for approval.<br />
<br />
Typical self-levelling/Smoothing compound specification<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image61.jpeg]]Self-levelling compounds will improve the smoothness, and levelness of screeds, and these compounds are a pre-requisite by most manufacturers for the installation of resilient sheeting.<br />
<br />
<span id="vinyl-sheeting"></span><br />
=== Vinyl sheeting ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-2"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is manufactured from a combination of vinyl resin and various additives such as the following:<br />
<br />
* Plasticisers – used to make the sheet more flexible,<br />
* Stabilisers – to minimise degradation and discoloration<br />
* Pigments – for colours and patterns<br />
* Fillers – such as lime, or other locally available material<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is generally 2 to 2.5 mm thick and depending on the manufacturer,<br /><br />
is supplied in 1.2 m or 2 m wide rolls. It is commonly used as a floor finish in health facilities, because it provides a durable, resilient and impervious finish.<br />
<br />
Vinyl is available in a range of types:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image63.jpeg]]'''Homogeneous''': Sheet consists of a single layer of consistent materials, with the wear layer being the full sheet. It is uncoated and requires stripping and sealing unless it is supplied with a specialised surface treatment such as polyurethane reinforcement (PuR).<br />
* '''Heterogeneous''': Sheet consists of three to four different layers including the carrier, PVC-layers, printed film and a clear PVC-wear layer. Good durability will be achieved with a 0.7 mm wear layer.<br />
* '''Directional or non-directional patterns''': This relates to the visual pattern which may mean laying all sheets in the same direction. Non-directional sheeting is less limiting in terms of the pattern, but the manufacturer’s instructions must still be adhered to when laying sheets.<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image65.jpeg]]'''With or without PuR finish''': Polyurethane reinforcement (PuR) is introduced in the manufacturing process and provides a ‘ready polished’ product. When sheeting has a PU-coating, stripping and sealing directly after installation is not essential. However, water-based dressings and appropriate cleaning is still needed to maintain the product. The PU-coating also improves resistance to staining and cleaning chemicals and supports indentation recovery. It is also important to establish whether high-speed buffing machines are required for cleaning of the product, and whether the institution has this equipment available.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-1"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting as a material has been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria, and particularly MRSAs. The welded joints prevent dust or dirt congregating in areas that are difficult to clean, and the integral skirting supports this seamless appeal. This has made vinyl sheeting very suitable for use in healthcare facilities. Some heterogeneous products also have silver-ions in the finishing layer to create an antibacterial surface.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-2"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The sheeting is easily washed, which contributes to its performance as a hygienic flooring finish. Vinyl sheeting is not easily damaged, and when treated with a polymer dressing/surface treatment, is low maintenance. When maintained properly, the sheets have a long life span, and therefore fairly cost-effective by comparison to other floor finishes.<br />
<br />
Products with PuR require only spray and dry buffing for general cleaning although water-based dressings are beneficial. Special cleaning solutions are used for heavy staining, but abrasive cleaning methods should not be used. No abrasive black or brown cleaning pads should be used on PU-coated floors as these will damage the surface and destroy the sheen. Only buffing and shampoo pads should be used.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image67.jpeg]]Cleaning should always be carried out as per the manufacturer’s specifications, to comply with material warranties, and the specifier should ensure that these instructions are included in handover packs issued to the building owner/user when occupation takes place.<br />
<br />
An effective entrance barrier/dirt trap mat can reduce cleaning by 65%. The highly-abrasive African soil conditions create an extremely aggressive environment that can shorten the life span of the floor-sheeting, and without removing the bulk of this dirt and grit at the entrance of the health facility, the vinyl floor will suffer.<br />
<br />
Strip and seal procedures should not be done more than once or twice a year, even in high traffic areas. Discoloration is often a result of poor daily maintenance, leaving a dirty residue which binds to the finish. Dry buffing brings out the natural colours, and a sealant will give the high shine finish.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-2"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
In terms of slips, trips and falls care must be taken where highly polished floors are used in wet areas. Attention also needs to be given to thresholds where floor finishes of differing thicknesses meet, as these can present a hazard if not detailed as a smooth transition.<br />
<br />
In terms of use by staff, the sheeting is softer underfoot than hard finishes, reducing leg fatigue. The smooth finish is easy to use with wheeled equipment, which creates a safe and workable environment for staff in health facilities.<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is generally slip-resistant, and most manufacturers will indicate results from the wet pendulum test or the dry floor friction test. Specialised sheeting with surface textures and/or quartz additives helps improve traction and reduce slipperiness. Antistatic sheeting is also available when required.<br />
<br />
In terms of SANS 10400, operating theatres, ICU, high-care or critical care units are required to have a floor finish with 120 minutes’ fire resistance. Compliance with this should be checked with the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-2"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is well suited to areas of high humidity, and wet areas such as sluice rooms. Spills should be wiped as quickly as possible though as condensation blooming can take place in the clear wear layer.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-2"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers have addressed VOC emissions in their products and indicate a pass in VOC emissions tests as well as BRE A+ ratings. Materials are 100% recyclable and also contain a percentage of recycled materials. Each supplier will differ, and specifiers should check these aspects when considering a product. VOC emissions of adhesives and sealants, where applicable, are also to be considered.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-1"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The wide variety of colourways available in vinyl sheeting allows for creative patterns to enhance the healing environment. Patterns can be used for wayfinding, signage (e.g., ward numbers), definition of public and staff only areas, or distinction between different departments.<br />
<br />
In addition, creative floor patterns can present branding identity, and enhance the environment to set patients at ease. Complex patterns should be aquajet cut, and the related budget allowances made at design stage. Skilled installers are also able to create many designs by hand.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-3"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image69.jpeg]]Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting is relatively soft underfoot, and has better sound absorption qualities than hard finishes. Specialised vinyl sheeting products created for acoustic control are thicker at around 3.7 mm, but the extra foam backing on these types of sheeting can hamper the use of wheeled equipment in these areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-2"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
SPECIFY STRIP AND SEAL WHERE SHEETING IS SUPPLIED WITHOUT PUR<br />
<br />
Allow to strip with manufacturer approved stripper and seal with two coats of polyurethane sealant in accordance with SABS 825 and 1042, and manufacturer’s instructions – within 72 hours of installation.<br />
<br />
Vinyl sheeting can be laid with a variety of skirting solutions. The use of the flooring material as an integrally welded skirting, forming a coved joint between the wall and the floor is the best solution in terms of infection control as the joints are welded and the ‘corner’ is smooth, rounded and easy to clean. The cove former which supports the turn-up of the sheeting can be sealed off at each end (supplied in approx. 25 m rolled lengths) to ensure there is no access into this gap.<br />
<br />
Extruded PVC-skirting is also readily available, and these can either be set in to abut the floor-sheet, or simply glued on top of the sheet, with a small ‘foot’ taking the curve into the wall. The specifier must ensure that the thickness of the set in skirting matches the floor thickness. The set in skirting is welded against the floor-sheet.<br />
<br />
Capping strips can be used with all these types to create a neat line on the top edge.<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specifications"></span><br />
==== Typical specifications ====<br />
<br />
Since there is a range of vinyl products available, the specifier will need to determine whether homogenous or heterogeneous vinyl sheeting is preferred, and whether a PuR-layer is required or not before making the selection. A typical specification for homogenous type sheeting with PuR treatment is supplied as an example, but the specifier should always liaise with the manufacturer for project specification.<br />
<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIFICATIONS TO CONSIDER FOR VINYL SHEETING<br />
<br />
Note -1: It is highly recommended to the specifier to include in the project costing, an item for the preparation of a mock-up area of a minimum of 10 m<sup>2</sup> of flooring installation – complete with sub-base and skirting, to be inspected and approved prior to the main installation.<br />
<br />
Note 2 – If patterns are anticipated, these must be designed or at least described in the specification, so that it can be measured or budgeted for at documentation stage.<br />
<br />
SPECIFICATIONS FOR VINYL SKIRTINGS – ''Select one option:''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor vinyl sheeting coved 150 mm high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over preformed 20 x 20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Allow for butterfly corner method at all corners including at thresh-holds, all in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Set-in''': Extruded cove skirting to be supplied to abut flooring, and welded against the floor finish. The skirting is to be fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Once touch dry (approximately 15 minutes) cove skirting to be applied firmly working gradually along the length from one end to the other. Extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Sit-on''': Extruded cove skirting to be glued on top of floor-sheeting, and against wall. The skirting is to be fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Once touch dry (approximately 15 minutes) cove skirting to be applied firmly working gradually along the length from one end to the other. Extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing'') to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
HOMOGENOUS VINYL SHEETING WITH PUR TREATMENT<br />
<br />
Supply and fix ''2/2.5'' mm thick ''– (confirm thickness)'' x 2 m wide fully-flexible, ''nondirectional'' or ''marbleised pattern/directional - (select type)'' vinyl floor-sheeting with polyurethane reinforcement and surface treatment - abrasion group ''T/P (select group)'', and manufactured to EN 649.<br />
<br />
Sheeting is to be laid in ''pressure-sensitive'' ''or acrylic'' adhesive ''(select type'' ''as approved by flooring manufacturer)'', with a notched trowel at the rate of 5.5 to 6.5 m<sup>2</sup>/litre on a previously prepared Class 1 sub-base elsewhere described and measured. The sheet is to be rolled in both directions with a 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller, during the course of the installation, immediately after the sheeting is laid in the adhesive''. Factory edges of vinyl sheeting are to be removed before laying (10 to 20 mm) – recommended by some manufacturers (select if applicable)''. Installation in accordance with SABS 786:2007. Specify colour: ''(confirm code).'' Joints are to be butted, grooved to about half the depth of the sheet, (about 1 mm) and heat welded, with a welding rod. The finished width of the weld should be a width of 3 mm, and ensure a minimum 70% bond with the sheeting – all in accordance with the manufacturer’s spec. No concave or convex joints allowed – the joints must finish flush with the sheeting. All welds to be glazed and checked prior to polishing. No cross-joins allowed. On completion, PuR treated sheeting is to be washed down, and two coats of matt sealant is to be applied. This will prolong the life of the floor.<br />
<br />
(Note: No stripping to PuR finished floors as this will damage the sheeting.)<br />
<br />
<span id="linoleum-sheeting"></span><br />
=== Linoleum sheeting ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-3"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum has been used as flooring for over 100 years. It is manufactured from 97% natural, raw materials that are renewable and undergo an eco-friendly manufacturing process which does not produce environmental contaminants. Linoleum is made from linseed oil, rosin (from pine trees), wood and cork flour, limestone, organic pigments (for colour) and jute, which forms the backing.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image71.jpeg]][[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image73.jpeg]]Linoleum is less flexible and more porous than vinyl. It is available in a thickness of 2.5 mm, generally in rolls of 2 m width.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-2"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Bactericidal properties of linoleum prevent micro-organisms from multiplying. This includes MRSAs and this has been tested and proven by TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) and NAMSA (US Scientific Institute) in 1998.<br />
<br />
Joints can be welded giving a seamless and hygienic finish. Coved and welded integral skirting can be achieved, with skill and experience.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-3"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
New generation linoleum products come with a factory-applied surface finish or shield, which includes a primer and tough top layer which enhance low maintenance properties, and are restorable. This floor finish requires no stripping upon installation and to do so will damage the sheeting. This linoleum should simply be cleaned after installation in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.<br />
<br />
Linoleum that is supplied without the surface shield will however still require stripping and sealing on installation where the sealant acts as a sacrificial coat. Ensure that the correct products and procedure – as approved by the manufacturer – are applied, as sealers for vinyl will stain linoleum sheeting. Compliance with cleaning and maintenance, as laid down by the manufacturer, is required, to avoid invalidating the product guarantees. No alkaline products should be used as these will damage the linoleum.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image75.jpeg]]Linoleum is resistant to staining by blood or urine, but will discolour with iodine. Bleach will cause deterioration and loss of gloss. It has a good resistance to chemicals, diluted acids, oils and fats, and is extremely wear-resistant. Dirt-trap matting is recommended at entrances to the facility, to reduce the effect of the aggressive African soil conditions.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-3"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum has slip-resistant properties, although with any smooth surface, care must be taken when cleaning. Attention must be given to thresholds where differing floor thicknesses meet, and a smooth transition should be formed.<br />
<br />
Linoleum is soft underfoot, resulting in reduced staff leg fatigue when compared with hard finishes. The smooth finish, however, is easy to use with wheeled equipment, creating a safe and workable environment for the health facility.<br />
<br />
According to EN 13501-1, linoleum is suitable for exit routes in terms of fire safety, and is classified CFL/S1.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-3"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Although the floor installation is welded, the use of linoleum in wet areas is not recommended due to the jute/hessian backing.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-3"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
LINOLEUM SHEETING WITH PROTECTIVE TOP LAYER<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 2.5 mm thick x 2 m wide linoleum sheeting manufactured to specification EN 548 (with double protective top layer), laid in manufacturer-approved acrylic adhesive, spread with a notched trowel having 2.1 mm in height x 2.7 mm in width at 2.3 mm centres at a rate of 3 m² per litre on a previously prepared Class 1 subfloor by builder, as described above and elsewhere measured, including all cutting and waste. All joints to be butted or grooved and heat-welded with approved welding rods, ensuring that the welding rod bonds to more than 70% of the sheet thickness. It is essential that during the course of installation the material be rolled in both directions with an articulated 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller.<br />
<br />
Linoleum is a nontoxic natural product that does not emit VOCs, and makes for a better indoor air quality than rooms finished with petroleum-based/synthetic materials such as vinyl sheeting – which do emit VOCs. The linoleum is fully recyclable, and will earn credits for green-rated projects. A 30 to40 -year life span is not uncommon where floors are properly maintained, making for a low life cycle cost.<br />
<br />
According to C. Maloney (LEED Green Associate at Cornell University), linoleum is preferable to vinyl as a flooring product, because it is better for the environment, and also for the wellbeing of the occupants.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-4"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Regular linoleum has excellent sound absorption properties and produces results of around 5 dB when tested for acoustical impact noise reduction under EN ISO 7127-2. Specialised acoustic linoleum is even more effective in creating a calm, quiet environment. Cushion-backed flooring helps to dampen reverberation sounds, and patients respond well to the calming effect of the muffled sounds in usually noisy hospital environments.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-2"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Linoleum is available in a wide range of colours and designs help create healing environments. Patterns include wood-grains, marble and other interesting designs. Patterns are easy to achieve. Budget provision must be made for aquajet cutting where more intricate patterns are desired.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-3"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Due to its reduced flexibility, integral skirting using the floor-sheet requires special skill to form. The cove must be supported, properly fixed and capped. Preformed skirting can be fitted where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
'''SKIRTING - SELECT ONE'''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor linoleum sheeting coved 150 mm high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over pre-formed 20 x20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Allow for butterfly corner method at all corners including at thresholds, all in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer-approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
'''Sit on''' extruded coved PVC--skirting, followed by capping strip (''confirm size of skirting, capping strip and colour),'' using manufacturer-approved contact adhesive, spread evenly and quickly with a brush onto both material and working surface. Allow both surfaces to become touch dry – approximately 15 minutes. Place material carefully into position at one end, and then work gradually along its length. When completely positioned, apply firm pressure along whole length to ensure perfect contact between the two adhesive surfaces. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
Clip-on capping strips with backing can also be specified – refer to manufacturers.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for linoleum flooring<br />
<br />
<span id="rubber-flooring"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image77.jpeg]]Rubber flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-4"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Rubber flooring is formed by vulcanising and compressing natural rubber, which is extracted from the sap of the tropical rubber plant. It is a simple process. There is no PVC- content, and it is available in tile and sheeting approximately 3 to 3.5 mm thick. The product is not manufactured locally in South Africa, but is available imported through local suppliers.<br />
<br />
European norms (ENs) that set the industry standard for rubber flooring include:<br />
<br />
* EN 1817 – Homogenous and heterogeneous rubber flooring<br />
* EN 1816 – as above, with foam backing<br />
<br />
Rubber is an extremely dense, hard-wearing product which will handle forklift traffic and has an extended life cycle of 30 to40 years. The most common surface finish is the classic round raised pastille.<br />
<br />
Some rubber is made from a combination of natural and synthetic rubber, and there are numerous interlocking tile products available that look similar to rubber, but are made of PVC.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-3"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Rubber flooring is bacteriostatic and will prevent the growth of mould and fungus. This makes is suitable for use in healthcare environments. The joints between the tiles, however, do present a risk, and sheeting is preferable in this regard, as all seams can be welded. The ‘wall-floor’ joint can also be an area of risk as integral skirting is difficult since the material is very dense and has reduced flexibility (although not impossible with skill). This can be an area that forms a reservoir to moisture and growth spot for microbes, and hence its reduced application in health facilities.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-4"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is extremely hard-wearing and durable and required uncomplicated maintenance with neutral detergents, rinsing and dry sweeping/vacuuming. As with any product, maintenance will prolong the life and enhance the appearance of the product.<br />
<br />
'''Safety'''<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image79.jpeg]]The circular pastille pattern of tiles and the textured surface of the sheeting provide a slip-resistant surface which is suitable even in wet conditions. Good walking comfort is achieved with less leg fatigue than hard surfaces. The raised pattern will produce slightly more drag than a perfectly smooth surface when it comes to wheeled equipment being pushed across it.<br />
<br />
Rubber is a Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-4"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is well suited for use in high-humidity/wet spill areas, as it is not adversely affected by moisture, and the slip-resistant surface makes it safe to use in these areas.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-4"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is a natural product that does not emit toxic VOCs. No formaldehyde materials are used in the manufacture of rubber flooring, and in terms of EN 14041:2004, an E1 classification is achieved, which means emissions fall into the ‘less than 0.7 ppm (parts per million)’ category. Rubber does have a distinctive odour.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-5"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is an excellent absorber of sound, with a sound absorption value of between 6 to10 dB. Rougher textured tiles will absorb even more, and specialised acoustic products up to 20 dB. The muffling of impact sounds in a healthcare environment will clam patients and contribute to a quiet, peaceful space.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-3"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Rubber is available in a limited range of monochromatic colours. Simple patterns can be achieved, but the single colour flooring can appear somewhat utilitarian – which may be suitable for specific areas. The durability of the flooring means that it maintains its appearance well, still visually appealing after many years of use.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-4"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Coving of the wall/floor joint is possible with rubber sheeting, but its reduced flexibility and thickness require expertise and special skills to achieve. Preformed skirting is more readily available. Rubber tiles are more commonly used in South Africa, and skirting then cannot be coved or welded to the flooring.<br />
<br />
'''SPECIFICATION FOR RUBBER FLOOR-SHEETING:'''<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 2.0 mm thick x 1.22 mm wide rubber floor-sheeting with a changing base colour, consisting of three harmoniously matched colour components and characteristic granule inclusions, laid into manufacturer approved contact adhesive spread according to manufacturer’s recommendations on a previously prepared Class 1 sub-floor by a builder, (specified above and elsewhere measured) , including all cutting and waste. Join sealing required, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.<br />
<br />
'''SKIRTING: SELECT ONE'''<br />
<br />
'''Coved floor-sheet skirting:''' Matching floor-sheeting coved 150 to 200 mm ''(select)'' high against walls to form coved skirting, and welded to floor-sheet. Coved skirting to be laid over preformed 20 x 20 mm cove former – with ends sealed with glue. Skirting to be finished with extruded capping strip (''or clip-on capping strip with backing)'' to be supplied and fixed with manufacturer-approved contact adhesive spread evenly and quickly onto both material and wall surface. Ensure that no gaps remain between the wall, the skirting and the floor.<br />
<br />
(''Confirm skirting '''set-in''' or '''sit-on''')'' Supply and fix extruded coved fillet and capping strip ''(confirm skirting type, radius and size, colour, capping strip size and colour),'' using manufacturer-approved contact adhesive, spread evenly and quickly with a brush onto both material and working surface. Allow both surfaces to become touch dry – approximately 15 minutes. Place material carefully into position at one end, and then work gradually along its length. When completely positioned, apply firm pressure along whole length to ensure perfect contact between the two adhesive surfaces.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for rubber sheeting<br />
<br />
<span id="cork-flooring"></span><br />
=== Cork flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-5"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image81.jpeg]]Cork flooring is made from the bark of the cork oak tree, which is an evergreen tree common in Southern Europe and North Africa. The bark is ground and processed into sheets before being kiln-baked. The hand harvesting is strictly controlled, and since the bark grows back, this is a highly sustainable product.<br />
<br />
The main constituent of cork is a waxy, rubbery substance called suberin. This hydrophobic substance gives cork flooring its elastic and impermeable quality.<br />
<br />
The cork sheeting is most commonly formed into tiles or planks of between 4 to6 mm thick and varying sizes. The tiles are most commonly glued to the floor surface which must be free of imperfections, level dry and smooth. The tiles or planks are generally butt-jointed. Floating cork floors can be achieved by laying cork planks over timber floors. Interlocking, glue-less installation is also available. Cork is also formed into rolls for use as an underlay below other flooring materials to improve acoustic performance and prevent moisture ingress. It is recommended that cork suitable for commercial use (Class EN31-35) is used in healthcare facilities.<br />
<br />
Cork and rubber have also been combined with polymers such as neoprene and nitrite to create tough, durable floor-sheeting. Cork has also been combined with linoleum to form flooring products that are imported. These imported products cater for residential, commercial and industrial grade applications. Although cork has predominantly been used in the residential sector in South Africa, it is beginning to find a place in the commercial, and particularly the healthcare sectors, where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-4"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Cork is bacteriostatic and antifungal. Dirt and grime may collect, but not be trapped by the floor, and provided the floor is regularly swept or vacuumed, microbes will not be able to colonise, and the floor will prevent the spread of infection. Some manufacturers treat the cork with an additional antimicrobial sealant to prolong the durability of the product. Joints cannot be welded, and tiles are laid with butt joints. These joints can gather dust and moisture over time, and sealing the finished floor with a sealant is recommended.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-5"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
This is a low maintenance product, with simple cleaning procedures such as regular mopping and sweeping – no sophisticated equipment is needed. No harsh cleaning agents or polishing is required. Tiles usually come pre-sealed; however, application of an additional polyurethane sealant to cover the joints on the finished floor is recommended. Unless the floor is properly sealed, it can stain, and the sealant will need re-application periodically. The resilient nature of cork means it has excellent impact resistance. The 40 million microscopic air-pockets per cm<sup>3</sup> allow cork to return easily to its original shape, even after pressure from furniture or heavy foot traffic.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-4"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Cork consists of 50% air, which is contained in the microscopic honeycomb compartments that make up the material. This makes cork a great shock-absorber, reducing leg fatigue as well as injuries where patients may fall (particularly the elderly). The cellular structure also makes it slip-resistant. Nanobead technology surface finishes are available which provide excellent traction to prevent slipping.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-5"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Suberin is a natural waxy substance found in cork, and is responsible for the moisture repellent/resistant properties of cork. Cork is commonly used as an underlay to prevent the transfer of moisture to the floor finish. It is however not recommended to glue cork to consistently damp or wet areas as adhesive to the substrate may fail, and the moisture will divert to other finishes.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-and-insulation"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image83.jpeg]]Indoor air quality: Emissions and insulation ====<br />
<br />
Cork, and the process of producing cork flooring contains no formaldehyde or other toxic substances, and cork does not emit VOCs. However, adhesives, finishing/protection coats and sealants used with these flooring products may contain solvents and emit VOCs. Cork is also very lightweight due to the high air content and this reduces the transport costs and in turn the carbon cost of the product. Solvent- and formaldehyde-free polyurethane surface finishes are also available for commercial use (Class EN 32). The insulation properties of cork will produce good energy savings where heat load is a factor on the floor.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-6"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Impact sound reduction tests (in accordance with ISO140-8) show that cork can absorb and reduce sound by up to 16 dB. The air-filled compartments are excellent sound absorbers and will contribute to a calm, quiet environment. Sealants will reduce this capacity, but slightly increasing the reflectivity. ISO 10140-1:2010 indicated a 53% reduction in footfall sound.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-4"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Cork, like timber, is a naturally-grown product and much of its aesthetic appeal comes from the uniqueness of each batch of cork. Colour variations add to the appeal, and are to be expected from different trees and harvests. The colours range from yellows to dark browns, although off-whites are also being achieved through treatment. Exposure to light will over time lead to some degree of fading. Engineered multilayered cork products will be more consistent in pattern and colour. These hybrid products are examined more under Section C4.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-5"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Cork cannot be coved or welded. Any suitable coved set-in skirting can be used, with the flooring abutting this skirting. The thickness of the cork tiles should be borne in mind when abutting a coved skirting, however, as the cork is thicker than most pre-moulded coved skirting on the market.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for cork tiles<br />
<br />
<span id="soft-finishes"></span><br />
== Soft finishes ==<br />
<br />
<span id="carpet-textiles"></span><br />
=== Carpet textiles ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-6"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
'''Subfloors''' must be level, permanently dry, solid and free from cracks, dirt and adhesion inhibiting substances and not exceed a maximum humidity of 75% RH. Ensure that the subfloor is well absorbent. If the subfloor shows low absorbency or no absorbency, apply a high quality cement based levelling compound in a minimum thickness of 2 to 3 mm (measured elsewhere). Note that latex or acrylic levelling compounds will detrimentally affect the adhesion of the adhesives'''.''' Apply 600 x 300 x 3.2 mm thick cork panels consisting of 0.25 mm vinyl backing layer, 1.65 mm cork agglomerated core, 0.8 mm genuine cork veneer and 0.5 mm hard wearing surface, and prefinished with specialised surface treatment suitable for Class EN 33 Use (or equivalent). Panels are to be glued to the substrate (350 to400 g/m<sup>2</sup> spread rate) with a notched trowel using adhesive as per the cork panel manufacturer’s recommendation. Ensure the adhesive ridges are compressed completely to an even adhesive film. Roll with a 50 kg multipart roller after a short period and repeat rolling after approx. one hour. If necessary, weigh down edges. The edges of flooring area are to be caulked before fitting the skirting. A 15-year warranty is to be provided on the flooring product.<br />
<br />
Carpets are manufactured from fibres attached to a backing. The fibres range from natural wool to synthetically manufactured nylon or polypropylene fibres. Carpets can be made up of cut pile – individual strands, or tufted pile – which are closed loops. These are needle-punched into the backing. The heights of the tufts can be varied to create the striations and patterns commonly found in needle-punch carpets. The synthetic fibres are often treated to prevent the growth of mould and microbes, and make the carpet resistant to staining.<br />
<br />
Traditional carpets had jute backings, but this organic material - which had limitations such as rotting when exposed to moisture, or encouraging microbe infestation, has largely been replaced by synthetic fibre or resin-based backings which are more durable, non-allergenic and can resist moisture.<br />
<br />
Broadloom carpet widths are most commonly 3,66 m wide, but some manufacturers supply 4 m widths or narrower 1.8 m widths as well. Carpet tiles are generally 500 to600 mm square, but larger sizes and rectangular tiles are also available to order. A wide range of thicknesses are available – from 3 to 12 mm depending on the backing. Carpets are graded for various applications and traffic weights - from residential to heavy commercial. The colouring process ranges from pre-dyeing/injecting colour into the yarn, to continuous dyeing – where dyes are rolled or sprayed onto the carpet or by boiling in vats of dye after the manufacturing process is complete.<br />
<br />
The fibre weight varies from 400 gsm to 1 100 gsm, although this should be seen in relation to the overall weight of the carpet including the backing. The suitability of the carpet however, is reliant on its fitness for purpose, such as using the correct location grade, and the guarantees and warranties provided by the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-5"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although there is no direct evidence linking any flooring type directly to HAIs, the study by Sehulster and Chinn for Center for Disease Control (2003), recommended that carpets not be used in areas where spills are likely to occur, such as laboratories or cleaners rooms, nor where patients are at greater risk from infection from airborne pathogens, such as in burns units, ICUs and operating rooms. While fibres can trap pathogens (and thereby prevent them from circulating in the air), the proper cleaning of carpets and effective removal of these pathogens is difficult to check on a daily basis. In addition, the carpet is porous and permeable, (although some may have an impermeable backing) which is in conflict with the National Health requirements for these high-risk areas. Carpets in offices or waiting areas do provide a welcome relief from the noisy ward areas where harder surfaces are present.<br />
<br />
Some manufacturers indicate the additional benefit of antimicrobial treatment using phosphate amines such as silver, zinc or copper to combat bacteria. The US Carpet and Rug Institute issued a technical bulletin in regard to these treatments and what they achieve. Since the treatment is applied to the carpet fibres or the backing – or both, no implicit human health claims can be made about the finished product unless that finished product has been tested and registered by accredited independent testing organizations. Synthetic fibres in themselves do no provide a nutrient source which microbes need to survive, but textiles can trap soil, dust and moisture, which do provide that source.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-6"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image87.jpeg]]The first means of protecting and extending the life of carpets is the use of dirt-trapping mats at all entrances to the facility. This will remove a substantial amount of soil and dirt carried in on shoes/feet from the exterior. Fine soil crystals damage the fibres as they are ground into the carpet pile, and this can be avoided with regular vacuuming. The build-up of soil over time will also dull the appearance of the carpet.<br />
<br />
It is recommended that heavy traffic areas are vacuumed daily, while for other areas, once a week will suffice – depending on what function the room accommodates. Carpets should be professionally cleaned at least once a year – with products recommended by the manufacturer, as any sticky residue left behind after cleaning will only attract soil build-up. Facility managers must also ensure that vacuum cleaner filters are regularly cleaned and replaced when necessary, as this will also affect the efficacy of vacuuming. If vacuum cleaners are not well maintained, they may also aerosolise pathogens during vacuuming. Carpet protectors should also be used where chairs with castors are present – where recommended by the manufacturer.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-5"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Since slips usually occur when there is too little friction between feet and the walking surface, the rough texture of carpets results in a highly slip-resistant surface. The cushioned effect of some backing types also reduces leg fatigue. Too much cushioning can reduce roller mobility though, making carpets with plush fibre or thick cushioning unsuitable where trolleys or wheelchairs for example, need to traverse the floor.<br />
<br />
Healthcare facilities are occupied by patients that are frail and sometimes non-ambulatory. With this in mind, the fire regulations for this occupancy code are more stringent in the National Building Regulations, and the specifier must ensure that the fire ratings of carpeting types comply with the relevant occupancy.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-and-insulation"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity and insulation ====<br />
<br />
Carpets are not suitable for use in high humidity areas for reasons discussed under infection control above. Carpeting is an effective insulation material, particularly when laid with an underlay.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-5"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Studies conducted by the US Carpet and Rug Institute show that - despite the ‘new carpet smell’ - carpet is one of the lowest emitters of VOCs indoors, less than paints for example, and these odours dissipate within days. Most local manufacturers indicate that the VOC emissions meet the GBCSA Green Star Rating – check product specific literature for the carpet under consideration.<br />
<br />
Since carpets are often glued-down installations, the adhesives are often the culprit with VOC emissions on these floors. The specifier should check with the manufacturers about the levels of emission on the recommended adhesives.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-5"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
Carpets are being manufactured in a diverse range of colours, patterns and textures. The variety allows for creative, non-institutional application. Tiles are usually laid tessellated, which also adds to the interesting texture of the floor. Patterns and borders are achievable with tiles and most broadloom carpet, and can contribute to a professional atmosphere in the administrative sections of the healthcare facility.<br />
<br />
An interesting study by Harris (2011) recorded at the Centre for Disease Control demonstrated that the amount of time visitors spent in rooms with carpets was higher than they did in rooms with vinyl floor finishes – this is perhaps an indication of how an environmental aspect can influence behaviour, and could be linked to aesthetics, temperature comfort and sound attenuation.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-7"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
According to the Center for Health Design, carpets have the highest noise reduction co-efficient (NRC) for impact noise of all flooring types. Note that this is in relation to impact noise only – sounds such as footfalls, and dropping of objects onto the floor. The ability of carpet to absorb airborne sound is however mediocre, and according to the technical brief: ‘Acoustic Environments’ by Green Guide for Healthcare (2007), the acoustical benefit of carpet is to reduce impact rather than airborne noise. The noise attenuation properties of flooring, is often a trade-off with infection control. According to a study by Sehulster and Chinn for CDC in 2003, carpet should be avoided in areas housing immuno-compromised patients.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR CARPET BROADLOOM WITH UNDER-CUSHION<br />
<br />
Fit heavy commercial (SABS location grade: 5) textile carpet sheeting, with solution dyed nylon fibres, plain cut pile/level cut loop/tufted cut pile (select) OR polypropylene structured needle-punch fibre and woven polypropylene backing - SABS Class 2 fire rating. Carpet thickness 7 mm to 10 mm (confirm) Carpet fibres are to be pretreated against stains, and guarantee and warranty supplied. Broadloom carpet sheeting to be laid in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification by an approved installer in accordance with SANS 10186:2010. Carpets are to be installed over commercial grade, non-allergic, latex foam under-cushion. (Optional) (Confirm colour and weight/m2 of carpet)<br />
<br />
Skirtings<br />
<br />
Traditionally timber skirting has been most commonly installed with carpeted floors, but there are very few limitations on the size and type of skirting that can be fitted.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR PLAIN-BACKED CARPET TILES FOR MEDIUM COMMERCIAL:<br />
<br />
Plain backed carpet tiles, medium commercial (SABS use class U4), with needle-punched fibres, size 500 x 500 x 5 mm thick (confirm size and thickness) with SABS Class 2 fire rating, fibre weight of 700 g/m² and total weight of 940 g/m², (confirm weight). Carpet tiles manufactured in accordance with SANS 1415:2000, installed by an approved installer in accordance with SANS 10186:2010. Carpet fibres are to be pre-treated against stains, and guarantee and warranty supplied. Confirm colour and relevant code).<br />
<br />
Typical specification for carpet (broadloom)<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specification-for-carpet-tiles"></span><br />
==== Typical specification for carpet tiles ====<br />
<br />
<span id="flocked-flooring"></span><br />
=== Flocked flooring ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-7"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image89.jpeg]]Flocked flooring falls under textiles in terms of definition, but also has characteristics of resilient flooring. It combines the acoustic properties and warm feel of textiles with the waterproof, durable and washable properties of resilient flooring.<br />
<br />
Flocked flooring is manufactured by applying millions of short, cylindrical polyamide (nylon) fibres to an adhesive coated surface through an electrostatic process. The first electrostatically flocked flooring was made in 1960, so the technology is not new. The flooring consists of various layers including:<br />
<br />
* Densely flocked polyamide fibres<br />
* Waterproof PVC-adhesive<br />
* Stable glass-fibre mesh interlays for strength and durability<br />
* Cushioned waterproof, rot-resistant PVC--backing<br />
<br />
The sheeting is available in 2 m wide lengths, and 4.3 mm total thickness. Tiles are 500 x 500 mm, and 5.3 mm thick. The tiles and sheet are suitable for heavy commercial grade application.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-6"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Flocked flooring responds in a similar way to resilient flooring in terms of infection control. The flooring is fully waterproof and washable, being easily cleaned when wet spillages occur. This impermeable quality aids in infection control. The upright nylon fibres are very short when compared to other carpet fibres, and these more easily give up dirt that has fallen among the fibres, preventing microbes from settling in to grow. Like polypropylene fibres, the nylon fibres do not provide a source of nutrient for microbes, and the flooring is the only textile with the UK Allergy Approval certificate. The finished installation is not jointless however, as the joints are not welded, and the skirting is independent of the floor. These are areas that could be an infection risk.<br />
<br />
Antibacterial treatment is also integrated into the manufacturing process. As discussed under Carpets, these may contribute to the reduction of fungus or bacterial growth, but cannot substitute for routine and regular cleaning and maintenance.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-7"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
As mentioned above, the finish is easily vacuumed, and wet spills are easy to clean up as the finish is waterproof. As with any floor, regular cleaning will extend the life and appearance of the product as the build-up of soil over time will dull the appearance. The use of dirt-trapping mats at all entrances to the facility will remove a substantial amount of soil and dirt carried in from the exterior. Because the product is easily vacuumed, it is less likely to trap soil or dirt long enough to encourage microbial growth on the particles of soil and moisture – both of which would need to be present since the nylon fibres themselves provide no nutrient value. Periodic professional cleaning will restore the appearance and this product has a far longer life span than regular carpet textiles.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-6"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Since flocked flooring provides very high slip-resistance, even where spills occur, this product is very safe for use in health facilities, and for many years has been used in the marine industry to finish decks on boats. The cushioned effect also reduces leg fatigue without reducing roller mobility as a result of the short straight fibres of nylon.<br />
<br />
Healthcare facilities are occupied by patients that are frail and sometimes non-ambulatory. With this in mind, the fire regulations for this occupancy code are more stringent in the National Building Regulations, and the specifier must ensure that the fire ratings of carpeting types comply with the relevant occupancy. Flocked sheeting is Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-6"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Due to the waterproof characteristics of the flooring, flocked flooring is not adversely affected by wet areas and can tolerate humid conditions. However, special attention needs to be paid to sealing of joints and edges where moisture could get under the tiles or sheeting if the adhesive is not thoroughly applied.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-6"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
The manufacturers of flocked flooring indicate that VOC emissions are very low, and that certain ranges conform to all standards including the new VOC emissions classes in Europe. The specifics would be dependent on the product specified. Low-emission adhesives are also available. Responsible initiatives on the part of manufacturers include using recycled content in backing, and also supporting PVC-recycling projects.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-6"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
A wide selection of patterns and colourways are available, from natural tones to bright colours, monochrome to multiple colours, standard or purpose-designed - there is ample opportunity for creativity. Tiles can be laid checkerboard or broadloom style. Cutting designs into the sheeting can also be achieved for branding or more intricate patterns. Conventional rotary screen-printing builds colours up in successive layers before heat fixing the print permanently onto the fibres. Digital printing can also be achieved where budgets allow.<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR FLOCKED FLOORING<br />
<br />
Supply and fix 4.3 mm thick x 2 m wide electrostatically flocked textile floor-sheet covering, manufactured to specification EN 1307. Spread manufacturer approved acrylic adhesive on the exposed substrate with a trowel having triangular notches 1.78 x 1.78 x 1.6 mm at 3.0 mm centres at the rate of between 5.5 m² and 6.5 m² per litre depending on sub-floor porosity, on a previously prepared sub-floor by the builder, (as described) and elsewhere measured. Factory edges to be butted for seaming. It is essential that during the course of installation the product be rolled in both directions with an articulated 68 kg three-sectional metal floor roller immediately after it has been laid into the adhesive.<br />
<br />
Acoustics<br />
<br />
With around 70 million fibres/m<sup>2</sup>, the flooring is extremely dense, and it is this property that can substantially reduce impact sound. The flocked flooring has been tested under BS EN ISO 10140-2010 and proven to absorb 20 dB on the sheeting, and 17 dB on the tiles. The soft floor was also shown to absorb ambient noise. This finish would be appropriate in waiting areas or counselling rooms.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirting"></span><br />
==== Skirting ====<br />
<br />
Coved and welded skirting cannot be achieved with flocked flooring. Traditional timber skirting is suitable but as for carpeted floors, but there are very few limitations on the size and type of skirting that can be fitted.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for flocked flooring (broadloom)<br />
<br />
<span id="hybrid-floor-finishes"></span><br />
== Hybrid floor finishes ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image91.jpeg]]Traditionally flooring types were limited to hard, resilient or soft finishes, but with new technology and manufacturing processes, a new class of flooring is beginning to surface – namely: hybrid floor finishes. The term refers to floors that are engineered from various layers, or combinations of various products. This could include hard, soft and resilient finishes. To some extent, flocked flooring could fall under this category as it crosses the boundary between resilient and soft finishes, but it has been classified as a textile at present. Laminated flooring is another such product. Laminated flooring consists of various layers which are compressed. There are two main types, namely those with a fibreboard substrate (like medium density fibreboard) and others with a vinyl substrate.<br />
<br />
<span id="laminated-timber-flooring-fibreboard-substrate"></span><br />
=== Laminated timber flooring: Fibreboard substrate ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-8"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber flooring has largely replaced traditional timber flooring and parquet products due to the reduced cost, ease of installation, wider range of wood grain aesthetics available, as well as the reduced impact on the use timber resources. Laminated timber flooring consists of four layers:<br />
<br />
* A top layer/film of transparent aluminium oxide and melamine (the wear layer which makes the surface scratch- and scuff-resistant)<br />
* The highly realistic photographic paper image of the wood<br />
* the core layer of medium or high density fibreboard treated for water resistance<br />
* A base layer of waterproof film for stability<br />
<br />
These layers are fused under heat and high-pressure. The density of the fibreboard can vary substantially, and overall thicknesses range from 6 mm to 12 mm, but the industry recommendation is the 8 to9 mm plank for most applications. Plank sizes also vary in size, but generally are 200 mm x 1 300 mm. The interlocking system of the planks means that the floor finish can be installed without adhesives. The surface of the junction between planks can be a smooth butt-joint, a pronounced v-joint or fitted with a flush rubber strip for an anti-slip finish suited to wet areas. Expansion joints against walls are important, as is the laying of moisture barrier sheeting under the flooring. Sound-dampening underlays of 2 to 3 mm are also recommended.<br />
<br />
The majority of laminated timber flooring is suited to residential applications, but commercial grades are also available. Flooring is graded for levels of use according to EN 685. Health facilities would require a minimum EN 31 Class: Commercial Moderate (for public and commercial use which is low or intermittent), but medium, heavy and intense traffic may be more suited to specific areas of the facility. (En Class 32, 33 and 34 respectively.) Abrasion Class 5 (AC5 EN 33) can be used in public and commercial areas with heavy traffic.<br />
<br />
Abrasion Classes 1 to2 are for light domestic use only.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-7"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Laminated floor planks can present an infection control risk in the small grooves of the interlocking joints which can trap small particles of dust and moisture, and are difficult to clean thoroughly. Open V-joints are easier to clean, but provide deeper ‘reservoirs’ for dust, and will need thorough and regular vacuuming or<br />
<br />
SPEC FOR LAMINATED TIMBER FLOORING:<br />
<br />
Interlocking laminate flooring plank 1 285 x 194 x 8 mm thick ''(confirm size)'' in four-sided V-joint board (select edge detail), fixed floating on combination PU foam underlay with taped membrane overlaps on floor and 40 mm turn-up at walls. Expansion gaps between walls and floor to be finished off with wood stained skirting in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Installation by manufacturer approved installer, and 25-year guarantee to be supplied. ''(Confirm colour, texture, code)''<br />
<br />
broom cleaning to remove dirt. While this flooring may not be suited to areas where infection control is a priority, it can be used in other areas of health facilities, such as offices or public recreational access areas such as coffee shops.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-8"></span><br />
==== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image92.png|169x154px]]Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber floors should be dry-brushed and vacuumed regularly to remove dirt and grit which can lead to scratches. Spills should be wiped up immediately, and cleaning should never be done with large amounts of water. Slightly damp, well-squeezed dry laminate mops or cloths should be used with manufacturer approved cleaning agent. No abrasive cleaners should be used, and no stripping, sanding, waxing, polishing or varnishing is required.<br />
<br />
Figure 36<br />
<br />
Dirt trapping mats are the best investment in maintaining these floors. Felt pads are recommended under the feet of furniture and soft tread castors should be used on chairs.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-7"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Laminated flooring provides a smooth, sheer finish, which can present a slip hazard, particularly if spills occur. Floors with rubber inserts in the V-joints provide a slip-resistant surface. This hard floor finish can be fitted with underlays to reduce leg fatigue. Fire ratings vary substantially, depending on the product, and these should be checked with the manufacturer to ensure suitability for use in the health facility.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-7"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Laminated timber floors are not suited to commercial areas where wet processes will take place. The junctions between planks are not sealed, and will allow moisture access. This will adversely affect the products – some of which have a fibreboard core.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-7"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
Medium-density fibreboard contains a higher resin to wood ratio than any other urea-formaldehyde pressed wood product, and is recognised as being the highest formaldehyde-emitting pressed wood product. (Source: US Environmental Protection Agency). These VOCs are fairly quickly dissipated though, and the glue-free installation of the interlocking planks means lower emissions when compared to a glued-down system using high-VOC adhesives.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-7"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The popularity of laminated timber flooring has widened the range of ‘wood-look’ finishes available. The diversity of the timber grains and hues provides creative opportunities that echo a natural environment –albeit in appearance only. The move in healthcare to provide a more ‘homely’ residential appeal has also seen these timber laminates being used more in certain areas of health facilities.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-8"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
Laminated flooring tends to amplify the sound of footfalls, but sound-deadening acoustic underlays should be used where possible. These loose-laid or glued-down sub-layers can improve the sound of impact by 20 dB, when used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-6"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
Matching moulded skirting is usually available in matching grains and colours to suit the floor panels. This independent skirting is not recommended in high infection control risk areas as the small crevices are difficult to clean, and will gather dust and moisture. Varnished timber skirting is also commonly used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
<span id="typical-specification-for-laminated-timber-flooring"></span><br />
==== Typical specification for laminated timber flooring ====<br />
<br />
<span id="laminated-flooring-pvc-planks"></span><br />
=== Laminated flooring – PVC planks ===<br />
<br />
<span id="general-description-and-properties-9"></span><br />
==== General description and properties ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image94.jpeg]]Interlocking laminated floor planks are also manufactured from PVC-layers, which are more durable than the fibreboard core planks. In addition, the formaldehydes associated with MDF and HDF are avoided, and the performance under wet conditions is superior. This product is more suitable in heavy commercial applications than laminated timber planks, and in some ranges even suitable for light industrial applications. These ‘planks’ are actually small rigid vinyl sheets which are formed with an interlocking joint detail. These products are thinner than MDF laminates at 2.5 to 5 mm thick, but are available in similar sizes as the laminated timber planks (around 150 to 230 mm wide x 1 200 mm long). Some ranges are available in 600 x 600 tiles. The basic layers of the product include:<br />
<br />
* A polyurethane reinforced surface treatment<br />
* The embossed high-density wear layer of 0.4 to0.7 mm pure PVC (this makes the surface scratch- and scuff- resistant)<br />
* The decorative layer with the highly realistic photographic paper image of the wood , stone or other graphic design<br />
* The stabilising glass fibre fleece core layer (around 1 mm) for dimensional stability<br />
* A PVC-composite load-bearing base layer<br />
<br />
These layers are fused under heat and high-pressure. The interlocking system of the planks means that the floor finish can be installed without adhesives – as a floating floor. This has advantages in terms of the VOCs given off where solvent adhesives are used. The surface of the junction between planks can be a smooth butt-joint, or a pronounced bevel/V-joint.<br />
<br />
Glued-down planks/tiles are however also available (in 2.5 to3 mm thickness with 0.55 and 07 mm PU--wear layers respectively). Both are suitable for heavy commercial and the latter for light industrial use. The glued-down planks have a deep embossed finish giving a realistic appearance to the wood-grain, and improving slip-resistance.<br />
<br />
Flooring is graded for levels of use according to EN 685. Health facilities would require a minimum EN 31 Class: Commercial Moderate (for public and commercial use which is low or intermittent), but medium, heavy and intense traffic may be more relevant to specific areas of the facility. (En Class 32, 33 and 34 respectively.) Abrasion Class 5 (AC5 EN 33) can be used in public and commercial areas with heavy traffic. Abrasion resistance should meet Group T.<br />
<br />
<span id="infection-prevention-8"></span><br />
==== Infection prevention ====<br />
<br />
Although the laminated vinyl floor planks do not provide a nutrient source for bacteria, this flooring can present an infection control risk in the small grooves of the interlocking joints which could trap small particles of dust and moisture, and are difficult to clean thoroughly. Open V-joints are easier to clean, but provide deeper ‘reservoirs’ for dust, and will need thorough and regular vacuuming or broom cleaning to remove dirt. A well-maintained floor will however present an easy to clean, hygienic floor finish suited to the healthcare environment.<br />
<br />
<span id="cleaning-and-maintenance-9"></span><br />
==== Cleaning and maintenance ====<br />
<br />
The vinyl planks with PU-reinforcement make for a simple maintenance regime. The floor should be swept and vacuumed regularly, and washed periodically with water and manufacturer-approved cleaning agent. No abrasive cleaning agents or tools should be used, and no stripping, sanding, waxing, polishing or varnishing is required. Dirt trapping mats are the best investment in maintaining these floors.<br />
<br />
The glued-down tiles/planks should not be washed for a few days after installation – in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations -to allow the planks to settle in the adhesive. Moisture exposure during this stage may also affect the adhesive bond.<br />
<br />
<span id="safety-8"></span><br />
==== Safety ====<br />
<br />
Laminated vinyl planks are deeply embossed to enhance the realistic wood grain. This ridged surface provides good slip-resistance. The floating floor installation can be laid with sound-absorbing underlays, which also reduce leg-fatigue. Fire ratings vary substantially, depending on the product, and these should be checked with the manufacturer to ensure suitability for use in the health facility. The laminated vinyl plank is a Class BF1/S1 fire-retardant material in terms of the EN 13501-1 test method.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-humidity-8"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Humidity ====<br />
<br />
Laminated vinyl planks can be used in areas where occasional spills occur, although spills should be wiped up immediately.<br />
<br />
<span id="indoor-air-quality-emissions-8"></span><br />
==== Indoor air quality: Emissions ====<br />
<br />
The floating – interlocking planks will not require adhesives to fix the floor in place, and this will reduce the VOC emissions when compared to glued-down systems. Certain vinyl planks have been certified with a Gold Indoor Air Comfort-rating which is awarded to products of very low VOC emissions where these are below any globally determined imit.<br />
<br />
<span id="aesthetics-8"></span><br />
==== Aesthetics ====<br />
<br />
The popularity of laminated flooring has widened the range of ‘wood-look’ finishes available. The diversity of the timber grains and hues provides creative opportunities that echo a natural environment –albeit in appearance only. The move in healthcare to provide a more ‘homely’ residential appeal has also seen these vinyl planks being used more in certain areas of health facilities. The grain should always be laid parallel to the direction of the natural light falling into the room.<br />
<br />
<span id="acoustics-9"></span><br />
==== Acoustics ====<br />
<br />
AC5 - EN 33 Class interlocking ''(or glued-down – specify)'' vinyl PVC--layered flooring plank 1 219 x228 x 5 mm thick ''(confirm size and thickness)'' in four-sided V-groove, bevel-edge joint (''select edge detail''), fixed floating (''or laid in manufacturer approved adhesive).'' Expansion gaps between walls and floor to be provided in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Installation only by manufacturer- approved installer. Supplier to provide 10-year commercial warranty. ''(Confirm colour, texture, code.)''<br />
<br />
Floating laminated flooring tends to amplify the sound of footfalls, but sound-deadening acoustic underlays should be used where possible. These loose-laid or glued-down sublayers can improve the sound of impact by 20 dB, when used with the laminated flooring. Glued-down systems have less echo effect for the sound of footfalls and impact.<br />
<br />
<span id="skirtings-7"></span><br />
==== Skirtings ====<br />
<br />
The PVC-planks cannot be coved - more as a result of the directional pattern, but also the rigidity. Using a complementary colour vinyl skirting could still be used. This allows for a seamless skirting and hygienic finish. Matching moulded skirting can also be used in matching grains and colours to suit the floor panels. This independent skirting is not recommended in high infection control risk areas as the small crevices are difficult to clean, and will gather dust and moisture. Varnished timber skirting is also commonly used with the laminated flooring.<br />
<br />
Typical specification for laminated vinyl planks<br />
<br />
<span id="flooring-accessories"></span><br />
== Flooring accessories ==<br />
<br />
<span id="walk-off-dirt-trapping-mats"></span><br />
=== [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image96.jpeg]]Walk-off dirt trapping mats ===<br />
<br />
An effective entrance barrier or dirt trapping mat can reduce cleaning by up to 65%. The highly abrasive African soil conditions create an extremely aggressive environment that can shorten the life span of the floor-sheeting. Without removing the bulk of this dirt and grit at the entrance, the floor finish - whether hard, soft, resilient or hybrid - can be badly damaged by the dirt and grit that is carried in on visitors’ shoes.<br />
<br />
Walk-off mats should be placed strategically at all entrances, allowing a minimum of four to five paces, (around 3 m) across which people will walk. This will remove the majority of loose particles, and prolong the life of the floor finish.<br />
<br />
Various types of entrance barrier matting are available including:<br />
<br />
* Coarse carpet with ridged surface<br />
* Coir bristle brush<br />
* PVC-brush<br />
* Aluminium structure with inserts of rubber<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image98.jpeg]]Aluminium structure with inserts of carpet<br />
<br />
A recess in the screed should be specified and/or detailed to the exact depth of the mat. This will ensure a flush finish at floor level, and prevent the mat from becoming a tripping hazard. If the mats are not recessed, they will need to be firmly anchored, and have bevelled edges on all sides.<br />
<br />
<span id="expansion-joints"></span><br />
=== Expansion joints ===<br />
<br />
Expansion joints must be carried through the floor finish and screed from the slab below to prevent cracks in the finish. This applies to hard and resilient flooring. Soft finishes such as carpet, can be laid over the screed joint. These joints should be finished with purpose-designed expansion joint covers which will vary according to the type of finish laid, and include:<br />
<br />
* [[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image100.jpeg]]Extruded PVC-covers that are glued to the floor either side of the joint<br />
* Metal joint covers made of aluminium, stainless steel or brass with rubber inserts or metal clip-on covers<br />
<br />
Where PVC joint covers are used with resilient sheeting, the joint must be filled to support the expandable section of the joint cover.<br />
<br />
Preventing uneven surfaces is a priority, and every effort must be made to ensure a smooth transition over expansion joints to minimise tripping hazards.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image102.jpeg]]Consult flooring manufacturers for appropriate treatment of expansion joint covers and ensure that these are specified at documentation stage.<br />
<br />
<span id="transition-strips-stairs-and-ramps"></span><br />
=== Transition strips, stairs and ramps ===<br />
<br />
<span id="transitions"></span><br />
==== Transitions: ====<br />
<br />
The UK National Health Service identified uneven surfaces and changes in level as one of four main causes of “’slip and trip’ accidents in healthcare facilities. (Healey, 2007)<br />
<br />
Changes in floor finish often mean a difference in levels of friction or surface resistance, which can lead to falls. It can also result in a slight change in floor level, if the floor finish thickness varies – as is often the case when sheeting meets a tiles floor for example. It is recommended that these transitions do not exceed 5 mm vertically, but a bevelled transition of 5 mm over 100 mm length (minimum) is less likely to cause tripping. Planning and detail design will reduce the risks.<br />
<br />
By positioning the transition at a threshold also minimises risk as it is more expected here. Purpose-made cover strips are manufactured to link different types of floor finish and thickness and these should be selected, described at specification stage. These are available in metals, such as aluminium, brass, and stainless steel and these strips are also manufactured from extruded PVC.<br />
<br />
In areas where highly sensitive patients (such as spinal surgery patients) are wheeled to theatre, transition strips, or any bumps or ridges, must be avoided as any unnecessary vibration can adversely affect the patient.<br />
<br />
<span id="stairs"></span><br />
==== Stairs: ====<br />
<br />
Stairways are also an area where trips and falls are more common, and need careful planning in terms of finish. Specifying stair nosing will:<br />
<br />
* Provide good slip resistance to the leading edge of the step<br />
* Visually define the step end<br />
* Protect the exposed edge of the finish – irrespective of whether its tile, vinyl or carpet<br />
<br />
Stair nosing is available in extruded and ridged PVC-strips, aluminium strips with rubber or carborundum inserts, or purpose-made step tiles with bull-nosed edges and non-slip grooves. Ensure that the treatment of the stair edge does not become a tripping hazard in itself. The stair nosing must finish as near to flush as possible to the finish on the tread itself.<br />
<br />
<span id="ramps"></span><br />
==== Ramps: ====<br />
<br />
The National Building Regulations give clear parameters for universal/wheelchair access. In addition, the use of wheeled equipment in hospital and healthcare facilities from beds to food trolleys to drip stands, means high-volume use of ramps. The potential for slipping increases due to the gradient. Finishes that provide reasonable slip-resistance are appropriate in this application.<br />
<br />
<span id="c5.4-external-finishes-at-entrances"></span><br />
=== C5.4 External finishes at entrances ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image104.jpeg]]Special attention should be paid to the external areas leading up to all entrances to health facilities bearing in mind that infirm patients will be using this access. At casualty/emergency units, patient drop-off zones, and ambulance bays, there is the additional need for stretchers, wheelchairs and emergency trolleys to be quickly and smoothly wheeled through these entrances. Bevel-edged pavers will add to the effort required to push a trolley over a pavement.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image106.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
Stormwater grids and manhole covers should ideally not be located on these routes, and non-mountable kerbing or rainwater channels should also be avoided. Ramps and slopes should be suitably treated to avoid slipping in wet weather.<br />
<br />
[[File:Floor-Finishes-V1-image108.jpeg]]Areas set aside for helicopter landings, and the route from there to the casualty/emergency entrance should also be viewed with these comments in mind.<br />
<br />
Figure 45<br />
<br />
PERFORMANCE<br />
<br />
<span id="performance-categories"></span><br />
== Performance categories ==<br />
<br />
The properties described in the selection criteria in Section C above have been listed in [[#_Ref384228042|Table 2]] below, and then grouped into five performance categories that would satisfy the requirements in various areas within a healthcare facility<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ <span id="_Ref384228042" class="anchor"></span>Table 2<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"| FLOOR PROPERTIES<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"| PERFORMANCE CATEGORY<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''1'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''2'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''3'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 4<br />
|-<br />
| Smooth<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Impervious<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Jointless/seamless<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Textured<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Perforated<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: right;"| Jointed<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Low maintenance<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
|-<br />
| Washable/easily cleaned<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
|-<br />
| Suited to high humidity areas<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br /><br />
O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br /><br />
✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|-<br />
| Acoustic priority<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|-<br />
| Aesthetic priority<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| O<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ✓<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| 🗴<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Legend/Key:<br />
<br />
'''✓'''indicates this property is required for the class<br />
<br />
🗴indicates this property is not required for the class<br />
<br />
oindicates this property is an optional requirement for the class<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 1 (typical area – operating theatre or ward):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting, linoleum sheeting, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 2 (typical room – passage):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting, linoleum sheeting, rubber sheeting, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 3 (typical area – dirty utility):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl sheeting or tiles, linoleum sheeting or tiles, rubber sheeting or tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 4 (typical area – office or waiting room):<br />
<br />
* Vinyl Sheeting or tiles, linoleum sheeting or tiles, rubber sheeting or tiles, cork tiles, ceramic tiles, porcelain tiles, laminated flooring, carpets, etc.<br />
<br />
Examples of flooring materials or finishes for Class 5(typical area – plant room):<br />
<br />
* Epoxy paints, rubber sheeting or tiles, etc.<br />
<br />
Refer to [[#_Ref384228064|Table ''3 Matrix of recommended floor performance categories'']] to establish what performance category the floor of the room in question will require.<br />
<br />
<span id="performance-categories-recommended-per-room"></span><br />
== Performance categories recommended per room ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ <span id="_Ref384228064" class="anchor"></span>Table 3 Matrix of recommended floor performance categories<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Department<br />
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Room Name<br />
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"| Floor Performance<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 1<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 2<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 3<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 4<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| 5<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Acute In-Patient Wards (Adults)'''<br />
| Circulation Space<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaners Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Consulting Room<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Day Lounge (patients)<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Duty Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Equipment Store<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| General Ward (single or multi-bed)<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Isolation Ward<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kit Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Linen Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Office<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Patient ablutions<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Patient Assisted Ablution<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Ablutions<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Change Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff Rest Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Surgical Sundries Store<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Treatment Room<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Waiting area (public)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Ward Kitchen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Ward Nurse Station<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| Administration Department<br />
| Circulation<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Cleaners Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Offices/ interview rooms<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Reception<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Boardroom<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Stores<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Kitchenette<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Records Room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Print room<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Staff WC’s<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Waiting area (public)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ⏺<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Casualty &amp; Trauma'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Hazmat Shower'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Minor Theatre / Suture Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Resuscitation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Central Sterilising &amp; Supply Department (CSSD)'''<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Linen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Packing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sterile Storage'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sterilization (Autoclaves)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Wash'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Washing &amp; Disinfecting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="37" style="text-align: center;"| '''Community Health Centre'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dental Surgery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guard House or Security Kiosk'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation/ Separate Nursing Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Off-Loading or Holding area for Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''PABX / Server Rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public WC’s &amp; change rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Resuscitation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Bay (entrances)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ultrasound Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''X-Ray Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" style="text-align: center;"| '''Day Clinic (Department)'''<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''General Ward (single or multi-bed)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Operating Theatre'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Setting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Dental Unit (Dept)'''<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dental Surgery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Panoral Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception / Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area (Public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''High Care or Cardiac Care Unit'''<br />
<br />
'''(HC / CCU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Open Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Intensive Care Unit (ICU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Open Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Kitchen – (Main Hospital)'''<br />
| '''Bulk Dry Goods Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cold Room/Freezer'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cooking Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cutlery/Crockery Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dishwashing &amp; Potwashing Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Food Preparation Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plating /Serving Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Receiving Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley wash area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" style="text-align: center;"| '''Laboratory (Pathology/Cytology/Haematology/ Chemistry)'''<br />
<br />
'''(Biosafety Level 2)'''<br />
<br />
'''Laboratory (Pathology/Cytology/Haematology/ Chemistry)'''<br />
<br />
'''(Biosafety Level 2)'''<br />
<br />
''' '''<br />
<br />
''' '''<br />
| '''Blood and blood products store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cell and Tissue Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cytopathology Sample storage'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clinical material store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Disposal area (dangerous materials)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Drug &amp; Vaccines Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Flammable goods store (external)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gas Cylinder &amp; Pressure Vessel store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Hazardous substances store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Histopathology Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Microbiology Laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POCT consulting room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reagents / Chemical Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sample Collection laboratory'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Specimen Reception &amp; Sorting rooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores (protective clothing/equipment)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room incl. lockers'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| '''Laundry – (Main Hospital)'''<br />
| '''Assembly, packing and dispatch'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Chemical Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pressing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Sorting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Washing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="21" style="text-align: center;"| '''Maternity / Delivery Department'''<br />
| '''Baby bathing area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''First Stage Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nursery'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wards'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="36" style="text-align: center;"| '''Mental Health Facility'''<br />
| '''Body Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Children's Play Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Clean Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner's Room/ Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Counselling Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Linen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''ECT procedure room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''En Suite bath/shower room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Group Therapy Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gymnasium (OT &amp; Physio)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''IT Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Medicine Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Multi-Purpose Hall'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Assisted Bathroom/Shower'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Dining room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Laundry'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| '''⏺'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Lounge'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Quiet Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Seclusion Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Security Control Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Security Search Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room &amp; WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wards'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waste Disposal Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Mortuary'''<br />
| '''Blue Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaner’s Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Instruments Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Medical Observation room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pathologist Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Post-Mortem Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Visitor’s Waiting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Neo-Natal Intensive Care Unit (NNICU)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Incubator Ward Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mother’s Rest Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" style="text-align: center;"| '''Operating Theatre (Dept.)'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Operating Theatre'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Post-Operative Recovery Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Pre-Operative Holding Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Scrub-up Area/Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Setting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Outpatients Department'''<br />
| '''Reception / Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Admissions Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Baby Changing area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Children’s Play / waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Areas (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Wheelchair Storage area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" style="text-align: center;"| '''Paediatric Ward'''<br />
| '''Child Assist Ablution'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation Space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility - Isolation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''General Ward (single or multi-bed)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Isolation Ward'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kit Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Milk / Ward Kitchen'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Parent Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Play Area (patients)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Pharmacy/ Dispensary'''<br />
| '''Cleaner’s Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Bulk Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation space'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Counselling Cubicle'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Liquid filling Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Off-Loading Bay'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Waiting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Schedule Drugs Strong Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Tablet Packing Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Vacolitre Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"| '''Physiotherapy Department'''<br />
| '''Audiology Testing'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Gymnasium'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Occupational Therapy room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Speech Therapy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="23" style="text-align: center;"| '''Primary Health Clinic'''<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Consulting Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Delivery Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility Room (Sluice)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dispensary &amp; Pharmacy'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Duty Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Equipment Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Guard House or Security Kiosk'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Observation / Rehydration Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Plant Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''POPS Suite'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception/ Nurse Station'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Ablutions &amp; Change Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Surgical Sundries Store'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Treatment Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Trolley Bay (entrances)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting area (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="25" style="text-align: center;"| '''Radiology (Diagnostic)'''<br />
| '''Bucky Room (general x-ray rm)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Change cubicles'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Cleaners Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''CT / MRI Scan Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Dirty Utility / Sluice'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Fluoroscopy Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Fluoroscopy Control Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''In-patient waiting'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Linen Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Mammogram Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Office'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Patient ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public waiting Area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Porters &amp; wheelchair/trolley parking'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Records room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Server Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff Rest Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Staff WC’s'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores (Equipment/ General)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Ultrasound Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Telemedicine Room'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Viewing Room/ CR Room/ Reporting area'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align: center;"| '''Nurses Residence'''<br />
| '''Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Bedrooms'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Circulation'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Kitchenette'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Lounge'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Offices'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Public Ablutions'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Reception'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| '''Stores'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
|-<br />
| '''Waiting Areas (public)'''<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| ⏺<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="definitions"></span><br />
= DEFINITIONS =<br />
<br />
<span id="terminology"></span><br />
== Terminology ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Aggregation<br />
! Collected together from different sources and considered a whole.<br />
|-<br />
| Ambulant/Ambulatory<br />
| (of a patient) Being able to walk or move around; not being confined to a bed.<br />
|-<br />
| Bacteriostatic<br />
| A word used to describe the property of a material which claims to inhibit the multiplication of bacteria.<br />
|-<br />
| Bariatric<br />
| Describing the condition of obesity.<br />
|-<br />
| Bonded<br />
| Chemically attached or fused in layers.<br />
|-<br />
| Guarantee<br />
| A document setting out a promise of quality made by a manufacturer or the provider of a service, a formal promise that a product will be repaired free of charge if it breaks or fails within a particular period or that substandard work will be redone.<br />
|-<br />
| Heterogeneous<br />
| Consisting of various layers or types throughout.<br />
|-<br />
| Homogenous<br />
| Consisting of things of similar type throughout.<br />
|-<br />
| Hydrophobic<br />
| Water-repellent.<br />
|-<br />
| Hygroscopic<br />
| Readily absorbing moisture from the atmosphere.<br />
|-<br />
| Impervious<br />
| Not allowing passage through (usually of water/moisture).<br />
|-<br />
| Interstices<br />
| Small holes or perforations.<br />
|-<br />
| Jointed<br />
| Junctions which may be open or covered, but not completely sealed and smooth.<br />
|-<br />
| Jointless<br />
| Without joints or having joints which are sealed by materials and methods which make the whole surface imperious and prevent the collection of dirt and bacteria in the joint.<br />
|-<br />
| Olfactory<br />
| Relating to the smell or the sense of smell.<br />
|-<br />
| Perfusion<br />
| Inject liquid into tissue or organ by circulating through blood vessels in the body.<br />
|-<br />
| Polyamide<br />
| A synthetic polymer made by the linkage of an amino group of one molecule and a carboxylic acid group of another, including many synthetic fibres such as nylon.<br />
|-<br />
| Resilient finish<br />
| The quality of a material to spring back quickly into shape after being bent, stretched, or squashed. Resilient flooring refers to flooring materials which have a relatively firm surface, yet characteristically have ‘give’ and ‘bounce back’ to their original surface profile from the weight of objects that compress its surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Seamless<br />
| A surface without open joints or junctions, or where such joints are completely sealed and smooth to create a continuous and whole membrane.<br />
|-<br />
| Slip-resistant<br />
| A quality of a finish to prevent wet or dry slipping. This relates to the friction of the material in relation to the pedestrian traffic across it, and also the type of footwear users have when walking across this finish. Wet pendulum and dry floor friction tests indicate comparative results. Refer to section B4.3.3 for more detail.<br />
|-<br />
| Smooth surface<br />
| A flat surface without projections, indentations or perforations such as a brush-painted plastered surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Textured<br />
| A surface finish which is not smooth, but has a fissured/embossed or ridged finish.<br />
|-<br />
| Tufted<br />
| A group of threads drawn through a fabric and tied securely beneath the surface.<br />
|-<br />
| Vitrified<br />
| To change a material into glass, under high heat and other conditions.<br />
|-<br />
| Warranty<br />
| A written promise to repair or replace a product that has a manufacturing fault. This commonly comes with conditions and is limited to a timeframe given at the time of purchase.<br />
|-<br />
| Washable<br />
| A term implying that a finish can be repeatedly and regularly cleaned using water and water-diluted cleaners without detrimental effect to the finish.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<span id="abbreviations"></span><br />
== Abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! '''CCU'''<br />
! Cardiac Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''CHD'''<br />
| Center for Health Design<br />
|-<br />
| '''CSSD'''<br />
| Central Sterilising and Supply Department<br />
|-<br />
| '''EN'''<br />
| European norms<br />
|-<br />
| '''ENT'''<br />
| Ear, nose and throat<br />
|-<br />
| '''HAI'''<br />
| Healthcare-associated infections<br />
|-<br />
| '''HC'''<br />
| High care<br />
|-<br />
| '''HDF'''<br />
| High-density fibreboard<br />
|-<br />
| '''IAQ'''<br />
| Indoor air quality<br />
|-<br />
| '''ICU'''<br />
| Intensive Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''IEQ'''<br />
| Indoor environmental quality<br />
|-<br />
| '''IUSS'''<br />
| Infrastructure Unit Systems Support<br />
|-<br />
| '''MDF'''<br />
| Medium-density fibreboard<br />
|-<br />
| '''MRSA'''<br />
| Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, (a common skin bacterium that is resistant to a range of antibiotics), otherwise referred to as multi-drug resistant bacteria<br />
|-<br />
| '''NDoH'''<br />
| National Department of Health<br />
|-<br />
| '''NICU'''<br />
| Neonatal Intensive Care Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''NRC'''<br />
| Noise reduction coefficient<br />
|-<br />
| '''OHS'''<br />
| Occupational health and safety<br />
|-<br />
| '''OoM'''<br />
| Order of magnitude<br />
|-<br />
| '''PMIS'''<br />
| Project Management Information System<br />
|-<br />
| '''PMSU'''<br />
| Project Management Support Unit<br />
|-<br />
| '''PuR'''<br />
| Polyurethane-resistant<br />
|-<br />
| '''PVC'''<br />
| Polyvinylchloride<br />
|-<br />
| '''RC'''<br />
| Recommendation Committee<br />
|-<br />
| '''STF'''<br />
| Slips, trips and falls<br />
|-<br />
| '''TNO'''<br />
| Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research<br />
|-<br />
| '''VOC'''<br />
| Volatile organic compound<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<span id="references"></span><br />
= REFERENCES =<br />
<br />
<span id="bibliography"></span><br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
Alcorn, A. and Wood, P., 1998. New Zealand building materials embodied energy coefficients database. (Volume II-Coefficients). Wellington, New Zealand: Centre for Building Performance Research.<br />
<br />
Cement &amp; Concrete Institute (CCI), 2009. ''Sand-cement screeds and concrete toppings for floors.'' [pdf] Midrand, South Africa: CCI. Available at: http://www.afrisam.co.za/media/13770/Sand_cement_floor_screeds_and_concrete_toppings_for_floors.pdf[Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Center for Health Assets Australasia, 2009. ''Floor coverings in healthcare buildings.'' (Technical series TS-7 version 1.1). New South Wales:NSW Health.<br />
<br />
Department of Health (DH), 2010. ''Core elements: Health Building Note 00-03: Clinical and clinical support spaces''. UK: DH.<br />
<br />
Department of Health (DoH), 1980. ''Regulations governing private hospitals and unattached operating theatres.'' (Government notice No. R.158 of the Health Act, 1971. (C.63). Cape Town South Africa: Government Gazette.<br />
<br />
Department of Health Gateway Review, Estates &amp; Facilities Division, 2011. ''Performance requirements for building elements used in healthcare facilities.'' (Version:0.6:England). [pdf] Leeds: HMSO. Available at: http://www.derbyshirelmc.org.uk/Guidance/8941-England-8941_0.6_England.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Department of Health, n.d. ''R&amp;D project B(04)02: Developing an integrated system for the optimal selection of hospital finishes.'' Aberdeen, Scotland: Department of Health.<br />
<br />
HermanMiller Healthcare, 2006. ''Sound practices: Noise control in the healthcare environment.'' (Research summary/2006). Zeeland, Michigan: Herman Miller.<br />
<br />
Joseph, A., Malone, E., Pati, D. and Quan, X., 2011. ''Healthcare environmental terms and outcome measures: An evidence-based design glossary.'' Concord, CA:The Center for Health Design.<br />
<br />
Jung, W.K., Koo, H.C., Kim, K.W., Shin, S., Kim, S.H. and Park, Y.H., 2008. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli. ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'', 74(7), pp.2171-2178.<br />
<br />
Lavy, S., 2010. Facility managers’ preferred interior wall finishes in acute-care hospital buildings. In: CIB, ''18th CIB World Building Congress: Facilities management and maintenance''. Salford, United Kingdom, 10-13 May 2010. Salford, United Kingdom: CIB.<br />
<br />
Makison, C. and Swan, J., 2005. The effect of humidity on the survival of MRSA on hard surfaces. (R&amp;D report B(03)02). [pdf] London: Estates and Facilities Division of the Department of Health. Available at: http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/Documents/254/B(03)02%20MRSA.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Nanda, U., Malone, E. and Joseph, A., 2012. ''Achieving EBD goals through flooring selection &amp; design.'' [pdf] Concord, CA:The Center for Health Design. Available at: http://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/chd_achieving_ebd_goals_through_flooring__design_final_0.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. ''Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 56: Building component series: Partitions.'' UK: TSO.<br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. ''Health Technical Memorandum (HTM) 60: Ceilings.'' 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. UK: TSO.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2006. ''Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (SHTM) 61: Building component series: Flooring.'' Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2006. ''Scottish Health Technical Memorandum (SHTM) 61: Building component series: Flooring.'' Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
NHS, National Services Scotland, 2007. ''Scottish Health Facilities Note 30: Infection control in the built environment: Design and planning.'' (Version 3). Scotland:Health Facilities Scotland.<br />
<br />
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) in association with the University of Sheffield and Queen Margaret University College, 2004. ''The role of hospital design in the recruitment, retention and performance of NHS nurses in England.'' (Full report). [pdf] Edinburgh: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE). Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/files/the-role-of-hospital-design.pdf [Accessed 9 April 2014].<br />
<br />
Welsh Health Estates, 2009. ''Health Building Note 04-01: Adult in-patient accommodation''. Cardiff, Wales:Welsh Health Estates.<br />
<br />
Wolkoff, P., 1999. How to measure and evaluate volatile organic compound emissions from building products. A perspective. ''The Science of the Total Environment,'' 227(1999), pp.197-213.<br />
<br />
<span id="websites-further-reading"></span><br />
== Websites: Further reading ==<br />
<br />
https://www.transparency.perkinswill.com<br />
<br />
http://www.gatech.edu<br />
<br />
http://www.GreenhealthMagazine.org<br />
<br />
http://greenhomeguide.com<br />
<br />
http://gbcsa.org.za<br />
<br />
http://www.green-buildings.com<br />
<br />
http://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com<br />
<br />
http://www.carpet-rug.org/documents/technical-bulletins<br />
<br />
http://www.amorimcork.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.wicanders.com<br />
<br />
http://envirocork.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.building.co.uk<br />
<br />
http://www.floorworx.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.flowcretesa.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.polyflor.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.belgotexcarpets.co.za<br />
<br />
http://www.vandykcarpets.com<br />
<br />
<span id="photographic-and-illustration-credits"></span><br />
== PHOTOGRAPHIC AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Cover photo:<br />
! C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.1 to6<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.7<br />
| G. Abbott- CSIR<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.8<br />
| R. Cubbin based on Life cycle Floor Cost Table – by Nora®, USA<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.9<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.10<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.11 to13<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.14<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.15<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.16<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.17<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.18<br />
| C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.19<br />
| C. Hudson<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.20 to26<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.27<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.28 to 36<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.37 to 38<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.39 to 40<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.41<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.42<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.43<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig. 44<br />
| R. Cubbin<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.45<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.46<br />
| M. Swinney<br />
|-<br />
| Fig.47<br />
| R. van Rensburg<br />
|}</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-enwp-boxes.css&diff=6046MediaWiki:Gadget-enwp-boxes.css2025-09-05T12:17:32Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>/** @source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.css | 2012-07-05 */<br />
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<br />
/* Messagebox templates */<br />
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border: 1px solid #aaa;<br />
background-color: #f9f9f9;<br />
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margin: 0 auto 1em auto;<br />
padding: .2em;<br />
}<br />
.messagebox.merge {<br />
border: 1px solid #c0b8cc;<br />
background-color: #f0e5ff;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
.messagebox.cleanup {<br />
border: 1px solid #9f9fff;<br />
background-color: #efefff;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
.messagebox.standard-talk {<br />
border: 1px solid #c0c090;<br />
background-color: #f8eaba;<br />
margin: 4px auto;<br />
}<br />
/* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */<br />
.mbox-inside .standard-talk,<br />
.messagebox.nested-talk {<br />
border: 1px solid #c0c090;<br />
background-color: #f8eaba;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
margin: 2px 0;<br />
padding: 2px;<br />
}<br />
.messagebox.small {<br />
width: 238px;<br />
font-size: 85%;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
float: right;<br />
clear: both;<br />
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margin: 0 0 1em 1em;<br />
line-height: 1.25em; <br />
}<br />
.messagebox.small-talk {<br />
width: 238px;<br />
font-size: 85%;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
float: right;<br />
clear: both;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;<br />
line-height: 1.25em; <br />
background: #F8EABA;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */<br />
th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */<br />
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padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */<br />
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td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */<br />
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table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */<br />
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table.imbox {<br />
margin: 4px 10%; <br />
border-collapse: collapse; <br />
border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */<br />
background: #fbfbfb;<br />
}<br />
.imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */<br />
margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */<br />
display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */<br />
}<br />
.mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */<br />
margin: 4px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
table.imbox-notice {<br />
border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */<br />
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table.imbox-speedy {<br />
border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */<br />
background: #fee; /* Pink */<br />
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table.imbox-delete {<br />
border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */<br />
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table.imbox-content {<br />
border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */<br />
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table.imbox-style {<br />
border: 3px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */<br />
}<br />
table.imbox-move {<br />
border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */<br />
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table.imbox-protection {<br />
border: 3px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */<br />
}<br />
table.imbox-license {<br />
border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */<br />
background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */<br />
}<br />
table.imbox-featured {<br />
border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */<br />
}<br />
<br />
/* Category message box styles */<br />
table.cmbox {<br />
margin: 3px 10%;<br />
border-collapse: collapse;<br />
border: 1px solid #aaa; <br />
background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */<br />
}<br />
<br />
table.cmbox-notice {<br />
background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */<br />
}<br />
table.cmbox-speedy {<br />
margin-top: 4px;<br />
margin-bottom: 4px;<br />
border: 4px solid #b22222; /* Red */<br />
background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */<br />
}<br />
table.cmbox-delete {<br />
background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */<br />
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table.cmbox-content {<br />
background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */<br />
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table.cmbox-style {<br />
background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */<br />
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table.cmbox-move {<br />
background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */<br />
}<br />
table.cmbox-protection {<br />
background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */<br />
}<br />
<br />
/* Other pages message box styles */<br />
table.ombox {<br />
margin: 4px 10%; <br />
border-collapse: collapse; <br />
border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Default "notice" gray */<br />
background: #f9f9f9;<br />
}<br />
<br />
table.ombox-notice {<br />
border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Gray */<br />
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table.ombox-speedy {<br />
border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */<br />
background: #fee; /* Pink */<br />
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table.ombox-delete {<br />
border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */<br />
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table.ombox-content {<br />
border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */<br />
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table.ombox-style {<br />
border: 1px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */<br />
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table.ombox-move {<br />
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}<br />
.mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */<br />
margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */<br />
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}<br />
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table.tmbox-move {<br />
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table.tmbox-protection,<br />
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border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */<br />
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<br />
/* Disambig and set index box styles */<br />
table.dmbox {<br />
clear: both; <br />
margin: 0.9em 1em; <br />
border-top: 1px solid #ccc; <br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; <br />
background: transparent;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/* Footer and header message box styles */<br />
table.fmbox {<br />
clear: both;<br />
margin: 0.2em 0;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
border: 1px solid #aaa;<br />
background: #f9f9f9; /* Default "system" gray */<br />
}<br />
table.fmbox-system {<br />
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}<br />
table.fmbox-warning {<br />
border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */<br />
background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */<br />
}<br />
table.fmbox-editnotice {<br />
background: transparent;<br />
}<br />
/* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */<br />
.mediawiki .mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, /* Prepend .mediawiki to increase selector weight over skin */<br />
.mw-lag-warn-high,<br />
.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,<br />
#mw-protect-cascadeon {<br />
clear: both;<br />
margin: 0.2em 0;<br />
border: 1px solid #bb7070;<br />
background: #ffdbdb;<br />
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;<br />
}<br />
/* Div based "system" style fmbox messages. <br />
Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */<br />
div.mw-lag-warn-normal,<br />
div.fmbox-system {<br />
clear: both;<br />
margin: 0.2em 0;<br />
border: 1px solid #aaa;<br />
background: #f9f9f9;<br />
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;<br />
}<br />
<br />
/* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other <br />
ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "body.mediawiki" is so <br />
they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */<br />
body.mediawiki table.mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
clear: right;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
float: right;<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
margin: 4px 0 4px 1em;<br />
width: 238px;<br />
font-size: 88%;<br />
line-height: 1.25em;<br />
}<br />
body.mediawiki table.mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */<br />
/* @noflip */<br />
margin: 4px 1em 4px 0;<br />
width: 238px;<br />
border-collapse: collapse;<br />
font-size: 88%;<br />
line-height: 1.25em;<br />
}</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=TB_and_COVID-19_Infection_Control_in_the_Healthcare_Sector_Webinar_Series&diff=6002TB and COVID-19 Infection Control in the Healthcare Sector Webinar Series2020-11-20T13:40:04Z<p>SheldonBole: SheldonBole moved page TB & COVID-19 Infection Control in the Healthcare Sector Webinar Series to TB and COVID-19 Infection Control in the Healthcare Sector Webinar Series without leaving a redirect: renamed</p>
<hr />
<div>On the 4th of June 2020 the Department of Employment and Labour (DoL) issued Directives for employers to deal with Covid-19 at workplaces. The DoL requires employers to use the precautions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act in particular the Hazardous Biological Agents regulations, governing workplaces in relation to Covid-19. In the period since the issuing of the guidelines a clear picture has emerged about Covid-19, the nature of the hazard, the risk in the workplace and the precautions that should be taken to minimize the risk.<br />
<br />
Recognizing the critical need for competent human resources in risk reduction, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which is funded by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offered a 5-day course on the management of airborne and contact infection prevention and control course. <br />
<br />
The CSIR has been offering a TB course since 2010 and has graduated in excess of 3000 participants in all 9 provinces. Due to the devastating effects of Covid-19, the CSIR team has added comprehensive modules on Covid-19 management in healthcare settings. The package offers an educational model for healthcare practitioners who are looking at acquiring skills in risk management and infection prevention and control. It also consists of virtual online training and on-site hands on practicals on risk assessments. The CSIR will sponsor equipment and support on installation of a mobile application (app) risk assessment, as well as a selection of specialized online courses. All modules were developed by experts in the respective field.<br />
<br />
The TBCRMP was held from the 12st until the 29th of September 2020. The course comprised three days of online course webinars, followed by one day of classroom presentations and ended with a day of practical sessions. The practical class was limited to under 50 attendees as per government gazette regulations. <br />
{|style="width: 85%;"<br />
!<youtube width="1280">JLGgy3eqd5k</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">fTYxtMttYcw</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">enQA-oAWgmM</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">ca5x-fe4DyI</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">YNDKtTUaRTk</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">iYGFtAi9ATo</youtube><br />
|}<br />
<br />
These webinars have been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) under the terms of Grant Number – 6NU2GGH001937-04-04</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=TB_and_COVID-19_Infection_Control_in_the_Healthcare_Sector_Webinar_Series&diff=6001TB and COVID-19 Infection Control in the Healthcare Sector Webinar Series2020-11-20T12:58:37Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>On the 4th of June 2020 the Department of Employment and Labour (DoL) issued Directives for employers to deal with Covid-19 at workplaces. The DoL requires employers to use the precautions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act in particular the Hazardous Biological Agents regulations, governing workplaces in relation to Covid-19. In the period since the issuing of the guidelines a clear picture has emerged about Covid-19, the nature of the hazard, the risk in the workplace and the precautions that should be taken to minimize the risk.<br />
<br />
Recognizing the critical need for competent human resources in risk reduction, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which is funded by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offered a 5-day course on the management of airborne and contact infection prevention and control course. <br />
<br />
The CSIR has been offering a TB course since 2010 and has graduated in excess of 3000 participants in all 9 provinces. Due to the devastating effects of Covid-19, the CSIR team has added comprehensive modules on Covid-19 management in healthcare settings. The package offers an educational model for healthcare practitioners who are looking at acquiring skills in risk management and infection prevention and control. It also consists of virtual online training and on-site hands on practicals on risk assessments. The CSIR will sponsor equipment and support on installation of a mobile application (app) risk assessment, as well as a selection of specialized online courses. All modules were developed by experts in the respective field.<br />
<br />
The TBCRMP was held from the 12st until the 29th of September 2020. The course comprised three days of online course webinars, followed by one day of classroom presentations and ended with a day of practical sessions. The practical class was limited to under 50 attendees as per government gazette regulations. <br />
{|style="width: 85%;"<br />
!<youtube width="1280">JLGgy3eqd5k</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">fTYxtMttYcw</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">enQA-oAWgmM</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">ca5x-fe4DyI</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">YNDKtTUaRTk</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">iYGFtAi9ATo</youtube><br />
|}<br />
<br />
These webinars have been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) under the terms of Grant Number – 6NU2GGH001937-04-04</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=TB_and_COVID-19_Infection_Control_in_the_Healthcare_Sector_Webinar_Series&diff=6000TB and COVID-19 Infection Control in the Healthcare Sector Webinar Series2020-11-20T12:54:33Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>On the 4th of June 2020 the Department of Employment and Labour (DoL) issued Directives for employers to deal with Covid-19 at workplaces. The DoL requires employers to use the precautions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act in particular the Hazardous Biological Agents regulations, governing workplaces in relation to Covid-19. In the period since the issuing of the guidelines a clear picture has emerged about Covid-19, the nature of the hazard, the risk in the workplace and the precautions that should be taken to minimize the risk.<br />
<br />
Recognizing the critical need for competent human resources in risk reduction, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which is funded by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offered a 5-day course on the management of airborne and contact infection prevention and control course. <br />
<br />
The CSIR has been offering a TB course since 2010 and has graduated in excess of 3000 participants in all 9 provinces. Due to the devastating effects of Covid-19, the CSIR team has added comprehensive modules on Covid-19 management in healthcare settings. The package offers an educational model for healthcare practitioners who are looking at acquiring skills in risk management and infection prevention and control. It also consists of virtual online training and on-site hands on practicals on risk assessments. The CSIR will sponsor equipment and support on installation of a mobile application (app) risk assessment, as well as a selection of specialized online courses. All modules were developed by experts in the respective field.<br />
<br />
The TBCRMP was held from the 12st until the 29th of September 2020. The course comprised three days of online course webinars, followed by one day of classroom presentations and ended with a day of practical sessions. The practical class was limited to under 50 attendees as per government gazette regulations. <br />
{|<br />
!<youtube width="1280">JLGgy3eqd5k</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">fTYxtMttYcw</youtube><br />
|-<br />
!<youtube width="1280">enQA-oAWgmM</youtube><br />
|-<br />
|<youtube width="1280">ca5x-fe4DyI</youtube><br />
|-<br />
|<youtube width="1280">YNDKtTUaRTk</youtube><br />
|-<br />
|<youtube width="1280">iYGFtAi9ATo</youtube><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
These webinars have been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) under the terms of Grant Number – 6NU2GGH001937-04-04</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=TB_and_COVID-19_Infection_Control_in_the_Healthcare_Sector_Webinar_Series&diff=5999TB and COVID-19 Infection Control in the Healthcare Sector Webinar Series2020-11-20T12:52:21Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>On the 4th of June 2020 the Department of Employment and Labour (DoL) issued Directives for employers to deal with Covid-19 at workplaces. The DoL requires employers to use the precautions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act in particular the Hazardous Biological Agents regulations, governing workplaces in relation to Covid-19. In the period since the issuing of the guidelines a clear picture has emerged about Covid-19, the nature of the hazard, the risk in the workplace and the precautions that should be taken to minimize the risk.<br />
<br />
Recognizing the critical need for competent human resources in risk reduction, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which is funded by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offered a 5-day course on the management of airborne and contact infection prevention and control course. <br />
<br />
The CSIR has been offering a TB course since 2010 and has graduated in excess of 3000 participants in all 9 provinces. Due to the devastating effects of Covid-19, the CSIR team has added comprehensive modules on Covid-19 management in healthcare settings. The package offers an educational model for healthcare practitioners who are looking at acquiring skills in risk management and infection prevention and control. It also consists of virtual online training and on-site hands on practicals on risk assessments. The CSIR will sponsor equipment and support on installation of a mobile application (app) risk assessment, as well as a selection of specialized online courses. All modules were developed by experts in the respective field.<br />
<br />
The TBCRMP was held from the 12st until the 29th of September 2020. The course comprised three days of online course webinars, followed by one day of classroom presentations and ended with a day of practical sessions. The practical class was limited to under 50 attendees as per government gazette regulations. <br />
<br />
<youtube width="1280">JLGgy3eqd5k</youtube><br />
<br />
<youtube width="1280">fTYxtMttYcw</youtube><br />
<br />
<youtube width="1280">enQA-oAWgmM</youtube><br />
<br />
<youtube width="1280">ca5x-fe4DyI</youtube><br />
<br />
<youtube width="1280">YNDKtTUaRTk</youtube><br />
<br />
<youtube width="1280">iYGFtAi9ATo</youtube><br />
<br />
These webinars have been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) under the terms of Grant Number – 6NU2GGH001937-04-04</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=TB_and_COVID-19_Infection_Control_in_the_Healthcare_Sector_Webinar_Series&diff=5998TB and COVID-19 Infection Control in the Healthcare Sector Webinar Series2020-11-20T12:48:36Z<p>SheldonBole: Created page with "On the 4th of June 2020 the Department of Employment and Labour (DoL) issued Directives for employers to deal with Covid-19 at workplaces. The DoL requires employers to use th..."</p>
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<div>On the 4th of June 2020 the Department of Employment and Labour (DoL) issued Directives for employers to deal with Covid-19 at workplaces. The DoL requires employers to use the precautions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act in particular the Hazardous Biological Agents regulations, governing workplaces in relation to Covid-19. In the period since the issuing of the guidelines a clear picture has emerged about Covid-19, the nature of the hazard, the risk in the workplace and the precautions that should be taken to minimize the risk.<br />
<br />
Recognizing the critical need for competent human resources in risk reduction, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which is funded by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offered a 5-day course on the management of airborne and contact infection prevention and control course. <br />
<br />
The CSIR has been offering a TB course since 2010 and has graduated in excess of 3000 participants in all 9 provinces. Due to the devastating effects of Covid-19, the CSIR team has added comprehensive modules on Covid-19 management in healthcare settings. The package offers an educational model for healthcare practitioners who are looking at acquiring skills in risk management and infection prevention and control. It also consists of virtual online training and on-site hands on practicals on risk assessments. The CSIR will sponsor equipment and support on installation of a mobile application (app) risk assessment, as well as a selection of specialized online courses. All modules were developed by experts in the respective field.<br />
<br />
The TBCRMP was held from the 12st until the 29th of September 2020. The course comprised three days of online course webinars, followed by one day of classroom presentations and ended with a day of practical sessions. The practical class was limited to under 50 attendees as per government gazette regulations. <br />
<br />
<br />
These webinars have been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) under the terms of Grant Number – 6NU2GGH001937-04-04</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=User_talk:IMeyer1&diff=5997User talk:IMeyer12020-11-18T06:58:50Z<p>SheldonBole: Welcome!</p>
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<div>'''Welcome to ''The HILLSIDE''!'''<br />
We hope you will contribute much and well.<br />
You will probably want to read the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents help pages].<br />
Again, welcome and have fun! [[User:SheldonBole|SheldonBole]] ([[User talk:SheldonBole|talk]]) 08:58, 18 November 2020 (SAST)</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=User:IMeyer1&diff=5996User:IMeyer12020-11-18T06:58:49Z<p>SheldonBole: Creating user page for new user.</p>
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<div>Projects Administrator for the CSIR Functional Building Infrastructure Department in the Smart Places Cluster.</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Sandbox&diff=5904Sandbox2020-10-19T07:37:00Z<p>SheldonBole: testing numbering</p>
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<div>{{Page in progress}}<br />
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{{Graph:Chart|width=600|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|type=rect|x=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8|y=10,12,6,14,2,10,7,9}}<br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=100|height=100|type=pie|legend=Legende<br />
|x=A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I|y1=100,200,150,300,100,100,150,50,200<br />
|y2=7,8,9,8,8,9,10,9,5|showValues=}}<br />
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{{Graph:Chart|width=400|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|legend=Legend|type=stackedarea|x=1,2,3,4,5,6|y1=10,12,6,14,2,10<br />
|y2=2,4,6,8,13,11|interpolate=monotone|colors=seagreen,orchid}}<br />
<br />
{{Drawing}}<br />
<br />
=some other section=<br />
[[File:Climate zones of Southern Africa.png|alt=Climate zones of Southern Africa|thumb|'''Climate zones of Southern Africa''']]<br />
<br /><br />
this is a test<br />
this is a test page on cycling<br />
edit 1<br />
edit 2<br />
35 ab<br />
<br />
This sentence shows the template used at the end.{{citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
See how to use Cite: ->https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite#book_referencing<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="6" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="center" /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="8" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="right" /><br />
|}<br />
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<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
<br />
<maplink zoom="13" latitude="37.8103" longitude="-122.3995" /><br />
<br />
# The Sun is pretty big.<ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> The Moon, however, is not so big.<ref>R. Smith, "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 46 (April 1978): 44–6.</ref><br />
# This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref><br />
# Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple" /> Any reused tag should not contain extra content, that will spawn an error. Only use empty tags in this role.<br />
# A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end. Although this may reduce redundant work, please be aware that if a future editor removes the first reference, this will result in the loss of all references using the empty ref tags.<ref name="multiple" /><br />
# According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big <ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> In fact, it is very big <ref group="footnotes"> Take their word for it. Don't look directly at the sun!</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="footnotes" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Covid-19_south_african_national_guideline_repository&diff=4997Covid-19 south african national guideline repository2020-08-20T14:15:12Z<p>SheldonBole: Redirected page to COVID-19 South African National Guideline Repository</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[COVID-19 South African National Guideline Repository]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Drawings&diff=4996Drawings2020-08-20T13:45:50Z<p>SheldonBole: Redirected page to IUSS Drawings Repository</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[IUSS Drawings Repository]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Iuss_drawings_repository&diff=4995Iuss drawings repository2020-08-20T13:43:29Z<p>SheldonBole: Redirected page to IUSS Drawings Repository</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[IUSS Drawings Repository]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Sandbox&diff=4994Sandbox2020-08-20T13:41:20Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
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<div>{{Page in progress}}<br />
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{{Graph:Chart|width=600|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
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<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=100|height=100|type=pie|legend=Legende<br />
|x=A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I|y1=100,200,150,300,100,100,150,50,200<br />
|y2=7,8,9,8,8,9,10,9,5|showValues=}}<br />
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{{Graph:Chart|width=400|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|legend=Legend|type=stackedarea|x=1,2,3,4,5,6|y1=10,12,6,14,2,10<br />
|y2=2,4,6,8,13,11|interpolate=monotone|colors=seagreen,orchid}}<br />
<br />
{{Drawing}}<br />
<br />
=some other section=<br />
[[File:Climate zones of Southern Africa.png|alt=Climate zones of Southern Africa|thumb|'''Climate zones of Southern Africa''']]<br />
<br /><br />
this is a test<br />
this is a test page on cycling<br />
edit 1<br />
edit 2<br />
35 ab<br />
<br />
This sentence shows the template used at the end.{{citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
See how to use Cite: ->https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite#book_referencing<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="6" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="center" /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="8" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="right" /><br />
|}<br />
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<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
<br />
<maplink zoom="13" latitude="37.8103" longitude="-122.3995" /><br />
<br />
The Sun is pretty big.<ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> The Moon, however, is not so big.<ref>R. Smith, "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 46 (April 1978): 44–6.</ref><br />
<br />
This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref><br />
<br />
Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple" /> Any reused tag should not contain extra content, that will spawn an error. Only use empty tags in this role.<br />
<br />
A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end. Although this may reduce redundant work, please be aware that if a future editor removes the first reference, this will result in the loss of all references using the empty ref tags.<ref name="multiple" /><br />
<br />
According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big <ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> In fact, it is very big <ref group="footnotes"> Take their word for it. Don't look directly at the sun!</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="footnotes" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Template:Drawing&diff=4993Template:Drawing2020-08-20T13:39:12Z<p>SheldonBole: Created page with "==Remember, a Jedi can feel the Force flowing through him.== I call it luck. You don't believe in the Force, do you? Hey, Luke! May the Force be with you. Leave that to me. Se..."</p>
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<div>==Remember, a Jedi can feel the Force flowing through him.==<br />
I call it luck. You don't believe in the Force, do you? Hey, Luke! May the Force be with you. Leave that to me. Send a distress signal, and inform the Senate that all on board were killed. Still, she's got a lot of spirit. I don't know, what do you think?<br />
<br />
=== I'm trying not to, kid. Hey, Luke! May the Force be with you. Remember, a Jedi can feel the Force flowing through him. But with the blast shield down, I can't even see! How am I supposed to fight? ===<br />
I need your help, Luke. She needs your help. I'm getting too old for this sort of thing.<br />
Dantooine. They're on Dantooine. Don't be too proud of this technological terror you've constructed. The ability to destroy a planet is insignificant next to the power of the Force. I don't know what you're talking about. I am a member of the Imperial Senate on a diplomatic mission to Alderaan--<br />
<br />
Obi-Wan is here. The Force is with him.<br />
Leave that to me. Send a distress signal, and inform the Senate that all on board were killed.<br />
Alderaan? I'm not going to Alderaan. I've got to go home. It's late, I'm in for it as it is.</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=File:AK_Procedure_room_-_3D_View.png&diff=4990File:AK Procedure room - 3D View.png2020-08-13T13:48:23Z<p>SheldonBole: testing heading</p>
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<div>AK procedure Room - 3D View<br />
<br />
== testing ==</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=File:AK_Procedure_room_-_3D_View.png&diff=4989File:AK Procedure room - 3D View.png2020-08-13T13:45:48Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
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<div>AK procedure Room - 3D View<br />
[[User:SheldonBole|SheldonBole]] ([[User talk:SheldonBole|talk]])testing[[User:SheldonBole|SheldonBole]] ([[User talk:SheldonBole|talk]])</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=File:AK_Procedure_room_-_3D_View.png&diff=4988File:AK Procedure room - 3D View.png2020-08-13T13:44:30Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
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<div>AK procedure Room - 3D View<br />
testing</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=IUSS_Drawings_Repository&diff=4987IUSS Drawings Repository2020-08-12T11:36:42Z<p>SheldonBole: Formatting and aligning images and changing sizes.</p>
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<div>='''Gazetted IUSS drawings'''=<br />
<br />
==Procedure Room==<br />
[[File:AK Procedure room - 3D View.png|none|thumb|720x720px|3D view]]<br />
[[File:AK Procedure Room - Plan.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Plan View]]<br />
[[File:AK Procedure Room - Elevation.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Elevation]]<br />
<br />
==Functional Space Theatre==<br />
[[File:Functional Space Theatre - Pre OP Holding Bay.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Plan View - Pre OP Holding Bay]]<br />
[[File:Functional Space Theatre - Post OP Recovery Bay.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Plan View - Post OP Recovery Bay]]<br />
<br />
==Treatment Room==<br />
[[File:Treatment Room - 3D View and plan view.png|none|thumb|720x720px|3D View and Plan view]]<br />
[[File:Treatment Room - Elevation.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Elevation]]<br />
<br />
==Functional Space Neonatal==<br />
[[File:Functional Space Neonatal - Standard bassinets and High Care.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Plan View - Standard bassinets and High Care (Incubators and baby stations)]]<br />
[[File:Functional Space (Neonatal) - Intensive care.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Plan View - Intensive care]]<br />
<br />
==Neonatal Baby Resus==<br />
[[File:Neonatal Baby Resus - 3D View.png|none|thumb|720x720px|3D View]]<br />
[[File:Neonatal Baby Resus - Plan View.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Plan View]]<br />
[[File:Neonatal Baby Resus - Elevation.png|none|thumb|720x720px|Elevation]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=IUSS&diff=4792IUSS2020-07-23T09:50:31Z<p>SheldonBole: Redirected page to Infrastructure Unit System Support</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Infrastructure Unit System Support]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:About&diff=4718The HILLSIDE:About2020-07-20T13:18:39Z<p>SheldonBole: 4 revisions imported: namespace fixing 6</p>
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<div>Health Infrastructure Living Library for Sustainable Innovation, Design and Engineering [The HILLSIDE]<br />
<br />
The Hillside project is an interactive repository for developers, users and regulators to collaborate on the development of guidelines for contextually appropriate, innovative, resilient and sustainable healthcare infrastructure. The Hillside helps collect and organize contextual knowledge to make it available to people. The Hillside is free to view and use and contains no commercial ads. Articles in this repository range from technical guidance to case studies. Registration may be required to commit technical contributions although a peer-review process is an integral part of the contribution process. Contributions here are not protected by copyright and the contributor is required to ensure that any content presented is not subject to copyright elsewhere.</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Adult_Inpatient_Services&diff=4707Adult Inpatient Services2020-07-20T10:16:33Z<p>SheldonBole: Fixed table spacing</p>
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<div>='''Policy and Service Context'''=<br />
<br />
==Policy context==<br />
<div style="margin-left:0;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
Adult inpatient units provide suitable accommodation for the patient where diagnosis, medical and nursing care, and treatment can be provided effectively and economically.<br />
<br />
The adult inpatient unit is the clinical unit in a hospital where patient bed space and clinical treatment space is combined. This combination allows the unit to provide patients with an effective, economical therapeutic unit for clinical diagnosis, medical treatment, and nursing care.<br />
<br />
The inpatient unit environment needs to meet the requirements for safe nursing and clinical practice, adhere to health and safety standards, and meet recognised infection control principles, while maintaining the principle of patient privacy and dignity.<br />
<br />
This document provides guidance on inpatient unit spaces and it should be read in conjunction with the full IUSS set of standards pertaining to an inpatient unit. Variations to the set standard for inpatient units will be noted where indicated.<br />
<br />
Specialised guidelines for inpatient units for paediatrics, infectious diseases, i.e. tuberculosis, intensive care, obstetrics, rehabilitation, burns care, oncology and mental health care will be addressed in separate IUSS documents.<br />
<br />
==Service context==<br />
</div>The business case and the health brief define the correct package of services and the required bed distribution per facility based on the Provincial Strategic Transformation Plan and the government policy document:Government Notice R. 185, 2 March 2012, National Health Act 61/2003Regulations: '''Categories of hospitals''': No.35101<br />
TABLE 1:INPATIENT UNIT ALLOCATION PER CATEGORY OF HOSPITAL<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!District hospital<br />
!Regional hospital<br />
!Tertiary hospital<br />
!Central hospital<br />
!Specialist hospitals<br />
|-<br />
|General medical<br />
|Medical-Internal Medicine<br />
|Subspecialty Medical<br />
| rowspan="6" |Super specialties in the disciplines listed for tertiary care, including oncology<br />
| rowspan="5" |Tuberculosis(TB) Mental Health<br />
Rehabilitation <br />
<br />
Infectious Diseases<br />
|-<br />
|General surgical<br />
|General surgical<br />
|Subspecialty Surgical<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Specialty Surgical:<br />
Gynaecology<br />
<br />
Orthopaedics<br />
<br />
Ophthalmology<br />
|Subspecialty Surgical:<br />
Gynaecology<br />
<br />
Orthopaedics<br />
<br />
Ophthalmology<br />
<br /><br />
|-<br />
|Paediatric<br />
|Paediatric<br />
|Subspecialty Paediatric<br />
|-<br />
|Maternity<br />
|Maternity<br />
|Subspecialty Obstetrics<br />
|-<br />
|High care<sup>ӿ</sup><br />
|High care<sup>ӿ</sup><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Intensive Care Unit<sup>ӿ</sup><br />
|Intensive care under<sup>ӿ</sup> supervision of a specialist intensivist<br />
|Specialist intensive care<sup>ӿ</sup><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mental Health<br />
Observation Room and 72<br />
<br />
hours beds<br />
|Psychiatric<br />
Inpatient Unit<br />
|Specialist psychiatric<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
'''<nowiki>*To be dealt with in separate documents </nowiki>'''<div style="margin-left:0;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
===Determining inpatient unit size===<br />
Operationally successful inpatient units range from 28 to 32 beds per unit. The unit is subdivided into bed units that will provide for efficient management of patient acuity and flexibility. This guideline recommends 28 to 32 beds per inpatient unit.<br />
<br />
All inpatient units should function as stand-alone units. These units contain one, two or four bed-, with six-bed configurations only being permissible in certain instances.<br />
<br />
The inpatient unit should be planned to operate at an optimal occupancy level considering the model of care to be provided, staffing strategies, staff availability and operational aspects.- <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
===Hours of operation===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">All inpatient units and emergency admissions will operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Day patients will be treated for 8 or 12 hours a day or as stipulated in the health brief. </div><br />
<br />
===Patient visitors===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">The hospital determines the visiting policy. Patient visitors may be limited by age, number and allocated visiting times. </div><br />
<br />
===Personnel===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Each unit will be assigned nursing and housekeeping staff for a 24-hour operational cycle. Nursing staff work in shifts and provide day and night nursing support. Medical and clinical support staff members provide clinical interventions according to the clinical profile of the inpatient unit and the need of the individual patient.<br />
Facility management, such as food services, linen services, cleaning services and maintenance support, is performed on a daily, weekly or intermittent basis.<br />
<br />
Visiting, teaching and volunteering activities may also take place within the inpatient unit space. <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Operational policies===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Operational policies influence the planning, design and functioning of an adult inpatient facility and must be considered early in the design process. The national and provincial departments of health prescribe operational and clinical policies in the interest of quality of care and infection control. All individual facilities will also have their own policies and procedures to be accommodated in the planning of a new facility or upgrading of an existing facility.<br />
The following policies are relevant to inpatient units: <br />
</div><br />
{| style="border-spacing:0;width:12.555cm;"<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Admissions<br />
||• Infection control<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Amenities for patients and visitors<br />
||• Linen management<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Amenities for staff<br />
||• Maintenance and engineering<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Cleaning<br />
||• Medication management<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Clinical information<br />
||• Operating hours<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Communication systems<br />
||• Pastoral care<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Complaints<br />
||• Risk management<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Recording of patients data<br />
||• Safety and security<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Disaster planning<br />
||• Sterilising services<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Discharge of patients<br />
||• Stores and supplies<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Equipment storage<br />
||• Waste management<br />
|- style="border:none;padding-top:0.044cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0cm;padding-right:0cm;"<br />
||• Food services<br />
||• Others to be determined<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
='''Planning and Design'''=<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Adult inpatient units provide suitable accommodation for the patient where diagnosis, medical and nursing care, and treatment can be provided effectively and economically<br />
This document attempts to illustrate the desired planning principles and design considerations for adult inpatient units.<br />
<br />
Part B contains planning and design guidance, design considerations, functional relationships between hospital departments with respect to adult inpatient accommodation (inpatient units), and relationships within the inpatient unit itself.<br />
<br />
Workflow diagrams are provided to explain the flow of patients, clinical staff, support goods and services, maintenance staff, as well as the public. Workflow diagrams within departments are provided to assist in understanding the intradepartmental relationships that support the functional flow in the inpatient unit to ensure productive service delivery.<br />
<br />
The detailed room diagrams with accompanied norms and standards are provided to clarify understanding of the different space requirements and room specific specifications for an adult inpatient unit.<br />
<br />
==Design and planning principles==<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0.654cm;">Hospital design principles are dealt with in a separate IUSS document and must be read in conjunction with this document when planning adult inpatient units. </div><br />
<br />
===General design and planning principles===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0.654cm;">The following planning principles need to be emphasised:<br />
<br />
*Inpatient accommodation forms the core of a hospital and has functional relationships with most departments<br />
*Patients enter the facility as inpatients, day patients or outpatients.<br />
*The planning of the inpatient units should support planning principles that promote a holistic healing environment with, where possible, clear external views, consideration of noise levels, natural ventilation, as much morning sun or light as possible, and spaces that would create a pleasant healing environment.<br />
*The design should reduce noise in the facility<br />
*The design should make maximum use of natural light and views for patients and staff.<br />
*The healthcare patient environment should be clinically safe and effective.<br />
*The design should maximise patient safety and reduce the risk of errors and accidents.<br />
*The work environment should be ergonomically safe and risk free.<br />
*The design should avoid large sprawling layouts that are both resource and cost intensive.<br />
*Workflow should be efficient and support effective resource utilisation.<br />
*Appropriate space norms and room design should be implemented.<br />
*The unit should comply with quality assurance principles.<br />
*The unit should have communication and information systems that will support patient management and administration.<br />
*Layouts should reflect the service needs of the patients in the inpatient unit.<br />
*Beds should be clustered to facilitate staff efficiency, meal relief and optimal patient supervision, particularly at night when staffing levels are lower.<br />
*The design should facilitate the delivery of care at the patient’s bedside or be proximal to the bedside whenever possible. This includes suitable services and supplies at the bedside.<br />
*The environment should be aesthetically pleasing for patients and should assist staff in performing the required activities in the most efficient and supportive environment.<br />
*Staff should not have to walk far to obtain supplies and equipment.<br />
*The design should balance requirements for clinical need, and capital and recurrent budget considerations.<br />
*The orientation of the inpatient units and aspect of inpatient accommodation should be prioritised in the development of the master plan. The orientation of the inpatient units should preferably face north or northeast, but a southern orientation is acceptable.<br />
*If the prevailing wind direction is south, east and west orientations of inpatient units are discouraged.<br />
*The placement of inpatient units must ensure patient privacy. Visitors, staff and service traffic through the inpatient units should be avoided.<br />
*Inpatient units can be organised on the same level over a large floor area or they may be stacked into a multistorey block separate from diagnostic and treatment facilities, but closely linked. This allows more consistent planning of inpatient accommodation, increases flexibility in the way that beds can be organised, and enables maintenance and refurbishment to be carried out more easily.<br />
*All pipes for sanitary requirements should be placed on external walls. Service support facilities and top-up of stores or pharmaceuticals and food delivery should be accessible to the inpatient units without compromising privacy or noise levels.<br />
*The design should enable greater levels of observation in response to increased patient acuity.<br />
*There should be enough space for activity at the bedside and other activities in the inpatient unit.<br />
*There should be adequate storage space for bulky equipment.<br />
*The area should be accessible to physically and sensory impaired people.<br />
*The design should that make it possible to communicate administrative or clinical information from the bedside.<br />
*The design should consider staff members’ and patients’ privacy for clinical treatment, bodily functions, personal care, and personal discussions and telephone calls</div>The planners of the required space should ask the following questions:<br />
<br />
*Personnel – How many people are there at any given time in a specific place to perform a specific task or procedure?<br />
*Activities – What procedures should be performed?<br />
*Equipment – What equipment is required that will occupy the space?<br />
*Security – What access control measures does the hospital management determine?<br />
<br />
===Human resources===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">The need for effective human resource utilisation is an important consideration. The nursing and cleaning staff will be working shifts. Staff working in the inpatient unit will depend on the number of beds or the size of the inpatient unit. This is especially true for the nursing staff, as their numbers are calculated per patient (or bed). The staff establishment (organogram) must be included when planning staffrooms, administration spaces, and ablutions </div><br />
<br />
===Nursing models of care===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">The models of care may vary from department to department and have an impact on design. Clinically complex patients who require higher staff levels may benefit from smaller bed units to assist with the management of noise levels, supplies and equipment handling, as well as the facilitation of communication and emergency support.<br />
Nursing care is the main activity that allows the effective and efficient functioning of the inpatient unit. The inpatient unit design should therefore ensure maximum patient observation and contact, with short travel distances for the staff.<br />
<br />
Inpatient units should have no less than two single-bed units or more than four single-bed units per 32-bed inpatient unit. <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Unit management and administration===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">The unit manager’s office and clinical administration space should be positioned near the entrance to the inpatient unit for the purposes of management, client liaison and supervision.<br />
If there is a ward clerk, he or she needs to be placed at the entrance to the ward and preferably at a small reception counter or at the nurses’ station. If the ward clerk is placed at the nurses’ station, additional space must be provided to accommodate the activities of the ward clerk.<br />
<br />
The province’s policy with regard to staff facilities should indicate whether an inpatient unit staffroom or a shared restroom between inpatient units would be preferred. Staff toilets should be provided in each inpatient unit. <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Teaching and training===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Hospitals are associated with the teaching of health professionals, especially in regional and tertiary facilities. The operational narrative for the project should consider the specific teaching requirements. Where teaching space is required in an inpatient unit in regional and district hospitals, the staffroom should be made larger to accommodate the lecturer and the students. Time management can ensure that the staffroom is utilised fully by scheduling the meetings or lectures to occur at times other than staff handover, tea or meal times. In tertiary hospitals where there will be larger groups for teaching, seminar rooms should be provided adjacent to the inpatient units. These can be shared on each floor or between two inpatient units. </div><br />
<br />
===Access and circulation===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">The workplace design should minimise public access. Ideally, visitors should have access through one main entrance. Security should be placed at this entrance if necessary. However, support services such as emergency response teams should have maximum access to all areas of the workplace to facilitate their intervention in emergencies.<br />
Service staff may access the ward through a second entrance, but it should be monitored for both safety and security. Waste should exit separately. <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Infection control===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><u>''(Refer to the IUSS Infection Prevention and Control document.)''</u>The primary objective of hospital design is to place the patient at no risk of infection while he or she is hospitalised or in the hospital environment. Particular attention should be paid to patients with infectious diseases (TB in particular), immunocompromised patients, and paediatric patients.<br />
<br />
Infection control considerations must include all healthcare workers. All areas of the facility shall be designed, constructed, furnished and equipped in keeping with the principles of infection control<br />
<br />
The following aspects contribute to effective infection prevention and control and are relevant within the context of an inpatient unit:<br />
<br />
*Hand hygiene facilities should be provided in all patient care areas, clinical areas and nurses’ stations.<br />
*Hand hygiene facilities should be provided in areas where careful attention to hygiene is essential, such as kitchens, sluice rooms, utilities, medicine areas, bathrooms, toilets and change rooms.<br />
*Hand basins must be visible to staff on entering and leaving the room. In addition, antibacterial hand rub dispensers should be provided at the entrance to each inpatient unit. Hand-wash facilities should also be placed in the main passage of the inpatient unit and next to the nurses’ station.<br />
*Facilities should be provided to isolate infectious patients.<br />
*The following facilities should also be provided:<br />
**Linen handling<br />
**Separation of clean and dirty work flows<br />
**Storage<br />
**Waste management<br />
**Ventilation<br />
**Surface finishes<br />
<br />
*Careful aseptic technique and the observance of ‘standard precautions’<br />
*The administrative infection control measures and protocols of the hospital should be followed and implemented in the design</div><br />
===Airborne infection isolation and protective environments===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">In adult inpatient accommodation, special environments need to be created for patients who are immunocompromised and at high risk of contracting airborne infection and for infectious patients posing a risk of transmitting airborne infections. These two groups of patients require protective environment rooms and isolation rooms respectively. Where patients are both at high risk of contracting an infection and are themselves highly infectious, positive pressure protective isolation rooms may be required. For the isolation of highly pathogenic and infectious or contagious diseases, such as viral haemorrhagic fevers, ward-level isolation may not provide sufficient protection, and high-security isolation with access to laboratories that comply with the requirements for Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) Hazard Group 4 pathogens would be required.<br />
Protecting staff and visitors from infectious diseases is an important aspect of airborne infection isolation (AII). It should not be assumed that a well-designed and functional ventilation system provides sufficient protection for these persons. Personal protective equipment such as N95 or FFP2 respirators should be provided to all staff and visitors entering AII rooms. Where these persons are expected to enter such environments regularly, these persons should have themselves fit tested for respirator use.<br />
<br />
Ceilings in AII and '''protective environment''' (PE) rooms shall be impervious monolithic structures to ensure excellent sealing and airtightness. Ceiling voids above these rooms, especially PE rooms, can be particularly hazardous spaces.<br />
<br />
All swing doors shall be equipped with door closers to ensure that they remain shut when not in use. Hold-open devices are not recommended for these doors. Sliding doors are also not recommended as these pose difficulties in maintaining an adequate seal.<br />
<br />
It is recommended that isolation rooms be provided with outside views where possible, without presenting a biosecurity risk. Privacy blinds should be installed, but these should not present a hygiene risk or hinder the nursing staff view of the patient.</div>[[File:Negative_pressure_isolation.png|alt=|frameless|485x485px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
FIGURE 1: NEGATIVE PRESSURE ISOLATION <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
<br />
'''Negative pressure isolation''' is only required for patients presenting with airborne infections, for example, measles, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and TB. These infections spread primarily through the respiratory route where the infectious particles have a diameter of less than 5 µm. The unit for measuring ventilation is air changes per hour (ACH). In accordance with the national building regulations, isolation rooms shall be single occupancy with ventilation rates in excess of 12 ACH (including en suite bathrooms and anterooms). Where airborne contamination control in these rooms is achieved through dilution, these rooms shall have near perfect mixing with air change efficiencies approaching 50%. This implies that the ventilation efficiency in the isolation room shall be 50% as efficient as plug flow. Contamination removal effectiveness around the patient can be improved by placing an extraction point near the head of the bed. Airflow patterns within the room shall be developed so that the air shall flow from the passage door and air inlet terminal, across the patient and towards the bathroom and extraction points.<br />
Convergent fluctuations of only 5 Pa in each of two adjacent rooms can potentially reduce the pressure differential between the rooms by 10 Pa. For this reason, pressure differentials of 15 Pa between rooms are recommended. Lower pressure differentials are easier to achieve, but offer less safety under normal operational fluctuations condition.<br />
<br />
The use of visual air pressure monitors between the passage and the isolation room is required. This enables a constant visual indication of the airflow direction between the isolation room and adjacent areas. These monitors should indicate the pressure magnitude, direction and out-of-specification failure limits. All major ventilation system components serving these areas should be clearly marked with the room identification, system identification and a biohazard sign.<br />
<br />
Supply and extraction systems should be interlocked so that a failure of the exhaust air system shuts the air supply off, preventing the isolation room from going into an overpressure status. It is acceptable to install a balanced-blade pressure stabiliser to ensure that the room does not experience extremes of pressure under supply fan failure, control system failure, or severe transient environmental conditions. However, the inclusion of these devices can increase the design capacity of the system under normal operation.<br />
<br />
Additional information regarding engineering services design and planning for airborne precaution rooms can be found in the [http://www.iussonline.co.za/norms-and-standards/cross-cutting-issues/ IUSS Building Engineering Services Guideline][http://www.iussonline.co.za/norms-and-standards/cross-cutting-issues/ .][http://www.iussonline.co.za/norms-and-standards/cross-cutting-issues/]<br />
<br />
[[File:Protective_Environment-Positive_pressure.png|alt=|border|frameless|485x485px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 2: PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENT – POSITIVE PRESSURE <br />
<br />
A PE room is required for patients who are immunocompromised, but do not initially present with an airborne infectious disease. These rooms require an anteroom to ensure a clean environment in the PE room. Where these are located within open wards,such as high-care units (HCUs) or intensive-care units(ICU), and are held at pressure positive to adjacent rooms, they should include negative pressure anteroom to prevent the potential spread of infection out of the PE room. This is a typical scenario for a burns ward. Where airborne infection risk is suspected in these rooms, staff and visitors entering the PE room should wear respirators prior to entering the anteroom.Additional ventilation measures, such as air that was filtered using high-efficiency particulate abosorption (HEPA), filtered supply air may be required when treating allogeneic patients.<br />
<br />
[[File:Airborne_infection_protective_isolation.png|alt=|frameless|485x485px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 3: AIRBORNE INFECTION PROTECTIVE ISOLATION <br />
<br />
Where patients are immunocompromised and initially suspected of presenting with an infectious airborne disease, they should be located in an '''airborne infection protective isolation''' room. These rooms shall be designed to maintain a negative pressure relative to the anteroom and adjacent rooms, with the exception of the en suite bathroom. These rooms demand very low air permeability with high-quality sealing. The Centres for Disease Control (CDC) Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health Care Facilities (2003) recommend an effective leakage area of less than 0.045 m² for the entire room. Placing this in context, the equivalent gap for a single half-leaf door that has been hung relatively well is calculated in the order of 0.04 m².<br />
<br />
Respiratory protection needs not be worn in the anteroom in this scenario, as the anteroom is held at a relative pressure positive to the patient room.<br />
<br />
While it may be tempting to develop positive pressure protective isolation rooms that can be adjusted to operate as negative pressure protective isolation rooms for airborne infection control, this practice is strongly discouraged, since it presents the inevitable scenario where the room is operated in an inappropriate mode for the wrong case, which places many people at risk of infection. The operation of neutral pressure rooms as a compromise is also not recommended as the negligible room permeability required for these rooms is not easily achieved or maintained. <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Ergonomics in design===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">All facilities shall be designed and built in such a way that patients, staff, visitors and maintenance personnel are not exposed to avoidable risks.<br />
Designers should consider the optimum comfort of all situations for staff, patients and visitors.<br />
<br />
Refer to:<br />
<br />
*Alder, D. and Tutt, P. eds., 1992. ''New metric handbook : Planning and design data''. Oxford: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd.<br />
*Neufert, E. and Neufert, P., 2012. ''Neufert architects’ data.'' 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.<br />
</div><br />
===Universal access===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><u>''(Refer to the IUSS Inclusive Environments document.)''</u>Consideration must be given to the wide range of clients, as well as those who are disabled, including the following<br />
<br />
*Mobility impaired<br />
*Visually impaired<br />
*Hearing impaired<br />
</div><br />
===Telecommunication and IT systems support===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">The design of the inpatient unit should include the following:<br />
<br />
*Telecommunication system<br />
*Nurse call to all patient areas with central control system<br />
*Paging and personal telephones replacing some aspects of call systems<br />
*Bar coding for supplies, X-rays and records<br />
*Computer network connections in all management and patient administration and information systems:<br />
**Hospital information system (HIS) and electronic patient records<br />
**Patient administration system (PAS)<br />
**Radiology information system (RIS) (digital X-rays)<br />
**Picture archiving communication system (PACS)<br />
**Laboratory with a link to the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS)<br />
**Pharmacy system<br />
</div><br />
===Wayfinding and signage===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Wayfinding and signage must be considered from the inception of the design process. As hospital buildings become more complex, the more difficult it is for patients, visitors, suppliers and staff to navigate their way through the building to and from their intended destination. The layout of signage throughout the hospital must be logical and it must be simple and easy to follow.<br />
It is important to plot the various routes patients, visitors, suppliers and staff may have to travel to get to the inpatient facility from the car park, drop-off points and other departments in the hospital. Once these routes are established, principles can be applied to the design to assist successful wayfinding.<br />
<br />
Ways to enhance wayfinding include the following:<br />
<br />
*Printed information (pamphlets<br />
*Architectural features and design elements that provide clues as to what the function of the building is and can include landscaping, sculptural features and architectural interior design<br />
*Floor covering, lighting, wall, door and window graphics<br />
*Permanent signage<br />
*Digital devices (e.g. kiosks or information screens)<br />
*Human interaction (e.g. human interaction at help desks)<br />
</div><br />
The following core principles should be adhered to:<br />
<br />
*Design that includes everyone, especially those who are more vulnerable, such as the following:<br />
**The first-time visitor<br />
**The physically challenged<br />
**Those with some form of impairment<br />
**Children<br />
*Utilisation of standardised information systems<br />
*Utilising ‘key hub’ destinations along a complex journey (a person is directed to a primary hub destination then directed on to a secondary hub destination from that point)<br />
*Toponomy, giving names and numbers to places and functions<br />
*A clear, simple wayfinding system<br />
<br />
Signage is a critical ‘wayshowing’ component of wayfinding. Information displayed in the signage needs to comply with the following:<br />
<br />
*Be organised and presented in a logical, sequential layout<br />
*Contain a maximum of five destinations in the case of directional signs<br />
*Be listed at the top of the hierarchy or highlighted as primary information in the case of key hospital hub destinations<br />
*Be presented lower in the information hierarchy in the case of secondary destinations<br />
*Be grouped and ordered with logic relevant to the destinations listed in the case of destinations on signs, either in alphabetical order according to the direction to the destination in clockwise order or according to the order of the distance to the destination (closer destinations first)<br />
*Connect labels (destinations) to arrows<br />
*Arrow designs should be based on the ISO arrow (ISO 7001)<br />
*Colour coding of floors or as a method of differentiating space may be used, however, people do not always perceive that the colour use has significance. This is worse for people who are colour blind. It is, however, a useful component of the wayfinding system<br />
*Signage should use the following:<br />
**Accessible terminology – common references that everybody understands<br />
**Avoid the use of acronyms and use universally understood symbols<br />
**Provide clear contrast between the information content and its surrounding environment<br />
**A finish that does not detract or obscure the signs intention<br />
<br />
[[File:Directional_signage.png|alt=|frameless|361x361px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 4: DIRECTIONAL SIGNAGE<br />
<br />
Mapping is an important part of wayfinding system. Maos should be located at strategic points throughout the site and allow visitors to orlantate themselves. The maps should be consistent with the signage and the typology needs to be clear.<br />
<br />
[[File:Photo 1.png|frameless]]<br />
<br />
Photograph 1: Mitchells Plain Hospital, Cape Town: Maps strategically placed per floor<br />
<br />
===In the inpatient facility===<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Each department and inpatient unit should be marked individually and clearly. Wayfinding should help patients, visitors and the community to understand the hospital and inpatient unit spaces. The requirement for strict access control in the hospital makes it very important for patients and visitors to be directed along routes accessible to them.<br />
Appropriate signage for all the internal rooms and the external buildings should make use of universal signage and should, take the provincial policy on signage and wayfinding into account as far as possible. Comprehensive signposting shall be provided for all hospitals. Signposting will clearly identify staff, patient and visitor areas. It will also draw attention to restricted areas. <br />
<br />
===General===<br />
Bed numbers shall be shown outside the patient bedroom. These shall be one number per bed. <br />
In bedrooms with more than one bed, all bed numbers or the range of numbers shall be shown on the sign outside each room. In bedrooms with more than one bed, each bed number shall also be displayed at the bed head. <br />
<br />
The lettering style Helvetica Medium upper and lower case is generally recommended. Upper case only is recommended for the building’s main entrance sign. <br />
<br />
===Room signs===<br />
Non-illuminated, internal and external room function identification signs that are located on doors require the following considerations:<br />
<br />
*The format should allow easy replacement of the sign or sign inset when the room function changes.<br />
*Numbering on the inpatient units should be uniform, starting at the entrance with the first room on the left-hand side.<br />
*Each bed in each unit must be numbered.<br />
<br />
===Patient information board===<br />
A whiteboard, which lists the patients that are currently occupying the beds, should be mounted on the wall behind the nurses’ station. The whiteboard should be a ‘wipe’ board with a suitable surface for nurses to add and erase the information. The information should be indicated as follows with lines drawn to separate each row and column: <br />
<br />
TABLE 3: EXAMPLE OF THE PATIENT INFORMATION BOARD <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Bed no<br />
!Patient name<br />
!Doctor<br />
!Date in<br />
!Date out<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|<br /><br />
<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
<br /><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
<br /><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
The patient information board should be supplied and fitted by the contractor<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Ventilation and air management===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Methods of ventilation are discussed in the [http://www.iussonline.co.za/norms-and-standards/cross-cutting-issues/ IUSS Building Engineering Services] guidance document.<br />
Adequate ventilation throughout the health facility is important as poor ventilation affects patients and staff, and puts them at risk of being infected with nosocomial diseases. It is therefore necessary to ensure that spaces are ventilated so that the quality of the air breathed is improved by diluting the air and removing pollutants that are harmful. The main aim is to provide ventilation that maintains thermal comfort and indoor air quality that reduces the risk of cross-infection. This can be achieved through natural, mechanical or hybrid methods of ventilation.<br />
<br />
The chosen method will have a significant effect on the design of the inpatient unit. <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Day- and night-time illumination===<br />
<br />
*All rooms should be provided with the required electrical illumination<br />
*All patient beds should be provided with a reading light<br />
*Night lights should be provided in passages so that they do not disturb patients<br />
*Emergency lighting is critical in inpatient units such as paediatrics, theatres and ICU<br />
<br />
===Fire detection and alarms===<br />
<u>''Refer to Fire Regulations and SANS 10400 Regulations''</u><br />
<br />
*All inpatient units should have escape doors in case of fire<br />
*The inpatient units should be provided with smoke detection systems<br />
*Sprinkler systems are not recommended<br />
*Fire extinguishers should be provided and slightly recessed so as not to cause obstruction<br />
*All inpatient units should have an evacuation plan that is aligned with escape routes<br />
<br />
===Security===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><u>''(Refer to the IUSS Security Guideline.)''</u><br />
*Access to and from the inpatient unit<br />
*Spaces that must be secured (medication store)<br />
*Security in individual spaces of the unit<br />
</div><br />
===Supply and disposal===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Stores, provisions, food, linen and surgical disposables, equipment and waste management will be required as part of the inpatient unit functions. The following list provides an indication of the requirements.<br />
<br />
*Laboratory – collection of specimens<br />
*Mobile X-rays<br />
*Central stores – disposables, stationery, cleaning materials and new equipment<br />
*Pharmacy – medicines and drugs, delivery of prescriptions and return of empty recyclable containers<br />
*Central Sterile Services Department (CSSD) – sterile packs, return of opened unused packs and used recyclable equipment<br />
*Linen store – clean linen, return of dirty linen<br />
*Kitchen – patient meals (the size of the kitchen depends on the meal production and delivery processes involved)<br />
*Central Cleaning Depot (CCD) – cleaning equipment<br />
*Refuse – general waste (domestic), pathological waste for incineration, recyclable waste, sharps.<br />
</div><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Material handling of inpatient unit supplies includes the following:<br />
<br />
*To and from the laboratory – the collection of specimens<br />
*Mobile X-ray equipment – space around patient beds and parking space for the equipment (a bay off the passage)<br />
*From the central stores – delivery of disposables, stationery, cleaning materials and new equipment<br />
*To and from the pharmacy – delivery of medicines and drugs, delivery of prescriptions and return of empty recyclable containers, sending of prescriptions to the pharmacy<br />
*To and from the CSSD – delivery of sterile packs, return of opened unused packs and used recyclable equipment<br />
*To and from the linen store – delivery of clean linen, sluicing of linen and return of dirty linen to the laundry<br />
*To and from the kitchen – delivery of patient meals in a trolley, trolley parking in the inpatient unit and return of the utensils and cutlery in the trolley back to the main kitchen<br />
*CCD – delivery and storage of cleaning equipment<br />
*Refuse – removal of general waste (domestic), pathological waste for incineration, recyclable waste, sharps<br />
*General hospital policies relevant to the various departments, such as linen supply and waste management, should be applied<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Medication management===<br />
<br />
*Pharmacy staff should be consulted with regard to medication and intravenous fluids storage requirements for each inpatient unit.<br />
*The inpatient unit depends on the pharmacy for pharmaceutical support. This includes inpatient unit medication, scheduled drugs, patient prescriptions and discharge medication. • Security and access control to medication rooms should comply with local legislative Government Gazette No 25872, Pharmacy Act, 2 January 2004 – jurisdiction requirements and the hospital policy.<br />
*The location and design of the medication room should minimise travel distances, noise and disruption to staff undertaking medication-related activities in order to reduce error. All medication should be stored in a temperature-controlled, locked environment. The medicine trolley, inpatient unit stock and patient prescriptions should be stored in a medicine room that should be close to and directly visible from the nurses’ station.<br />
*The management of intravenous fluids should be clarified for the specific facility as to the quantity to be stored within the clean utility room (inpatient unit bulk stock is kept in the surgical and medical storeroom with small quantities kept in the clean utility).<br />
*If additives are introduced to intravenous fluids in the inpatient unit, it should occur in the clean utility room.<br />
<br />
<br />[[File:Figure_5.png|alt=|frameless|357x357px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 5: INTERACTIVE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES <br /><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">The equipment store is intended for storage of equipment that has to be floor parked or stored on shelves and for equipment that may require the recharging of batteries. The requirements will vary and need to be defined so that appropriate storage space is allocated according to the requirements of the inpatient unit and the needs of the patients and staff.<br />
<br />
===Options for dispensing within the inpatient unit===<br />
Lockable medication trolleys should be stored in the medicine storeroom behind or directly opposite the nurses' station so that the store is in full view of nurses at all times.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure_6.png|alt=|frameless|362x362px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 6: RELATIONSHIP OF MEDICINE STORE<br />
<br />
===Equipment cleaning===<br />
'''Medical equipment:''' The operational narrative should guide whether reusable items will be processed in the inpatient unit or whether they will be sent to the CSSD<br />
<br />
'''Beds:''' These are cleaned in the inpatient unit<br />
<br />
===Storage - equipment===<br />
The equipment store is intended for storage of equipment that has to be floor parked or stored on shelves and for equipment that may require the recharging batteries. The requirements will vary and need to be defined so that appropriate storage space is allocated according to the requirements of the inpatient unit and the needs of the patients and staff.<br />
<br />
The equipment store should be located close to the sluice room, as equipment requires cleaning and disinfecting before storage.<br />
<br />
Equipment should be organised so that it is easily accessible by staff when required. Items used regularly, such as an emergency trolley with oxygen cylinders, scales and mobile blood pressure (BP) units may be stored locally in equipment bays. Rarely used items may be stored in a central equipment store. A long rectangular room allows the optimum use of space.<br />
<br />
Power outlets (4 to 16) should be provided for the recharging of equipment, depending on the equipment list compiled per level of care.<br />
<br />
Equipment, particularly larger equipment that has to be floor parked, needs to be defined so that appropriate storage space may be allocated according to the needs of the patients and staff. <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Storage – sterile supplies and consumables (sterile and surgical stores)===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Sterile supplies should be handled and stored in a manner that maintains the integrity of packs and prevents contamination from any source, e.g. dust, vermin, sunlight, water and condensation. Sterile or surgical stores should be temperature- and light-controlled and easily cleaned. Sterile supplies (packs) are stored in the clean utility room. Surgical and medical consumables are stored in a stockroom.<br />
Supplies should be stored off the floor, with the lowest shelf at least 300 mm above floor level to avoid mechanical damage during cleaning, and the top shelf no higher than 1 850 mm.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure_7.png|alt=|frameless|485x485px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 7: INTERACTIVE RELATIONSHIP FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF SUPPLIES AND CONSUMABLES <br />
<br />
===Storage of patients' belongings===<br />
The method of storing patients' belongings depends on hospital policy. However, the following considerations must be taken into account:<br />
<br />
*Method of storing patients' belongings separately<br />
*System where contaminated clothing can be washed and decontaminated prior to storing in a patient's kitroom<br />
*Labelling method<br />
*Security<br />
*Type of storage, i.e. cupboards per bed unit, store per ward or central store for the whole hospital managed by a dedicated staff member who registers all items handed in<br />
*Size of the facility: many patients coming from rural areas will carry numerous items (e.g.blankets) with them that need to be stored until they are discharged<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Waste management===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Management of clinical and related waste must follow infection control policies and regulations with regard to the disposal processes, as well as hospital policy. Household and paper waste should be managed in accordance with the recycling policies of the facility. The inpatient unit should be provided with a dirty utility room for storage of paper, household waste and dirty linen to reduce contamination and to separate clinical and household functions.<br />
Operational policies for waste management and waste minimisation should be supported, particularly with regard to the following:<br />
<br />
*Provision and location of dirty utility rooms so that staff do not have to traverse public and administration areas while transporting contaminated waste items<br />
*Provision and location of recycling bins<br />
*Location of sharps container<br />
<br />
==Inpatient unit activities==<br />
</div>Inpatient admissions to an inpatient unit need to provide for the following patient activities:<br />
<br />
*Clinical diagnostic activities (medical, diagnostic imaging, laboratory, inpatient unit rounds, doctors' visits, going for operations, investigations or rehabilitation)<br />
*Activities of daily living (dressing and undressing, eating, drinking, personal toilet and ablution activities)<br />
*Social activities such as receiving visitors<br />
*Patients might be disabled or might be semi-mobile due to weakness, age, or the disease profile<br />
<br />
TABLE 4: INPATIENT UNIT ACTIVITIES <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!<br />
!Category<br />
!Activity<br />
|-<br />
|A<br />
|Patient<br />
|Patient Patient may be disabled and wheelchair bound<br />
<br />
Patient to dress and undress in vicinity of the bed<br />
<br />
Patient to take meals in bed or at the bedside<br />
<br />
Patient to read, watch TV or use a computer<br />
<br />
Patient to receive treatment and medical care from therapeutic and clinical staff, either lying down or sitting up in bed or in a chair<br />
<br />
Patient to wash hands<br />
|-<br />
|B<br />
|Nursing care<br />
|Teaching <br />
Stripping and making beds<br />
<br />
Transfer patient from wheelchair or patient trolley manually or by means of a patient-lifting device<br />
<br />
Patient observation and clinical (doctor’s) rounds <br />
<br />
Transporting patient to theatre on his or her hospital bed Treatment procedures such as intravenous fluids, traction, etc.<br />
<br />
Emergency procedures, e.g. patient resuscitation<br />
<br />
Coordination of patient care, observation, writing up of clinical notes, entering data into computers, making and receiving phone calls and washing hands<br />
|-<br />
|C<br />
|Medical intervention<br />
|Diagnostic procedures, such as mobile X-rays and ultrasounds, electrocardiograns (ECGs)<br />
Teaching<br />
<br />
Treatment procedures such as intravenous fluids, traction, etc.<br />
<br />
Emergency procedures, e.g. patient resuscitation<br />
<br />
Examination of patients and washing hands<br />
<br />
Writing reports and instructions, writing up of clinical notes, entering data into computers<br />
<br />
Washing hands<br />
|-<br />
|E<br />
|Rehabilitative intervention:<br />
<br />
physiotherapists, social workers,<br />
<br />
occupational and speech therapists,<br />
<br />
paharmacist and radiographers <br />
|Occupationally specific therapeutic interventions<br />
<br />
Patient consulting<br />
<br />
Diagnostic procedures, such as mobile X-rays and ultrasounds, ECGs, etc<br />
<br />
Washing hands<br />
|-<br />
|F<br />
|Clerical or administrative<br />
|Answering telephones, receiving patients and visitors to the patient unit<br />
<br />
Writing reports and collecting and entering data and statistics, ordering food and other consumables<br />
<br />
Washing hands<br />
|-<br />
|G<br />
|Ancillarystaff (aide, patient assistant)<br />
|Assisting patients in wheelchair<br />
<br />
Entertaining patients<br />
<br />
Washing hands<br />
|-<br />
|H<br />
|General staff<br />
|Serving food to patients<br />
<br />
General tidying work <br />
<br />
Daily cleaning - sweeping, dusting, washing up<br />
<br />
Routine cleaning - floors, windows, walls<br />
<br />
Washing hands<br />
|-<br />
|I<br />
|Maintenance staff<br />
|Maintenance- replace globes, fix fittings, reseal floors and repair work to maintain the inpatient unit<br />
<br />
Washing hands<br />
|-<br />
|J<br />
|Visitors<br />
|Visit patients and socialise in the inpatient unit or day room<br />
Washing hands<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Client expectations==<br />
<br />
===Patient expectations===<br />
<br />
*Patient privacy and dignity both in the design of the facility and in the treatment of the patient<br />
*Personal safety and security of the patient’s own possessions<br />
*The provision of patient comfort in the facility, e.g. a clean and uncluttered environment, an outside view, low noise levels in the facility, the availability of technical services (staff call system, reading light)<br />
*Adequate availability and visibility of nursing staff<br />
<br />
===Staff expectations===<br />
<br />
*A work environment with reduced walking distances, but increased patient observation with minimum staff (optimal care)<br />
*Improved patient risk management, e.g. availability of technical bed-head services, availability of clinical hand basins in patient and staff areas, the availability of automatic bedpan washers, improved environmental control (with reduced infection risk)<br />
*A safe work environment, e.g. suitable height of shelves and service outlets, non-slip floors, view of unit entrance and exit, access control<br />
*Personal safety and security of possessions, e.g. staff lockers, staffroom.<br />
<br />
==Location and inter-departmental relationships==<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Inpatient accommodation (inpatient units) accounts for a large percentage of the surface area in a hospital and, as such, the orientation and placement of the inpatient units should be given priority in the design of a hospital master plan. Figure 8 and Figure 9 illustrate the models of care and significant relationships in a typical hospital.<br />
The design of smaller hospitals may allow the inpatient units to be arranged over the same level. However, inpatient units of larger hospitals may be arranged into multistorey blocks separate from the diagnostic and treatment facilities. This makes it easier to place the inpatient unit block away from noisy areas, ensures patient privacy and safety, and avoids visitors, staff and service traffic through the inpatient units.<br />
<br />
Stacking of the inpatient units in multilevel blocks also allows more consistent planning of inpatient accommodation.<br />
<br />
The following inter-departmental relationships with the inpatient units are recommended:<br />
<br />
*Patient administration and primary circulation should be central to the entrance with the access route to the inpatient facilities off the primary circulation route.<br />
*The obstetric inpatient units should be close to the delivery suite and close to the operating theatre, preferably on the ground floor or with a direct lift access to theatres.<br />
*In district hospitals, operating theatres, HCUs, orthopaedic inpatient units and surgical inpatient units should have a close relationship and preferably be on the same floor.<br />
*Rehabilitation, physiotherapy and occupational therapy should be close to rehabilitation inpatient units and accessible to the outpatients department and the inpatient units.<br />
*Hotel services (cleaning, linen and food services), mortuary services and maintenance units should have a reasonable relationship to the inpatient units. The mortuary, kitchen and laundry should have better access than all other services, especially at night (particularly mortuary services).<br />
*Visitors to the inpatient units should not cross functional access with the services to and from the inpatient units.<br />
</div><br />
===Staff overnight facilities===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">District hospitals only have overnight facilities in the maternity wards and EU sections. Regional hospitals have overnight facilities for ICUs, EUs, maternity wards, diagnostic radiology and paediatrics with facilities for medical and surgical inpatient units not necessarily in the inpatient unit. Tertiary hospitals may have a separate overnight facility for students and qualified staff in one location or separate locations.<br />
[[File:Figure_8.png|alt=|frameless|399x399px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 8: HOSPITAL MODEL OF CARE<br />
Figure 8 illustrates the position of the inpatient units in relation to the hospital support services and the outpatient services. Inpatient units should be located separately, away from the mainstream, in the hospital complex to enable better privacy and separate the flow path of inpatients from outpatients after entering the main entrance to the hospital. This reduces the volume of traffic in the main passage to the inpatient units and avoids visitors, staff and service traffic through the inpatient units.<br />
<br />
*District hospital <br />
**Surgical inpatients are the inpatients most closely associated with the theatres.<br />
*Regional hospital<br />
**Orthopaedic inpatients are the inpatients most closely associated with the theatres.<br />
*Tertiary hospital <br />
**Subspecialist inpatients, such as neurosurgery and cardiology, are the inpatients most closely associated with the theatres.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure_9.png|alt=|frameless|342x342px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 9: DEPARTMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS <br />
<br />
==Flow patterns==<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Point of entry===<br />
<br />
*Patients or visitors will access the facility through a secure entrance to a parking area or drop-off point from where there should be a clear direction (signage) to the required point of entry.<br />
*Alternatively, a patient will arrive via emergency services to the emergency unit or the maternity services entrance<br />
*Staff members access the facility through a secure staff entrance from a staff parking area or drop-off point.<br /><br />
<br />
[[File:Figure_10.png|alt=|frameless|399x399px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 10: THREE MAIN FLOW PATHS <br />[[File:Figure_11.png|alt=|frameless|337x337px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 11: INPATIENT FLOW PATTERNS<br />
<br />
The diagram above illustrates three main inpatient streams that will accommodate acute admissions, maternity admissions and planned admissions. To ensure resource efficiency, the workflow and zoning should support these inpatient streams.<br />
The following flow paths relate to community, inpatients, clinical, visitors and support services to the inpatient units.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure_12.png|alt=|frameless|451x451px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 12: PATIENT-FLOW DIAGRAM<br />
<br />
The workflow between departments has an impact on patient ans staff movement, as well as goods and service deliveries to the wards. Minimum walking distances between departments should be planned in the interest of resource management and traffic reduction through the facility<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure_13.png|alt=|frameless|324x324px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 13: CLINICAL FLOW DIAGRAM <br />
<br />
The diagram above indicates the clinical workflow dependencies between the clinical service and departments.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure_14.png|alt=|frameless|324x324px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 14: VISITORS FLOW DIAGRAM <br />
<br />
Figure 14 indicates the routes that visitors to the inpatient units would follow and Figure 15 shows the access routes for the service departments that would ensure access to the inpatient unit without affecting traffic through patient or clinical areas.<br />
<br />
[[File:FIGURE_15.png|alt=|frameless|363x363px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 15: SUPPORT SERVICES WORKFLOW DIAGRAM <br />
<br />
===Separation of clean and dirty flow paths in the inpatient unit===<br />
Upon arrival arrival at an inpatient unit, a single entry point is preferred in order to control traffic in and out of the inpatient unit. However, infection control principles dictate that clean services should enter at a separate point to where waste and contaminated goods are taken out of the inpatient unit.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure_16.jpg|alt=|frameless|495x495px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 16: ENTRANCE TO AND FROM THE INPATIENT UNIT <br />
<br />
Patients, visitors and clinical staff, along with clean goods and services (including food deliveries), should enter and exit through the main entrance. Soiled and contaminated goods should exit from the inpatient unit through a separate entrance, preferably positioned at the most distant point from the main entrance. It must be noted that an exit separate to the main entrance is required in terms of fire regulations. This exit may be utilised to take out the contaminated goods.<br />
<br />
It is important that deliveries to and from the inpatient unit are managed in such a way that they do not clash with visitors arriving and leaving. Goods and services should be delivered at times other than visiting hours.<br />
<br />
==Functional zones==<br />
The inpatient unit functions as a stand-alone unit consisting of six separate functions <br />
<br />
TABLE 5: INPATIENT UNIT FUNCTIONAL ZONES <br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Zone<br />
!Accommodation spaces<br />
|-<br />
|Administration spaces<br />
|Inpatient unit management, nurses' station and other office spaces as required<br />
|-<br />
|Public spaces<br />
|Entrances, circulation and waiting areas<br />
|-<br />
|Patient spaces<br />
|Patient accommodation and ablution facilities, patient day rooms, disabled showers, treatment room.<br />
|-<br />
|Service and support areas<br />
|Inpatient unit kitchen and storage, clean utility, sluice, stores, cleaners' room, linen, cleaning, medicine store, dirty utility and waste management<br />
|-<br />
|Staff spaces<br />
|Staffroom, locker area, ablutions, overnight accommodation*<br />
|-<br />
|Teaching spaces<br />
|Training or meeting room( in district hospital staffrooms could be used)<br />
|}<br />
These zones create the therapeutic environment required for successful healthcare delivery at inpatient unit level.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 17.png|frameless|509x509px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 17: ADULT INPATIENT ACCOMMODATION: INTERNAL ZONING AND RELATIONSHIPS <br />
==Functional relationships within the inpatient unit==<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
Inpatient unit layouts will vary depending on individual needs per project as outlined in the health and design briefs. However, general principles of design apply and the location of facilities within the inpatient unit should be a logical process optimising the workflow and travel distances for staff from service and storage areas to the patient’s bedside.<br />
<br />
The following general principles apply to functional relationships within the inpatient unit:<br />
<br />
*The visitors’ waiting room and visitors’ toilet should be outside the entrance to the inpatient unit and may be shared by two inpatient units on the same floor.<br />
*One central entrance to the inpatient unit with access control is preferred.<br />
*The kitchen should be close to the main entrance of the inpatient unit.<br />
*Deliveries and removal of kitchen trolleys should be managed so as not to clash with visiting hours and inpatient unit rounds.<br />
*Nurses’ stations should be positioned centrally with direct visual access to the inpatient unit entrance and in close proximity to the single-bed inpatient units, where the most critical patients would be accommodated.<br />
*The larger bed units for less critical patients could be positioned further away from direct nursing supervision.<br />
*The single-bed units, clean utility, medicine store and treatment room should be positioned near the nurses’ station.<br />
*Areas such as the inpatient unit kitchen and staff areas could be positioned off the main centre of the inpatient unit.<br />
*The clean linen store (or trolley) and sluice room should be close to the bed units to reduce walking distances for the nursing staff.<br />
*Dirty utility rooms should be positioned close to the separate exit door to facilitate collection of the contaminated items and waste, avoiding cross-contamination with clean goods by separating the workflow of clean and dirty paths in the inpatient units.<br />
*Design should minimise the distance between patient bed units, staff workstations and support rooms to facilitate the efficient delivery of patient care and optimal staff utilisation.<br />
*Each bed unit will be serviced by staff and support facilities, therefore access to supplies and means of disposal is essential. One of the primary goals is to minimise the distance between patient units and workstations and support rooms. The inpatient unit should be planned to provide a public/clinical and a utility/service division.<br />
*The unit manager’s office should be positioned for maximum supervision of both clinical and household functions (close to the entrance).<br />
*The clinical administration area and doctor’s office should be near the nurses’ station with access to the clinical spaces.<br />
*The sluice, linen, and storerooms should be positioned central to the patient bed units to reduce walking distances for the nursing and cleaning staff.<br />
<br />
No one particular inpatient unit layout has been found to be universally superior. In all cases, the final decision must be a response to the physical constraints of the site, local service needs, and operational policies.<br />
</div><br />
===Ablution facilities===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">For infection control purposes, inpatients, clinical staff and visitors should be provided with separate ablution facilities. Ablution facilities for visitors should be located external to the inpatient unit.<br />
Patient ablution facilities should be en suite directly accessible from the adjacent bed unit. Ablution facilities for clinical staff may be provided in association, but not combined with staffroom areas. Designated toilets for clinical staff should be provided. <br />
</div><br />
===Key room relationships===<br />
It is important that key room relationships are maintained such as illustrated in figure 18.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 18.png|frameless|423x423px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 18: ROOM RELATIONSHIPS THAT PROMOTE THE PRINCIPAL OF ‘CLEAN TO DIRTY’ FLOW <br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 19.png|frameless|363x363px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 19: ROOM RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE INPATIENT UNIT (EXAMPLE 1) <br />[[File:Figure 20.png|frameless]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 20: ROOM RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE INPATIENT UNIT (EXAMPLE 2) <br />
<br />
==List of rooms==<br />
The majority of rooms in ward are standard rooms that may be found in other departments in the health facility. These rooms have been detailed separately in the IUSS: GNS generic room requirement sheets. These sheets must be referred to when planning the rooms.<br />
<br />
Table 5 lists the rooms found in the inpatient unit and indicates the rooms that are standard and those that are non-standard. The non-standard rooms that are described in more detail under 'room requirements'. The standard rooms are described in less detail as they are detailed in the IUSS: GNS generic room requirement sheets.<br />
<br />
Table 6: Loss of rooms: Standard and Non-standard<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Room<br />
!Standard<br />
!Non-standard<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Patient areas'''<br />
|-<br />
|Bed unit - Standard patient area:<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Single-bed unit<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Two-bed unit<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Four-bed unit<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Patient day room(provided in a district hospital) may be shared between wards<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Patient ablutions:<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|En suite facility with shower, toilet and hand basin (all should be disability friendly)<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Assisted bath where required<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Assisted shower<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Staff areas'''<br />
|-<br />
|Office - manager<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Office - Counselling or doctor (optional)<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Nurses' station<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Clinical admin area<br />
|<br />
|x<br />
|-<br />
|Office - administration<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Staffroom<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Staff lockers can be provided in a passage off the main passage leading to the restroom<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Toilet - staff (male and female)<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Service support areas'''<br />
|-<br />
|Bay - mobile equipment<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bay - Resuscitation trolley<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Clean utility ( setting out the sterile packs and treatments)<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Cleaners ' station<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Dirty utility (refuse and dirty linen)<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|IT room - consult with information and communication technology (ICT) planners depending on the hospital<br />
|<br />
|x<br />
|-<br />
|Sluice room<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Store - Clean linen<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Store - Equipment<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Store - Kit (patients' clothes and belongings could be in a central area or per inpatient unit - refer to brief)<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Store - Medicine<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Store - Consumables (surgical and medical)<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Treatment room<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Inpatient kitchen<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Body-holding room<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Public areas'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Inpatient unit corridor<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Entrance<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Visitors' waiting area<br />
|x<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
==Room requirements==<br />
<br />
===Bed unit – standard patient area===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">The bed units are to accommodate patients for the delivery of medical care and treatment.<br />
These guidelines allow space in all bed units for equipment and the activities around each bed and between beds. <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Location and relationship===<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Bed units should be positioned to provide appropriate supervision from the nurses’ stations and be visible between beds.<br />
En suite bathrooms shall be dedicated to each room and will be directly accessible from the bed unit.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 21.png|frameless|380x380px]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 21: LEFT-RIGHT ORIENTATION OF A PATIENT BED <br />
<br />
Important: The reference to the left and right side of the bed should describe the patient's left and right when lying down in the bed facing the ceiling. The bedside locker is placed according to the patient's preference.<br />
<br />
===Staff capacity===<br />
Space is required to adequately accommodate the activities taking place at the patient's bedside and the movement by staff around the bed, which can involve several staff at any one time and may also include the use of equipment at the patient's bedside.<br />
<br />
These activities can involve the following:<br />
<br />
*Doing clinical observations taking blood, blood pressure and the patient’s temperature<br />
*Assisting with activities of daily living: dressing, feeding and washing<br />
*Treatment procedures, such as intravenous fluids, traction, etc.<br />
*Examining the patient<br />
*Stripping and making beds<br />
*Transferring the patient from a wheelchair or patient trolley manually or by means of a patient-lifting device (patient may arrive in a wheelchair or on a patient trolley)<br />
*Patient observation and clinical (doctor’s) rounds<br />
*Diagnostic procedures, such as X-rays, ultrasounds, ECGs, etc.<br />
*Transporting the patient to the theatre on his or her hospital bed<br />
*Emergency procedures, e.g. patient resuscitation<br />
*Recording of notes at the bedside either manually or on the computer (clinical staff)<br />
*Cleaning and dusting around the bed (clinical staff)<br />
*Maintenance work (maintenance staff)<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Patient activity===<br />
<br />
*May sit next to the bed<br />
*Receives treatment from therapeutic and clinical staff while lying down or sitting in bed<br />
*Receives visitors<br />
<br />
===General requirements===<br />
The following is required in the bed unit space:<br />
<br />
*Space should be provided for a bed and bedside locker next to each bed, preferably on the right.<br />
*Temperature in bed units should be between 20 ˚C to 23 ˚C.<br />
*Positive air pressure should be maintained in bed units.<br />
*Bed curtain rails and curtains should be provided for privacy around each bed.<br />
*Each bed unit should have a disability-friendly en suite shower, toilet and hand basin with a call button for the nurse.<br />
*A clinical hand basin with elbow taps, goose neck and an outlet must be provided in the bed unit. The basin and backsplash should be a moulded unit. A wall-mounted mirror, soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser should be provided with each hand basin.<br />
*Waste bins should be next to but lower than the hand basin. There should be one for medical waste, one for sharps (refer to brief document) and one for general waste.<br />
*There should be adequate lighting provision (natural and artificial light) – daylight is important in the bed unit.<br />
*The patient should have visual privacy without compromising staff control and observation of the patient.<br />
*A standard equipment list per level of care (district, regional or tertiary) should be made available. The list will distinguish between loose equipment to be provided by the client and fixed (mounted) equipment to be provided and installed by the contractor.<br />
<br />
===Space requirements===<br />
Ergonomic studies have established that most activities carried out at the bedside can be accommodated within the dimensions 3 450 mm (width) × 4 100 mm (depth). This represents the clear bed space and does not include space for fixed storage.<br />
<br />
One bed unit equals a minimum of two and maximum of four beds per 32-bed inpatient unit in a district or regional hospital. The clinical brief will outline the tertiary hospital requirements.<br />
<br />
It is preferable for beds on opposite sides of the room to be offset to provide greater privacy.<br />
<br />
Single-bed unit approximately 15 m² minimum<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">Two-bed unit approximately 27 m² minimum<br />
Four-bed unit approximately 44 m² (majority of rooms) minimum<br />
<br />
Six-bed unit approximately 65 m² minimum<br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 1.png|frameless|378x378px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 1: SINGLE-BED UNIT (MINIMUM SPACE DIMENSION REQUIREMENT) <br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 2.png|frameless|468x468px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 2: TWO-BED UNIT (A) (MINIMUM SPACE DIMENSION REQUIREMENT) <br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 3.png|frameless|426x426px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 3: TWO-BED UNIT (B) (RECOMMENDED SPACE DIMENSION REQUIREMENT) <br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 4.png|frameless|412x412px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 4: FOUR-BED UNIT (A) (MINIMUM SPACE DIMENSION REQUIREMENT)<br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 5.png|frameless|457x457px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 5: FOUR-BED UNIT (B) (RECOMMENDED SPACE DIMENSION REQUIREMENT) <br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Bed services===<br />
Services should be provided in wall bed-head units behind and above the bed.<br />
<br />
[[File:Photograph 2.jpg|frameless|343x343px]]<br />
<br />
Photograph 2 shows an in-wall bed-head unit with power outlets, oxygen and vacuum outlets(shared between two beds), equipment rail for the mounting of, among other things, suction units, oxygen flow meters, nurse call button and a reading light<br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 6.png|frameless|407x407px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
TABLE 7: BED-HEAD SERVICES PER LEVEL OF CARE<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="4" |BED HEAD SERVICE<br />
|-<br />
|'''Service'''<br />
|'''District hospital'''<br />
|'''Regional hospital'''<br />
|'''Tertiary hospital'''<br />
|-<br />
|Oxygen<br />
|One shared between two beds<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|-<br />
|Medical air*<br />
(low pressure)<br />
|One shared between two beds<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|-<br />
|Vacuum<br />
|One shared between two beds<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|-<br />
|Power outlets<br />
(15Amp)<br />
|Four per bed:<br />
One to patient's right side for patient use<br />
<br />
Three to patient's left side for medical equipment purposes<br />
|Six per bed:<br />
Two to patient's right side for patient's use<br />
<br />
Four to patient's left side for medical equipment purposes<br />
|Six per bed:<br />
<br />
<br />
Four to patient's left side for medical equipment purposes<br />
|-<br />
|Equipment rail<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|-<br />
|Nurse call<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|-<br />
|Reading light<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|One per head<br />
|}<br />
<u>''(Refer to IUSS: GNS Building Engineering Services)''</u><br />
===En suite sanitary facilities===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
An en suite bathroom provides facilities for patients to wash, shave, groom, shower and use the toilet, either independently or with assistance. The layout and area must accommodate an assisting nurse, patient lifter or wheelchair. The minimum area for this room is 6 m².<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The en suite bathroom must be adjacent to the bed unit or directly accessible from each unit with the following services, preferably on an external wall:<br />
<br />
*Clinical hand basin with a mirror above it, soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser<br />
*Toilet<br />
*Nurse call button connected to the nurses’ station<br />
*An adjustable overhead hand shower head with flexible hose<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Doors must open outwards from the en suite bathroom and must be fitted with an emergency release function.<br />
<br />
The shower must have a shower curtain<br />
<br />
The seat must fold up in the shower area and there should be a bench outside the shower (but within the en suite bathroom) for personal belongings. Three durable clothes hooks are to be mounted on the wall above this bench.<br />
<br />
Fittings must be mounted in such a way that the water temperature can be adjusted without the patient or nurse getting wet.<br />
<br />
The exit door must be fitted with escape hardware to allow staff access in the case of an emergency.<br />
<br />
Nurse call and emergency call buttons and indicators should be provided that are tamperproof.<br />
<br />
Epoxy grout is to be applied in all tiled areas.<br />
<br />
Fittings, including grab rails, are to be installed to the toilet and shower area, including towel rails.<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 7.png|frameless|374x374px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 7: EXAMPLE OF EN SUITE BATHROOM (COMBINED TOILET AND SHOWER AREA) THAT ACCOMMODATES WHEELCHAIRS <br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 8.png|frameless|394x394px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
DRAWING 8: EXAMPLE OF EN SUITE BATHROOM (SEPARATE TOILET AND SHOWER) THAT DOES NOT ACCOMMODATE WHEELCHAIRS <br />
<br />
===Assisted shower===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
An assisted shower room with an enclosed shower cubicle, fitted with a door, to the height of a wheelchair or commode and a central floor drain is required. The shower head should be a hand-held device and the temperature of the water should be controlled. The size of the room should provide a minimum of 6.5 m² to provide space for the staff who will assist the patient.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The shower should be located immediately adjacent to or should be directly accessible from the passage of the inpatient unit. It should preferably be central to the bed units.<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*A hand basin with tiles above it, a mirror, soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser<br />
*A nurse call button connected to nurses' station<br />
*A hand-held shower head that can be removed from above with a flexible cord<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
There should be sufficient space for two people in the shower area to assist the patient to wash and shower.<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*A waist-height shower enclosure with a hand-held shower head<br />
*An enclosed seat that can fold up<br />
*Taps of which to the water temperature can be adjusted without the staff assisting the patient getting wet<br />
*A door that is fitted with the escape hardware to allow staff access in the case of an emergency<br />
*Nurse call and emergency call buttons and indicators<br />
*Fittings, including grab rails and towel rails, that can accommodate non-ambukant patients<br />
*A hoist for lifting a patient<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 9.png|frameless|357x357px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 9: EXAMPLE OF ASSISTED SHOWER <br />
<br />
[[File:Photograph 3.jpg|frameless|288x288px]]<br />
<br />
PHOTOGRAPH 3: ASSISTED BATH (OPTIONAL) <br />
<br />
===Counselling room===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The counselling room provides a private area for staff to consult with patients and their family<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*A double-plug outlet<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*The room must create a tranquil, calm atmosphere. The use of color must be subtle - preferebly using pastel colours<br />
*A window with an outside view from this room is advisable<br />
*This room may be shared by two inpatient units<br />
<br />
====Furniture====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
A table and four chairs<br />
<br />
Lounger and comfortable lounge chairs with a side table<br />
<br />
===Day room===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The day room provides space for the patient to socialise with other patients and visitors. The room should be a minimum of 12m². This is more applicable in rural district facilities.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The day room should comply with the following:<br />
<br />
*Have an external wall to take advantage of natural light and outlook<br />
*Be located away from bed units, but within close proximity to the nurses’ station to enable staff supervision and observation<br />
*Have direct access off the main inpatient unit passage<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Patients should be able to sit down and may play games, as well as socialise<br />
*Patients should be able to receive visitors<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Two double-plug outlets<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Low windowsill heights should promote views from a seated position.<br />
*Day rooms to be located inside the inpatient unit without outside access, or it may have outside access (to the garden or a balcony). This depends on the inpatient unit type and the need for security.<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
<u>''(Refer to the equipment list.)''</u><br />
<br />
In addition, the following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Table and stackable chairs (to allow space for wheelchair users)<br />
*Water cooler<br />
*Waste paper bin<br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 10.png|frameless|321x321px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 10: EXAMPLE OF DAY ROOM FOR PATIENTS <br />
<br />
===Treatment room===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The treatment room provides a controlled environment, privacy and facilities for carrying out consultations, examinations and the treatment of patients. It should have a minimum size of 15 m².<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The treatment room should be located with other patient care areas, near the clean utility with direct access to the inpatient unit passage.<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Four clinical staff members attending the patient at any given time<br />
*Access to patients from both sides of the couch<br />
*As the patient may be ambulant, in a wheelchair, on a trolley or in a bed, patient transfer may be required to the examination couch<br />
*Private examination and discussion with the patient<br />
*Specimen collection (e.g. bone marrow)<br />
*Wound treatment (applying or renewing dressings)<br />
*Other examinations and treatment activities specific to the medical discipline<br />
*Treatment by a physiotherapist or occupational therapist<br />
*Completing special examination requests and writing reports<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*A hand basin with elbow taps and a gooseneck outlet with tiles above it, a mirror, soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser<br />
*Four electrical points<br />
*A vacuum<br />
*Data and telephone terminals<br />
*A stainless steel sink<br />
*A good-quality examination light, preferably mounted on the ceiling<br />
*Bed-head service with two power outlets on the right of the patient examination couch and three power outlets on the left, oxygen and vacuum outlets, and an equipment rail for mounting items such as a suction unit, oxygen flow meter and nurse call button<br />
*A wall-mounted X-ray viewing panel where applicable<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Lockable doors<br />
*A door that is wide enough for a bed to pass through<br />
*Curtains for patient privacy<br />
*A stainless steel worktop with a cupboard underneath it for stock (± 1.0 m)<br />
*Positive pressure<br />
*Temperature in the treatment room maintained at between 20 °C and 23 °C<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*An examination couch<br />
*A double-step foot stool<br />
*A mobile drip stand<br />
*A wall-mounted diagnostic set<br />
*A mobile vital signs monitor (nibp+hr+sao2);<br />
*An emergency oxygen cylinder on a mobile stand<br />
*An ECG machine on a mobile trolley<br />
*A fitted desk unit with a chair<br />
*A pedal bin or kickabout with a bucket<br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 11.png|frameless|348x348px]]<br /><br />
<br />
==Inpatient support requirements==<br />
The following inpatient unit support spaces are listed in alphabetical order<br />
<br />
===Body room===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
This room is specifically for holding a deceased patient until the body is collected by the mortuary<br />
<br />
*Size 3.5 m x 3.4 m<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
This should be located far away from the patients and public areas, and placed close to the service exit or service lift<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Holding of the deceased patient until collection by the mortuary<br />
*Preparation of the patient by nursing staff in anticipation of the family coming to view the patient<br />
*Viewing of the patient by the family<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
====Services====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Clinical hand basin with elbow taps with gooseneck outlet and tiles above it, with soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser<br />
*Cupboards for storing equipment<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
====Considerations====<br />
The following need to be taken into consideration<br />
<br />
*A quiet area with subdued lighting<br />
*Décor to create a calm atmosphere<br />
*Pastel, gentle colours to be used on walls and in curtains and blinds<br />
*The room may be shared by two wards<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
====Equipment====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
The patient is usually wheeled in his or her hospital bed, where he or she remains until he or she is collected by the mortuary, when the body is placed on a trolley before leaving<br />
<br />
===Clean utility===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The clean utility is for the storage and preparation of clean and sterile materials and equipment for patient treatment, as well as the secure storage and preparation of medications, including intravenous fluids. A minimum space of 9 m² is required.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The clean utility should have direct access from the passage of the inpatient unit, with close proximity to the nurses’ station and the treatment room.<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*One to two persons at any given time<br />
*Storage of sterile packs from the CSSD<br />
*Storage of liquids from the pharmacy<br />
*Hand washing by staff prior to trolley preparation for bedside treatment or procedures<br />
*Preparation of trolleys for treatment or procedures in the procedure room<br />
*Warming of solutions required during treatments or procedures<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*A stainless steel clinical, drop-in hand basin with elbow taps and gooseneck outlet<br />
*One double 15 Amp plug above counter height<br />
*Standard power outlet for liquid warmer: stand-alone or standing on the worktop<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Lockable doors to the facility<br />
*Lockable cupboard with shelving for sterile packs and storage of vacolitre<br />
*Stainless steel worktop: space for one 600 x 450 mm instrument trolley and two 450 x 450 mm instrument trolleys underneath the worktop<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Pedal bin<br />
*Liquid warmer: stand-alone or standing on the worktop<br />
<br />
[[File:DRAWING 12.png|frameless]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 12: CLEAN UTILITY ROOM EXAMPLE<br />
<br />
===Cleaner's room===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The cleaning service may be in-house or outsourced, but space should be provided for a cleaner's room.<br />
<br />
The cleaning station provides a base for the cleaning staff to store and decant cleaning equipment, materials and cleaning agents, and a cleaner's trolley. A space requirement of 8 m² should be provided. A ratio of 0.8 m² per patient may be used to calculate the area.<br />
<br />
The room should be separate from the dirty utility room and the waste disposal room. <br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The cleaning station should be close to the exit of the inpatient unit with direct access to the inpatient unit passage<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Usually one housekeeper or cleaner will utilise the area<br />
*Hand-washing by staff before leaving the room<br />
*Report writing<br />
*Water collecting and emptying cleaning buckets<br />
*Hanging wet mops and cloths to dry<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*A stainless steel hand basin with elbow taps and a gooseneck outlet, and tiles above it with a mirror, soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser<br />
*A drip sink with a hinged bucket grid for cleaning mops ('''not a slop-hopper)'''<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Small worktop on which to write<br />
*Hooks on which to hang tops<br />
*A lockable cupboard with shelves for cleaning materials, disinfectants, disposable gloves, soap, cleaning detergents, new mops and brooms, cleaning cloths, paper towels, toilet paper, etc.<br />
*A mop rack<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Mops<br />
*A cleaning trolley<br />
*A polisher<br />
*Buckets<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 13 1.png|frameless|410x410px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 13: CLEANING STATION AND CLEANERS TROLLEY <br />
<br />
===Clinical workstation===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
This is a work area separate to the nurses’ station. The clinical workstation area is required for clinical staff to make file notes, do patient administration, discuss cases and do research. For planning purposes, a 28- to 32-bed inpatient unit will require a work space for four staff members at a time.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The space should be positioned close to the nurses’ station, with privacy from inpatient unit activities.<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Making and receiving phone calls<br />
*Writing reports<br />
*Accessing and printing data from a computer<br />
*Recording patient information in patient files and filing printed reports<br />
*Digital radiology screens<br />
*Case discussion and peer support<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Two telephones<br />
*Three data points<br />
*An X-ray viewing panel if required<br />
*Power outlets for two computers, a fax machine and a printer<br />
*Power outlet for a digital X-ray monitor and keyboard<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*A suitable workspace for the clinical staff and doctors to do clinical administration at the station with space for computers, telephones, printing and administrative work<br />
*A work surface and space for filing, shelves to accommodate files and stationery with drawers and cupboards<br />
*All surfaces must be impervious and designed for easy cleaning<br />
*Wall-mounted wipeboard and pinboard<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
<br />
*Two telephones<br />
*Three data-connected computers and digital X-ray equipment<br />
*Printer<br />
*X-ray viewing<br />
*Power outlets for two computer points and two central monitors<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 14.png|frameless|372x372px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 14: CLINICAL WORK STATION EXAMPLE<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
===Dirty utility===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The dirty utility room is the waste disposal room providing for the temporary storage of contaminated waste, sharps, soiled linen and recyclables prior to removal. A minimum area of 8 m² is required.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The dirty utility room must be located at the exit to the inpatient unit to allow for ready access from the service exit. It should preferably be adjacent to the sluice. The dirty utility room should have easy access to hand-washing facilities and must have direct access to the passage of the inpatient unit.<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Temporary storage of sluiced and dirty linen<br />
*Temporary storage of waste bins<br />
*Temporary storage and collection of canvas bags filled with dirty linen(± four bags a day per inpatient unit)<br />
*Collection of refuse<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*A hand basin with elbow taps and a gooseneck outlet with tiles above it, soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser<br />
<br />
=====General requirements=====<br />
The following should be provided:<br />
<br />
*Space for dirty linen trolley, as well as sluiced trolley<br />
*Storage space for sharps, medical waste and domestic waste<br />
*Bumper rails to prevent bins from marking walls<br />
*Space for four large medical waste boxes (these may be stackable)<br />
*A bumper rail to protect the behind the trolleys<br />
*Good ventilation<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 15.png|frameless]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 15: DIRTY UTILITY ROOM EXAMPLE <br />
<br />
===Inpatient unit kitchen===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The kitchen is used for preparing and heating refreshments, snacks for patients, washing cups, and storing food supplements and snacks. The ward refreshment and food trolley is parked in the kitchen. A minimum area of 8 m² is required, increasing by 1.5 m² for every 10 beds (12 m² per 32 bed inpatient unit)<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The kitchen should have easy access to patient areas and the passage of the main inpatient unit<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Two people at any given time<br />
*The preparation of hot or cold beverages for patients<br />
*Heat refreshments, snacks and some meals<br />
*In some rural, washing utensils and storing them in the inpatient unit kitchen<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*A double-bowl sink with drainage and hot and cold water<br />
*A microwave oven<br />
*Four power outlets for the hot-water supply unit, 120 ℓ fridge/freezer combination and microwave, plus one extra point<br />
*Continuous hot-water supply (hydro boil) unit placed over the sink drainage<br />
*A stainless steel hand basin with a paper towel holder and soap dispenser<br />
*A double-bowl sink with drip trays<br />
*Cupboards for keeping detergents, cups, saucers and glasses<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
It may be in-house or outsourced<br />
<br />
Suitable workspace and floor covering is needed that is easy to maintain<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Continuous hot-water supply unit<br />
*120 ℓ fridge/freezer combination<br />
*Microwave oven<br />
*Tea trolley<br />
*Food trolley (from main kitchen)<br />
*Bump rail for food and tea trolley<br />
*Refuse bin(e.g pedal bin)<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 16.png|frameless|545x545px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 16: WARD KITCHEN EXAMPLES <br />
<br />
===IT room (size dependent on the clinical brief and hospital)===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
Switch room to house computer services, which are connected to the main server.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
Adjacent to the inpatient unit and may be shared by other facilities on the same floor level.<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Data cabling to specialist approval and design<br />
*Power points to be specified by the IT specialist<br />
*Access control may be required<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Size depends on the number of facilities connected to the equipment contained in the room. A minimum of 2m x 2m is recommended<br />
*The planning of this room must be coordinated with the IT consultants and the clinical staff.<br />
<br />
===Nurses’ station===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
<br />
The nurses’ station is the administrative base and communication centre for the inpatient unit and the enquiry point for patients and visitors. It provides a focal point to which all staff, whose time is mostly spent with patients, can return to record data, issue and receive information and receive verbal and written instructions. It provides for the coordination of patient care, observation, writing up of clinical notes, entering data into computers, and making and receiving phone calls. The station must accommodate nurses, an inpatient unit clerk, and, at times, doctors. <br />
<br />
The area controls the movement of patients, staff and visitors entering and leaving the unit and can receive mail, flowers and a variety of other items that may be delivered to the unit. The inpatient unit clerk or receptionist is generally located in this area with ready access to files and stationery. One nurses’ station in an inpatient unit, central to the bed units, will allow for the observation of the main patient areas and, where possible, people entering and exiting the inpatient unit<br />
<br />
For planning purposes, a 28- to 32-bed inpatient unit will require a nurses’ station of 14 to 18 m². <br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
Decentralised nurses’ stations may be considered for immediate work associated with patient care: the review of patient notes, files and tests (short work). This is facilitated by the use of electronic record systems and point-of-care management. The floor area of the nurses’ station will vary according to the activities and services required.<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Management of the clinical service requirements<br />
*Access to the electronic patient system<br />
*Making and receiving phone calls<br />
*Writing reports<br />
*Updating the patient bed allocation board<br />
*Accessing and printing data from a computer<br />
*Recording patient information in the patient’s file and filing printed reports<br />
*Controlling the nurses’ call system<br />
*Monitoring service alarms (e.g. fire alarm system)<br />
*Managing the key cupboard<br />
*Managing digital radiology information<br />
*Providing a contact point for doctors and nurses<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Two telephones<br />
*Two data points<br />
*Six power outlets (for two computers and screens, a fax machine and printer)<br />
*Hands-free clinical hand basin, elbow taps, a mirror, paper towel holder, soap dispenser and wall-mounted waste paper bin<br />
*Nurse call system connected to a display panel at the nurses’ workstation or mounted on the wall directly behind the nurses’ station<br />
*Fire alarm/smoke detection panel mounted on the wall directly behind the nurses’ station<br />
*Alarm panel for gas and water mounted on the wall directly behind the nurses’ station<br />
*Power outlet for digital X-ray monitor and keyboard<br />
*Access control (inpatient unit entrance and exit plus dirty utility outside door)<br />
*Emergency power and uninterrupted power supply (UPS)<br />
*Access control panels at the inpatient unit’s entrance and exit, including the outside door of the dirty utility<br />
*Medical gas shut-off valves in visual control and within easy reach of the nursing staff<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Positive air pressure to allow for fresh air and reduce the risk of airborne diseases<br />
*Large workstation with a view of the entrance, and optimal observation of the most acute patients<br />
*Suitable workspace for the inpatient unit clerk (should no separate office be provided) and the nurses to work at the station with space for two computers, two telephones and a printer<br />
*Work surface and space for filing, shelves to accommodate files and stationery with drawers and cupboards, i.e. 20 lever-arch files (for policy documents, etc.) in a cabinet, ten lever-arch files in cupboards below the work station, plus space for 30 different types of forms (all A4) in pigeon holes above the work station<br />
*All surfaces must be impervious and designed for easy cleaning<br />
*Access to pneumatic system for laboratory samples (regional hospitals –dependent on the hospital size; tertiary hospitals as standard)<br />
*Air conditioning : ± 22 °C<br />
*Space for a dictionary and reference books<br />
*A key cupboard mounted on the wall behind the nurses’ station<br />
*Space to store and recharge haemoglobin and glucose meters<br />
*Space to store and recharge diagnostic sets<br />
*Space for the patient allocation board<br />
*Space for an adult scale with length meter<br />
*Space for an emergency trolley<br />
*Space for an oxygen cylinder on a mobile stand<br />
*Space for three observation trolleys or mobile non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) machines<br />
*Wall-mounted wipe board and pin-board<br />
<br />
====Fittings====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Counter,with sitting space for at least four people<br />
*Above- and under-worktop storage space for policy manuals, registers and report documentation<br />
*Access to medical gas shut-off valves must be in visual control and within easy reach of the nursing staff<br />
*Space for two telephones, two computers and a printer, the nurse call panel, fire alarm and smoke detection panel, and medical gas and vacuum supply.<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Patient admission board (whiteboard marked into bed units, the beds in each unit, the patient's name, the doctor's name and comments)<br />
*Key cupboard<br />
*Wall clock<br />
*Pin-board<br />
*Whiteboard (small - stock ordering notes, for instance)<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 17.png|frameless|466x466px]]<br /><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
DRAWING 17: EXAMPLE OF NURSES’ STATION <br />
<br />
===Patient kitroom===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
<br />
The provision of a kitroom could require a central or unit kitroom. The recommended minimum unit size of 6 to 8 m² is suggested. The room is used for the safe storage of patients’ clothes and belongings, excluding valuables and money. <br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0.018cm;margin-right:5.443cm;">The kitroom should be provided off the main passage. <br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Clear plastic bags tagged with patient identification<br />
*Bags to be locked away in mesh wire baskets<br />
*Clearly marked plastic bags to be received with patient's belongings<br />
*Receipt to be provided to the staff member<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*The store should be lockable<br />
*Slated shelving is required<br />
*Mesh wire cupboard<br />
*Good ventilation<br />
<br />
===Sluice===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The sluice makes provision for the following:<br />
<br />
*Decontamination and storage of patient utensils such as bed pans, urinals and bowls<br />
*Cleaning and holding used medical instruments for collection ans sterilisation at CSSD<br />
*Testing and disposing of patient specimens<br />
<br />
A minimum area of 10 m²is required. <br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The sluice must be located centrally to the bed units to allow for ready access from the patient areas.The sluice room must have direct access to the inpatient unit passage and close proximity to the dirty utility<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Sluicing, cleaning, disinfecting and storing bed pans, urinals, sputum mugs and wash basins<br />
*Urine testing and temporary storage of laboratory samples<br />
*Washing and temporary storage of medical instruments<br />
*Safe usage, service and maintenance of automatic bedpan washer<br />
*Hand washing by staff upon entering and before leaving the room<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*A stainless steel clinical hand basin with elbow taps and a gooseneck outlet with tiles above it, soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser<br />
*A double deep-bowl stainless steel sluice sink unit with elbow taps and a gooseneck outlet, as well as a hand-held shower on a flexible hose<br />
*An automatic bedpan washer and power outlet at 1100 AFFL (ensure that the choice of the type of bed pan washer is made early in the design phase to enable adequate provision for drainage)<br />
*A single stainless steel sink with workspace for washing medical instruments<br />
*An extraction air diffuser<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*A stainless steel work surface next to the sluice for urine testing<br />
*A wall-mounted rack for clean bedpans and urinals<br />
*Cupboards fir storage of sputum mugs, detergent for the automatic bedpan washer, urine testing sticks and equipment<br />
*Shelves for wash basins and buckets<br />
*Good ventilation<br />
*Bumper rail to protect the wall behind the trolleys<br />
*Clinical hand basin adjacent to the entry door<br />
*Clean medical waste box storage needs to be considered in relation to the sluice<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Bed pans and urinals<br />
*Urine bottles<br />
*Wash bowls<br />
<br />
[[File:Photograph 4.png|frameless|573x573px]]Bed pan washer Position of bed pan rack over the sink<br />
<br />
PHOTOGRAPH 4: EXAMPLES OF SLUICE ROOM EQUIPMENT<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 18.png|frameless]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 18: SLUICE ROOM EXAMPLE<br />
<br />
===Store for clean linen===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
Provision should be made for the storage of clean linen, blankets and hospital-issued patient attire or patient theatre attire. A minimum size of 8 m² is required. Allocate a minimum of 0.16 m² of linen per patient and make allowance for storing and packing the linen trolley in the room.<br />
<br />
Storerooms are best designed in the elongated rectangular shape to allow easy access to all items .<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Located within view of the nurses's station<br />
*Easily accessible to all patient areas<br />
*Directly off the main inpatient unit passage<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*One to two people at any given time<br />
*Counting linen<br />
*Unpacking received linen (mostly in canvas bags)<br />
*Loading clean linen onto the linen trolley<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Lockable door (undercut door for ventilation)<br />
*Perforated or slated shelving Need to make provision for supplies over weekends and private holidays in rural areas<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*A clean linen trolley<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 19.png|frameless|385x385px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 19: LINEN ROOM EXAMPLES<br />
<br />
[[File:Photograph 5.png|frameless|388x388px]]<br />
<br />
PHOTOGRAPH 5: EXAMPLES OF LINEN TROLLEYS AND LINEN STORAGE <br />
<br />
===Store for consumables===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
Safe storage should be provided for the storage of clinical consumable items, like intravenous fluids and sets, syringes, needles, bandages, etc. Provision should be made for a minimum size of 9 m² per 28- to 32-bed inpatient unit. Allow 0.183 m² stock area per patient.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The consumables store should be centrally located close to the clean utility and have direct access to the inpatient unit. <br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following: <br />
<br />
*Two people at any given time<br />
*Storage of consumable items on wall-mounted shelves<br />
*Allow enough space for the transfer of items from a trolley onto the shelves<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following: <br />
<br />
*The store should be lockable<br />
*Slated shelving is required<br />
*Sturdy wall-mounted shelving<br />
*The ability to identify and 'partition' stock (risk management)<br />
*Sturdy wooden and moulded plastic pallets on the floor( ±120 mm high) for the storage of intravenous fluids - only stack three boxes high<br />
*Ensure controlled temperature - a maximum of 26 °C<br />
*No items to be stored on the floor<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
Provision should be made for the following: <br />
<br />
*Intravenous fluids, sets, syringes, needles, bandages, etc.<br />
<br />
[[File:Photograph 6.jpg|frameless|284x284px]]<br />
<br />
PHOTOGRAPH 6: CONSUMABLES STOCKROOM <br />
<br />
===Equipment store===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The equipment store is used for the safe storage of medical equipment, traction accessories, the parking of mobile IV poles, wheelchairs, lifting poles, bed cradles and commode chairs. Plugs and shelves are available for recharging and storing electrical equipment. A minimum size of 12 to 20 m² is recommended. This will vary in larger hospitals with 400 or more beds.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
</div>The equipment store should be centrally located in a low-traffic area, have direct access to the inpatient unit passage and be close to the sluice as equipment may require cleaning and disinfection before storage.<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*One or two people at an one time<br />
*Moving equipment in and out of the store<br />
*Placing equipment on shelves and plugging in to power<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Ten power outlets (depending on the facility) above the worktop to recharge equipment batteries<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*The store should be lockable<br />
*A counter top to recharge small equipment<br />
*Shelving to store traction units and small equipment<br />
*An open wall area where equipment mounted on trolley can be stored<br />
*A minimum 2.5 m internal width is suggested<br />
*Double door access<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
Equipment will vary according to the level of care. This will also serve as a guideline for the number of power outlets, as well as thee floor and workspace that is required <br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 20.png|frameless|306x306px]] <br />
<br />
DRAWING 20: EQUIPMENT STORE EXAMPLE <br />
<br />
===Medicine store===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The purpose of the medicine store is the safe storage of scheduled medication.<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
It should be in full view of the nurses' station, preferably directly behind the nurses' station.<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Two people at any given time<br />
*Placing and removing medicine on shelves, in refrigerators and in-wall mounted drug cupboards<br />
*Storing and loading the medicine trolley used during the inpatient unit round<br />
*Counting drugs<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Clinical hand basin with elbow taps and gooseneck outlet with tiles above it, soap dispenser and paper towel dispenser<br />
*Access control recording everyone going in and out the room<br />
*Power outlet for the refrigerator<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Safe storage of medicine on shelves, in refrigerators and in wall-mounted drug cupboards<br />
*Shelving<br />
*Storage space for the medicine trolley used during the inpatient unit rounds<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Wall-mounted drug cupboard<br />
*Medicine trolley<br />
*Refrigerator with a thermometer and power outlet<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 21.png|frameless]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 21: MEDICINE STORE EXAMPLE <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
[[File:Photograph 7.png|frameless|325x325px]]<br />
<br />
PHOTOGRAPH 7: EXAMPLES OF MEDICINE TROLLEYS<br />
<br />
==Staff facilities==<br />
<br />
===Staffroom===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
The staffroom is used by the staff for respite and relaxation during tea and meal breaks, especially where it is difficult for staff to use centrally located facilities at night. It may also be used for staff meetings and tutorials. It has facilities for preparing and/or heating refreshments, snacks and meals, washing utensils and disposing of food waste.<br />
<br />
A minimum area of 15 m² is required. Size depends on the number of staff members using the facility and the usage of the facility. Allow 1.5 m² per person, assuming that a maximum of 40% of the inpatient unit staff will utilise the room at any one time. <br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0.018cm;margin-right:0.654cm;">In district and regional hospitals, the staffroom may also be used as a training area. </div><br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The staffroom must be located away from the patient, treatment and visitor areas.<br />
<br />
Staff toilets should not be en suite to staffrooms, but should be located close to the staff restroom.<br />
The staff restroom could be shared between two inpatient units, or one space could be provided per floor. <br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Four people at a time<br />
*Resting or seated<br />
*Reading and writing<br />
*Eating meals<br />
*Holding meetings<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Stainless steel double-bowl sink with drainage and hot and cold water<br />
*Hydro boil positioned over the drainage sink<br />
*Four power points for appliances<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Facilities for food warming and beverage preparation and storage should be provided<br />
*Wall-mounted cupboard to store cups, glasses and consumables (tea, coffee,milk, etc.)<br />
*Undercounter cupboard to store cutlery and cleaning materials<br />
*Staff toilet should be next to, but not directly off the staffroom<br />
*A relaxed ambiance is essential<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Easy chairs<br />
*Table with chairs<br />
*Shelving for books and magazines<br />
*Whiteboard for daily notices (size: 1 m x 1.5 m)<br />
*Pinboard<br />
*Microwave oven - stainless steel, 40 ℓ, 1000 watts<br />
*120 ℓ fridge/ freezer combination<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 22.png|frameless|333x333px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 22: STAFFROOM EXAMPLE<br />
<br />
===Staff locker area===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
Lockers are to be provided for staff to store their personal possessions.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
Lockers should be positioned in a passage leading to the staffroom, in the staff room or opposite the nurses' station. This is to ensure that anyone tempering with lockers can be seen immediately.<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Secure storage of personal property<br />
*Locker sixe: 450 wide x 600 deep x 900 high with a bar to hang items on or 450 wide x 600 deep x 450 high, depending on requirements<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 22.jpg|frameless]]<br />
<br />
FIGURE 22: TYPICAL STAFF LOCKERS<br />
<br />
===Staff toilet===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
This is a room containing a toilet and hand basin for staff use. A minimum of 3 m² is recommended. (No urinals should be installed.)<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0.018cm;margin-right:0.654cm;">Toilets for staff use should be readily accessible from staff working areas. They should be located central to the inpatient unit.<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Wall-fixed toilet for cleaning underneath<br />
*Bathroom accessories<br />
*Mirrors - height and size is important for those using the facility<br />
*Soap dispensers and hand towel dispensers<br />
*Toilet roll holders in all toilets<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 23.png|frameless|361x361px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 23: STAFF TOILET EXAMPLE <br />
<br />
===Clinical overnight sleeping facilities===<br />
<br />
====Description====<br />
Sleeping, rest and ablution facilities are provided for clinical staff working at night who are not required to be permanently on the inpatient unit but must be ‘on call’ should they be required.<br />
<br />
====Location====<br />
These are located close to the unit that the clinical staff are called to. D.g. in the ICU unit, EU, theatres, diagnostic radiology unit, paediatric unit, maternity unit or close to the surgical and medical inpatient units. The facilities should preferably be in a quiet area away from the patient areas.<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*One data point per bedroom<br />
*One double plug for computers<br />
*One power outlet adjacent to the bed for a bedside lamp<br />
*Toilet, shower and hand basin in shared ablution area<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Cupboard to hang clothes and store personal items<br />
*Wall hooks for coats<br />
<br />
====Equipment====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Bed and bedside table<br />
*Desk to write and work on the computer<br />
*Waste bin<br />
*Easy chair<br />
*Side lamp<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 24.png|frameless]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 24: EXAMPLE OF CLINICAL OVERNIGHT SLEEPING FACILITIES<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 25.png|frameless|449x449px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 25: EXAMPLE OF TWO CLINICAL OVERNIGHT SLEEPING FACILITIES WITH SHARED ABLUTIONS<br />
<br />
==Administration Areas==<br />
<br />
===Unit management office===<br />
Department of Public Works, 2005, Space planning norms and standards for office accommodation used by organs of state. (Government notice 1665). Cape Town, South Africa: Government Gazette.<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
Depending on the level of care, offices are provided for nurses managers and, in some instances, for clinical heads of departments. Each office should provide accommodation for a single-person office to be used for clinical purposes. The office should have natural ventilation and a view to the outside. A minimum of 9 m² is recommended for clinical staff and 12 m² for a unit manager. <br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The office of the unit manager should be near the entrance to the inpatient unit, central to the nurses' station and located away from the clinical areas and noise<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Unit management writing reports<br />
*Shift handover meetings<br />
*Relative counselling<br />
*Staff management<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*IT and data connections<br />
*Three electrical points and data point<br />
*Telephone point<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Desk and two chairs<br />
*Filing cabinet<br />
*Stationery cupboard<br />
*Pinboard<br />
*Lockable office<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Public areas==<br />
<div style="margin-left:0.018cm;margin-right:0.654cm;"><br />
===Public entrance to the inpatient unit===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
There should be one main entrance to the inpatient unit. This should be the main access and exit to the inpatient facility. The fire escape should not be used as an entrance. In large facilities, provision is made for 400 beds and more. A general entrance and a service entrance are suggested.<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Access control id required <br />
<br />
===Inpatient unit corridor===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
Circulation space linking rooms should maximize the use of the space to support turning circles and ease of access. Size depends on where the corridor is located.<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Natural light in patient areas is desirable.Waiting areas may be shared between inpatient units. Avoid any floor prostrutions that would influence wheels of beds and equipment. The width of a passage must allow at least two beds to pass in opposite directions, within the bumper rail measurement. The recommended minimum width for the main inpatient unit corridor (from bumper rail to bumper rail) is 2400 mm between bumper rails.<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 26.png|frameless|474x474px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 26: HOSPITAL PASSAGE REQUIREMENTS <br />
<br />
===Visitors' waiting area===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
An area for visitors and patients to wait prior to or during visits to the inpatient unit is best located outside the perimeter of the inpatient unit and may be shared by more than one unit. <br />
<br />
Where visitors' lounge or waiting room is provided, it should be located and designed to accommodate child visitors without disruption to others. A room of 10 m² or 0.5 m² per able-bodied person is recommended, with 1 m² to be included per wheelchair-dependent person.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The waiting area requires direct access to the circulation corridor and ready access to the public amenities. If a waiting area at unit level is provided, it should be located near the entrance to the unit. An external outlook is preferred with good natural light.<br />
<br />
====Activities====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Visitors sitting or standing, and children playing<br />
<br />
====Services====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*One double plug<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Natural light is desirable<br />
*Waiting areas may be shared between inpatient units<br />
*A play area for children<br />
*General and disabled-friendly ablutions<br />
<br />
====Equipment and furniture====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Vending machine<br />
*Public phones<br />
*Waste paper or refuse bins<br />
*Chairs<br />
*Side tables<br />
<br />
===Public disabled toilet===<br />
<br />
====Description and function====<br />
A room containing a toilet and a hand basin for use by disabled persons with or without assistance is required. A minimum size of 5 m² is recommended.<br />
<br />
====Location and relationships====<br />
The disabled toilet should have direct access to a waiting or circulation passage. Disabled toilets for public use should be readily accessible for public areas.<br />
<br />
====General requirements====<br />
Provision should be made for the following:<br />
<br />
*Toilets at a special height for wheelchair users<br />
*Clinical hand basin with elbow taps accessible for paraplegics while still siting on the toilet<br />
*Wall-fixed toilet for cleaning underneath<br />
*Mirrors - height and size is important for those using the facility<br />
*Soap dispensers and hand towel dispensers - , hands-free<br />
*Toilet roll holders in all toilets<br />
*The door is to be fitted with escape hardware to allow staff access in case of an emergency<br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 27.png|frameless]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 27: TOILET FOR THE DISABLED <br />
<br />
[[File:Photograph 8.jpg|frameless]]<br />
<br />
<br />
PHOTOGRAPH 8: PROVISION FOR EMERGENCY TROLLEY <br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 28.png|frameless|434x434px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 28: CLINICAL HAND BASIN CONFIGURE <br />
<br />
[[File:Drawing 29.png|frameless|432x432px]]<br />
<br />
DRAWING 29: WHEELCHAIR BAY<br />
<br />
==Engineering Considerations==<br />
</div><u>''Refer to IUSS: GNS Building Engineering Services''</u><br />
*Vacuum, piped oxygen and medical gases<br />
*Service panels enclosing oxygen, suction and air outlets<br />
*Ventilation<br />
*Fire detection and alarm systems<br />
*Resilience of electrical supplies<br />
*Lighting systems<br />
*Internal drainage<br />
*Nurse call system<br />
*Security system<br />
<br />
==Standard Components==<br />
Standard Components (SC) refer to rooms and spaces for which room data sheets, room layout sheets (drawings) and textual descriptions '''have been developed and are available in a separate section of these guidelines. '''<br />
<br />
==List of rooms==<br />
The electrical, mechanical and health technology requirements for each space are given. There are a number of software packages that plot the equipment listed in the library with regard to the design in process.<br />
<br />
The value of this type of system is that conflict of design principles can be detected early, such as door openings, spaces and the sizes of rooms in relation to the equipment for the space. (Code Book is a database system that could facilitate the development of a library for future use, Revit is a 3D design program)<br />
<br />
Table 8: Example list of rooms for a 32-Bed inpatient unit<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Code<br />
!Room<br />
!Quantity<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" |'''Patient area'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2-bed unit<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|4-bed unit<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|En suite bathroom<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Entrance<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Single room<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Patient toilet<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Day room<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Assisted shower<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" |'''STAFF AREAS'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Office - Sister<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Office - Doctor<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Nurse's station<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Staff shower<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Staff toilet<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Staffroom<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Staff locker area<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| colspan="2" |'''SUPPORT AREAS'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Bay - Hand-washing<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Bay - Resuscitation trolley<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Cleaners' room<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Clean utility<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Dirty utility<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|IT room<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Sluice - Clean linen<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Store - Equipment<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Store - General<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Store - Patient kit<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Store - Surgical<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Toilet - Disabled/ public<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Visitors waiting area<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|Inpatient unit kitchen<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|CIRCULATION<br />
|32%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
='''List of abbreviations'''=<br />
ACDP Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens<br />
<br />
ACH Air changes per hour <br />
<br />
AHIA Australian Health Insurance Association <br />
<br />
AII Airborne infection isolation <br />
<br />
BP Blood pressure <br />
<br />
CCD Central Cleaning Depot <br />
<br />
CDC Centres for Disease Control <br />
<br />
CSSD Central Sterile Services Department <br />
<br />
ECG Electrocardiogram <br />
<br />
HCU High care unit <br />
<br />
HEPA High-efficiency particulate absorption <br />
<br />
HIS Hospital information system <br />
<br />
ICT Information and communication technology <br />
<br />
ICU Intensive care unit <br />
<br />
NDoH National Department of Health <br />
<br />
NHLS National Health Laboratory Service <br />
<br />
NHS National Health Service <br />
<br />
NIBP Non-invasive blood pressure <br />
<br />
PACS Non-invasive blood pressure <br />
<br />
PAS Patient administration system <br />
<br />
PE Protective environment <br />
<br />
RIS Radiology information system <br />
<br />
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome <br />
<br />
SC Standard components <br />
<br />
TB tuberculosis <br />
<br />
UPS Uninterrupted power supply <br />
<br />
='''References'''=<br />
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2003. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. (Recommendations of CDC and the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee HICPAC). Atlanta, GA: CDC. <br />
Department of Health, 2011. Adult in-patient accommodation: Planning and design manual. (Version:2951: 2.4: England). London, UK: Department of Health.<br />
<br />
Growth Solutions Group (GSG), 2008. Specialist clinics wayfinding guidelines: The outpatient journey. [pdf] Victoria Australia: GSG. Available at: <nowiki>http://docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/B0C152FCA1338498CA25791700037BF4/$FILE/wayfindin</nowiki> g-guide.pdf [Accessed 31 March 2014]. <br />
<br />
NHS Estates, 2005. Ward layouts with single rooms and space for flexibility. The Stationery Office. <br />
<br />
Standards Association of Australia (SAA), 2003. AS 1428.1-4: Design for access and mobility. New South Wales Australia: SAA. <br />
<br />
The Centre for Health Assets Australasia (CHAA) faculty of the built environment the university of New South Wales (NSW), 2009. Wayfinding for healthcare facilities: Technical series TS-2: Prepared for: NSW health strategic business and development branch. (5th ed). NSW: NSW health department. <br />
<br />
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), 2014. ISO 7000:2014 Graphical symbols for use on equipment- Registered symbols. Switzerland: ISO. <br /><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"><div style="margin-left:1.983cm;margin-right:0cm;"><br />
<div style="margin-left:0.212cm;margin-right:0cm;"></div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:0.212cm;margin-right:0cm;"></div><br />
<br />
[[Category:Clinical Services]]</div><br />
[[Category:ICU]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Suppress&diff=4701The HILLSIDE:Suppress2020-07-17T10:09:26Z<p>SheldonBole: 1 revision imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace try 3</p>
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<div>The suppress group is designed to eventually replace the oversight group, given that suppression is now the technical means through which revisions are hid, but until that happens both groups will continue to exist on all Wikimedia projects.<br />
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[[Category:Wikipedia user access levels]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Reference_desk_for_COVID-19_Infrastructure/ICU_Ventilation_for_COVID-19&diff=4691The HILLSIDE:Reference desk for COVID-19 Infrastructure/ICU Ventilation for COVID-192020-07-17T10:00:43Z<p>SheldonBole: 13 revisions imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Ventilation_and_COVID-19]]<br />
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This page has been moved and updated to reflect the broader developments in the knowledge base.</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Reference_desk_for_COVID-19_Infrastructure&diff=4677The HILLSIDE:Reference desk for COVID-19 Infrastructure2020-07-17T10:00:43Z<p>SheldonBole: 32 revisions imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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{| style="background-color: #f4f4f5; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: .3em; padding-right: .3em; padding-bottom: 1em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; width: 100%;"<br />
|- style="position:relative; top: 0; left: 0;"<br />
| style="vertical-align: middle;" | <span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">COVID-19 Infrastructure Reference Desk</span><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" | The '''Covid-19 reference desk''' works like a library [[wikipedia:reference desk|reference desk]]. Ask a question here and the volunteers will try to answer it.<br />
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Before asking a question, '''please try the search boxes at right''' to search the HILLSIDE as a whole. See also the [[Wikipedia:Reference desk/Guidelines|reference desk guidelines]].<br />
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[[Ventilation and COVID-19]]<br />
[[Category:COVID-19]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Reference_desk/Planning&diff=4644The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Planning2020-07-17T10:00:41Z<p>SheldonBole: 1 revision imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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<div>stub</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Reference_desk/Guidelines&diff=4642The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Guidelines2020-07-17T10:00:41Z<p>SheldonBole: 3 revisions imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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<div>{{stub}}</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Reference_desk/Engineering&diff=4638The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Engineering2020-07-17T10:00:41Z<p>SheldonBole: 1 revision imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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<div>stub</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Reference_desk/Clinical_services&diff=4636The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Clinical services2020-07-17T10:00:40Z<p>SheldonBole: 1 revision imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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<div>stub</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Reference_desk&diff=4634The HILLSIDE:Reference desk2020-07-17T10:00:40Z<p>SheldonBole: 13 revisions imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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{| style="background-color: #f4f4f5; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: .3em; padding-right: .3em; padding-bottom: 1em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; width: 100%;"<br />
|- style="position:relative; top: 0; left: 0;"<br />
| style="vertical-align: middle;" | <span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">'''The Hillside Reference Desk'''</span><br />
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| <br />
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| style="text-align:left;" | The '''reference desk''' works like a library reference desk.<br />
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{| style="text-align: center; background-color: #f4f4f5; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; width: 100%;"<br />
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| style="width: 25%;" |<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top: 3px; margin-bottom:-7px;"><br />
[[File:P Catalog_13-_Carrier_air_washers_and_humidifiers-_applied_to_public_office_and_industrial_buildings,_with_notes_on_humidity_(1913)_(14775897621).jpg|92x92px|link=The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Engineering|Engineering reference desk]]<br />
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| style="width: 25%;" |<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top: 3px; margin-bottom:-7px;"><br />
[[File:Scott-blake-Vn5uB2EhoIo-unsplash.jpg|92x92px|link=The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Planning|Planning reference desk]]<br />
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| style="width: 25%;" |<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top: 3px; margin-bottom:-7px;"><br />
[[File:Fun Medical MGD.jpg|96x96px|link=The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Clinical services|Clinical services reference desk]]<br />
</div><br />
|-<br />
! [[The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Engineering|Engineering]]<br />
! [[The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Planning|Planning]]<br />
! [[The HILLSIDE:Reference desk/Clinical services|Clinical services]]<br />
|-<br />
| style="vertical-align:top;" |HVAC, information technology, electrical, gas services, and electronic<br />
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|}<br />
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[[Category:Reference Desk]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Privacy_policy&diff=4620The HILLSIDE:Privacy policy2020-07-17T10:00:29Z<p>SheldonBole: 5 revisions imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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<div>== Your Privacy ==<br />
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== WMF Privacy Policy ==<br />
See the Mediawiki Privacy Policy [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy here.]<br />
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<div>article stub<br />
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<div>Interface administrators are users who can edit all scripts and style pages in the Hillside namespace.</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:General_disclaimer&diff=4608The HILLSIDE:General disclaimer2020-07-17T10:00:29Z<p>SheldonBole: 1 revision imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
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<div><languages/><br />
{{TNT|MediaWiki.org policy}}<br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:1--><br />
This page describes how pages are deleted on MediaWiki.org.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:2--><br />
While some cases are clear-cut, there are <tvar|1>{{ll|Project:Schools of thought on deletion|a lot of grey areas}}</>.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:3--><br />
When in doubt, sysops are encouraged to solicit input from the community before making a deletion decision.<br />
<br />
== How pages are deleted == <!--T:4--><br />
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=== Administrators === <!--T:5--><br />
<br />
<!--T:6--><br />
Only administrators are able to delete pages.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:7--><br />
They also have the ability to restore pages that were deleted in error.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:8--><br />
Only pages that are candidates for speedy deletion should be deleted outright.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:9--><br />
Any pages whose deletion may be contentious should be flagged with the <tvar|delete>{{tlx|delete}}</> template instead.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:10--><br />
Pages flagged with the <tvar|delete>{{tlx|delete}}</> template should only be deleted after a minimum of a week has elapsed since the template was added, or longer if there is ongoing discussion.<br />
<br />
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Before deleting a page, check its history to ensure that reverting to an earlier version is not a more appropriate action, and the 'what links here' page to fix any links that will be broken by the deletion.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:12--><br />
Also, for pages with the <tvar|delete>{{tlx|delete}}</> tag, make sure you check the talk page to ensure that there are no valid objections to the deletion, or ongoing discussion about it.<br />
<br />
=== Other users === <!--T:13--><br />
<br />
<!--T:14--><br />
Other users cannot delete pages directly.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:15--><br />
To mark a page for deletion, add either {{<tvar|delete>tlx|delete</>|reason}} or {{<tvar|speedy>tlx|speedy</>|reason}} to the top of the page.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:16--><br />
<tvar|speedy>{{tlx|speedy}}</> should be used when the deletion is uncontentious (see below), and <tvar|delete>{{tlx|delete}}</> when you think there may be some disagreement about it.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:54--><br />
In both cases replace 'reason' with the reason you think the page should be deleted.<br />
<br />
<!--T:17--><br />
If you think a page has been deleted in error, please check the [[<tvar|special>Special:Log/delete</>|deletion log]] and contact the admin who deleted it directly.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:55--><br />
They may restore the deleted page if you can give a sufficiently persuasive argument to do so.<br />
<br />
== User pages == <!--T:18--><br />
<br />
=== What to immediately delete === <!--T:19--><br />
<br />
<!--T:20--><br />
* You may nominate your own user page, user talk page or any sub-pages of these for speedy deletion at any time.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:21--><br />
* User pages that contain only vandalism.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:22--><br />
* User pages that are just advertising (grey area here - some advertising ''may'' be relevant. If in doubt use a normal <tvar|delete>{{tlx|delete}}</> tag)</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:24--><br />
* User pages or user talk pages for non-logged-in users (e.g. User:127.0.0.1)</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:25--><br />
** However, if the page contains comments directed at the anonymous user you should leave it for at least a few days before deleting it.<br />
<br />
=== What not to delete === <!--T:26--><br />
<br />
<!--T:27--><br />
* Blanked pages (may have been created to stop red links in user name)<br />
<br />
=== What ''may'' need deleting === <!--T:28--><br />
<br />
<!--T:29--><br />
No policy has yet been made about the following types of pages, and so for the moment they should not be deleted.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
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However, there are arguments for and against the deletion of these types of pages.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
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Please discuss these issues on the talk page.<br />
<br />
<!--T:32--><br />
* Brief 'here I am' pages.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:33--><br />
* Longer biographies that make no mention of MW or involvement in wiki projects.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:34--><br />
* Pages that just link to their equivalent user page on another WMF wiki.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:35--><br />
* Pages that just link to their equivalent user page on another non-WMF wiki.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:36--><br />
* Pages that ''appear'' to be dealing with an unrelated project.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:37--><br />
* Test pages.<br />
<br />
== Other pages == <!--T:38--><br />
<br />
=== What to immediately delete === <!--T:39--><br />
<br />
<!--T:40--><br />
* Spam, vandalism, off-topic pages.</translate> <translate><!--T:41--> See <tvar|1>{{ll|Project:About}}</> for details.</translate> <translate><!--T:42--> If in doubt use the <tvar|delete>{{tlx|delete}}</> tag instead.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:43--><br />
* Copyright infringements.<br />
<br />
=== What not to delete === <!--T:44--><br />
<br />
<!--T:45--><br />
* Pages about old versions/deprecated functions of MediaWiki.</translate> <translate><!--T:46--> There are still people using older versions and this information is valuable.</translate> <translate><!--T:47--><br />
These pages should be marked with the <tvar|obsolete>{{tlx|obsolete}}</> or <tvar|historical>{{tlx|historical}}</> tag instead.<br />
<br />
== Images == <!--T:48--><br />
<br />
<!--T:49--><br />
* If an image appears useful to the project, but is not currently used on any page, add the following tag to the image page: <tvar|unused>{{tlx|Unused file|<nowiki>~~~~~</nowiki>}}</> (note 5 tildes!).</translate> <translate><!--T:50--> This will add a dated tag to the page indicating that it is not used, and put it in <tvar|cat>[[:Category:Unused files]]</>.</translate> <translate><!--T:51--> For the time being these will be kept, unless a consensus is reached that they should be deleted.</translate><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:52--><br />
* Aside from that, the above rules tend to apply.<br />
<br />
== See also == <!--T:53--><br />
</translate><br />
* [[Template:delete]]<br />
** [[:Category:Candidates for deletion]]<br />
* [[Template:speedy]]<br />
** [[:Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]]<br />
* [[Project:Schools of thought on deletion]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Policy{{#translation:}}|Deletion]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Criteria_for_inclusion&diff=4604The HILLSIDE:Criteria for inclusion2020-07-17T10:00:28Z<p>SheldonBole: 1 revision imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
<hr />
<div>The Hillside is a repository of useful information and guidance relating to Healthcare Infrastructure. The definition of what is useful is not easy to define. It is, therefore, easier to define what The Hillside is not.<br />
Articles that fit into one of the categories below should be tagged for any glaring issues that need attention.<br />
<br />
== Things that The Hillside is not: ==<br />
=== The Hillside is not an Encyclopedia ===<br />
Just because you can write about it does not mean that you should. Articles should be an easily accessible summary of accepted knowledge of the topic and should reference publically available information as primary citations.<br />
<br />
=== The Hillside is not a publisher of private or original thought ===<br />
Personal inventions or essays should not be promoted here. Keep discussions to the point. Requests for information should be posted in the relevant reference desk</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Bureaucrats&diff=4602The HILLSIDE:Bureaucrats2020-07-17T10:00:28Z<p>SheldonBole: 1 revision imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
<hr />
<div><languages /><br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:1--><br />
'''Bureaucrats''' are users with the technical ability to:<br />
</translate><br />
[[Image:MediaWiki_bureaucrat.svg|thumb]]<br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:2--><br />
*promote other users to [[<tvar|admin>Special:MyLanguage/Project:Administrators</>|administrator]], translation administrator, or bureaucrat status;<br />
*grant and revoke the ability to transwiki pages;<br />
*grant and revoke the ability to import pages via file upload; and<br />
*grant and revoke an account's bot status.<br />
<br />
<!--T:3--><br />
Bureaucrats do not have the ability to remove admin rights from users or to grant further levels of access. Such user right changes must be done by [[<tvar|meta-stew>m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards</>|stewards]].<br />
<br />
==See also== <!--T:4--><br />
</translate><br />
*[[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat]] - <translate><!--T:5--> list of all users who have bureaucrat permissions</translate><br />
*[[Special:Log/rights]] - <translate><!--T:6--> log of changes to user rights</translate><br />
*[[Special:Log/renameuser]] - <translate><!--T:7--> log of username changes</translate><br />
*{{ll|Project:Administrators}}<br />
<translate><br />
<!--T:8--><br />
*[[<tvar|pr-stew>m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards</>|Project:Stewards]]<br />
*[[<tvar|pr-dev>Special:MyLanguage/Developers</>|Project:Developers]]<br />
</translate><br />
*[[Project:Requests]] - <translate><!--T:9--> request rights here.</translate><br />
<br />
{{TNT|User groups}}</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=The_HILLSIDE:Bots&diff=4600The HILLSIDE:Bots2020-07-17T10:00:25Z<p>SheldonBole: 3 revisions imported: Fixing The_Hillside namespace</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Bots''' are automated tools that can be used to perform tedious work or certain repetitive tasks related to a wiki.<br />
<br />
An {{ll|Manual:IRC RC Bot|IRC RC Bot}} can post recent changes to your wiki on an IRC channel.<br />
<br />
[[w:WP:CREATEBOT|WP:CREATEBOT]] has information on many bot frameworks, written in various programming languages, that can be used to edit wikis through the [[API]].<br />
<br />
Because a bot can make hundreds or even thousands of edits per hour or minute, thus flooding recent changes, [[<tvar|man>Special:MyLanguage/Manual:User rights</>|user rights]] should be configured to allow bots to be given a special user right that will prevent their edits from appearing in the default recent changes feed.<br />
<br />
As this could cause thousands of incorrect or malicious bot edits to go unnoticed for a long time, this right should only be given to bots operated by trusted users. <br />
<br />
Bots can be used for helpful purposes, such as fixing [[double redirect]]s, or for harmful purposes, such as [[m:Vandalbot|vandalism]] and [[spamming]] (see also {{ll|Manual:Combating spam|Combating spam}}).<br />
<br />
The 'bot' permission may also be temporarily granted to human editors flooding Recent Changes (e.g. using [[w:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AutoWikiBrowser]]).<br />
<br />
On Wikimedia Foundation wikis, the 'flooder' or 'flood' flag gives non-bot users the 'bot' permission.<br />
<br />
== Bot right, group, and flag == <br />
<br />
:''From September 2012 [<tvar|url>https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2012-September/063572.html</> wikitech-l thread]''<br />
<br />
=== The "bot" user right === <br />
<br />
This is the right that grants the user the ability to perform an edit with a "bot" flag.<br />
<br />
Facts:<br />
<br />
* Not all users with this right are "bots".<br />
* The flag can be toggled on a per-edit basis. Bot software will activate this flag. But an account can be used by humans and bot software simultaneously.<br />
A dedicated bot account will typically have all its edits bot-flagged, but other users may contribute regularly and also run a bot from time to time with their credentials.<br />
<br />
=== The "bot" user group === <br />
<br />
This user group is available in MediaWiki by default to grant a user the bot right (because user management goes by groups, not rights.<br />
To grant a user the bot right, one adds the user to a group that provides that right).<br />
<br />
Facts:<br />
<br />
* Group membership can change over time. There are many bot-flagged edits by users that are no longer in a user group providing the bot right. Likewise there are many edits not bot-flagged by users that now have the bot right (which they may or may not use for each edit).<br />
* Not all bots are a member of this group (there are other groups that provide this right, sysop, for example).<br />
<br />
=== The "bot" flag === <br />
<br />
<br />
This is the only reliable factor.<br />
This indicates most accurately that the edit was intended as bot edit (and that the user could do so because they had the bot user right when the edit was made).<br />
<br />
It is especially reliable because the data is stored with the edit, not calculated afterwards, so it isn't affected by the user's group memberships at query time.<br />
<br />
However it has one catch: The data is only stored in the recentchanges table, from which it expires after 30 days.<br />
<br />
This may be why this best way is also the least common way to categorize bot edits in analytics (unless only covering recent data).<br />
<br />
The bot flag could/should be stored in the revision table, thus making it permanently available (<tvar|bug>{{task|T19237}}</>).<br />
<br />
== See also == <br />
<br />
* {{ll|Manual:Creating a bot}}<br />
* {{ll|API:User_group_membership}} - API for adding an account to the bot group.<br />
* {{ll|Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot}} - A [[w:Python (programming language)|Python]] bot framework with a multitude of available [[Manual:Pywikipediabot/Scripts|scripts]].<br />
* {{ll|Manual:Chris G's botclasses}} - A [[w:PHP|PHP]] bot framework.<br />
<br />
* On [[w:|Wikipedia]]:<br />
<br />
** [[w:Wikipedia:Bots/Status#Active_bots|Wikipedia's Bots page]] - Can give you some ideas for the type of bots you may want to use on your wiki (inactive; retained for historical purposes)<br />
<br />
* [[m:Bot|Bot]] on [[m:|Meta]]<br />
<br />
* {{ll|Help:Bots}}<br />
* {{ll|Manual:Edit throttling}}</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Sandbox&diff=4549Sandbox2020-07-16T11:11:48Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Page in progress}}<br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=600|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|type=rect|x=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8|y=10,12,6,14,2,10,7,9}}<br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=100|height=100|type=pie|legend=Legende<br />
|x=A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I|y1=100,200,150,300,100,100,150,50,200<br />
|y2=7,8,9,8,8,9,10,9,5|showValues=}}<br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=400|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|legend=Legend|type=stackedarea|x=1,2,3,4,5,6|y1=10,12,6,14,2,10<br />
|y2=2,4,6,8,13,11|interpolate=monotone|colors=seagreen,orchid}}<br />
<br />
=some other section=<br />
[[File:Climate zones of Southern Africa.png|alt=Climate zones of Southern Africa|thumb|'''Climate zones of Southern Africa''']]<br />
<br /><br />
this is a test<br />
this is a test page on cycling<br />
edit 1<br />
edit 2<br />
35 ab<br />
<br />
This sentence shows the template used at the end.{{citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
See how to use Cite: ->https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite#book_referencing<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="6" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="center" /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="8" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="right" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
<br />
<maplink zoom="13" latitude="37.8103" longitude="-122.3995" /><br />
<br />
The Sun is pretty big.<ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> The Moon, however, is not so big.<ref>R. Smith, "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 46 (April 1978): 44–6.</ref><br />
<br />
This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref><br />
<br />
Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple" /> Any reused tag should not contain extra content, that will spawn an error. Only use empty tags in this role.<br />
<br />
A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end. Although this may reduce redundant work, please be aware that if a future editor removes the first reference, this will result in the loss of all references using the empty ref tags.<ref name="multiple" /><br />
<br />
According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big <ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> In fact, it is very big <ref group="footnotes"> Take their word for it. Don't look directly at the sun!</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="footnotes" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Template:Page_in_progress&diff=4548Template:Page in progress2020-07-16T11:10:52Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
<languages /><br />
</noinclude>{{#switch:<br />
| =<br />
{{mbox<br />
| type = notice<br />
| style = border: 1px solid #9f9fff; background: #efefff; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .6em 1em .6em 1em; text-align: center;<br />
| image = [[File:Under construction icon-blue.svg|left|45px|link=]]<br />
| text = <big>'''This {{{1|page}}} is in progress'''</big><br /><div style="font-size:85%">{{{2| Please check back later for additional changes.}}}</div><br />
}}<includeonly>[[Category:Under construction]]</includeonly><br />
| #default=<br />
{{#invoke:Template translation|renderTranslatedTemplate|template=Template:Page in progress|noshift=1|uselang={{int:lang}}}}<br />
}}<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
</noinclude></div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Template:Page_in_progress/doc&diff=4547Template:Page in progress/doc2020-07-16T11:09:53Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Documentation subpage}}<br />
<!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --><br />
<br />
<templatedata><br />
{<br />
"params": {},<br />
"description": "Marks the page as being in progress.",<br />
"format": "inline"<br />
}<br />
</templatedata><br />
<br />
Pages where this template is used are automatically placed in the category [[:Category:Under construction|Under construction]].<br />
<!--See also [[Template:Under construction]].--><br />
== Usage ==<br />
To use this, place {{template|Page in progress}} on a page.<br />
<br />
<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||<br />
<!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --><br />
[[Category:Article message templates]]<br />
}}</includeonly></div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Sandbox&diff=4486Sandbox2020-07-15T13:48:25Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Page in progress}}<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="6" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="center" /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="8" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="right" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
<br />
<maplink zoom="13" latitude="37.8103" longitude="-122.3995" /><br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=600|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|type=rect|x=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8|y=10,12,6,14,2,10,7,9}}<br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=100|height=100|type=pie|legend=Legende<br />
|x=A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I|y1=100,200,150,300,100,100,150,50,200<br />
|y2=7,8,9,8,8,9,10,9,5|showValues=}}<br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=400|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|legend=Legend|type=stackedarea|x=1,2,3,4,5,6|y1=10,12,6,14,2,10<br />
|y2=2,4,6,8,13,11|interpolate=monotone|colors=seagreen,orchid}}<br />
<br />
=some other section=<br />
[[File:Climate zones of Southern Africa.png|alt=Climate zones of Southern Africa|thumb|'''Climate zones of Southern Africa''']]<br />
<br /><br />
this is a test<br />
this is a test page on cycling<br />
edit 1<br />
edit 2<br />
35 ab<br />
<br />
This sentence shows the template used at the end.{{citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
See how to use Cite: ->https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite#book_referencing<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The Sun is pretty big.<ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> The Moon, however, is not so big.<ref>R. Smith, "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 46 (April 1978): 44–6.</ref><br />
<br />
This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref><br />
<br />
Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple" /> Any reused tag should not contain extra content, that will spawn an error. Only use empty tags in this role.<br />
<br />
A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end. Although this may reduce redundant work, please be aware that if a future editor removes the first reference, this will result in the loss of all references using the empty ref tags.<ref name="multiple" /><br />
<br />
According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big <ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> In fact, it is very big <ref group="footnotes"> Take their word for it. Don't look directly at the sun!</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="footnotes" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=File:Climate_zones_of_Southern_Africa.png&diff=4485File:Climate zones of Southern Africa.png2020-07-15T12:47:43Z<p>SheldonBole: Climate zones map of Southern Africa prepared by the CSIR as part of work done for the SANS10400XA national standard.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Climate zones map of Southern Africa prepared by the CSIR as part of work done for the SANS10400XA national standard.</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=COVID-19_South_African_National_Guideline_Repository&diff=4418COVID-19 South African National Guideline Repository2020-07-14T08:22:10Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expand}}<br />
<br />
Below is a table linking to available guidelines at national and provincial levels policies and guideline focusing on facility/site closures in case of HCW infection with COVID19 and/or [[wikipedia:Transmission_(medicine)#Iatrogenic|iatrogenic transmission]] of COVID19 within facilities<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|'''Document'''<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>'''Author'''<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>'''Date'''<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.saiosh.co.za/resource/resmgr/docs/2020/20_2020_v4._guidance_on_vuln.pdf Guidance on vulnerable employees and workplace accommodation in relation to COVID-19] {{Dubious}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NDoH<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>May 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202006/43400rg11128gon639.pdf Consolidated COVID-19 Direction on Health and Safety in the Workplace]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>SA Gazette {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>June 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[http://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Cleaning-guidelines-for-workplaces12-June-2020.docx.pdf Guidance on routine and deep cleaning of workplaces when COVID-19 positive cases have been identified]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NHLS, NIOH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>June 202<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>0<br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Clinical-management-of-suspected-or-confirmed-COVID-19-Version-4.pdf Clinical management of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 disease] <font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Clinical-management-of-suspected-or-confirmed-COVID-19-Version-4.pdf Version 4] {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NDoH, NICD {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>May 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/COVID-19-Worker-Risk-Assessment-guide.pdf Worker COVID-19 Risk Assessment Guide]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NDoH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>April 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/COVID-HCW-SURVEILLANCE-Report-Week-24-final_revised.docx.pdf COVID-19 Sentinel Hospital Surveillance Weekly Updat]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/COVID-HCW-SURVEILLANCE-Report-Week-24-final_revised.docx.pdf e on Hospitalized HCWs] {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NHLS, NICD, NI<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>OH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>June 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202003/43126gen193.pdf Compensation for Occupationally-Acquired Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19)] {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>SA Gazette {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>March 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.labourguide.co.za/workshop/1773-covid-19-guideline-mar2020/file Workplace Preparedness: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-19 virus) Guidel]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.labourguide.co.za/workshop/1773-covid-19-guideline-mar2020/file ines]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>Dept Labour {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>March 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Guidance-for-symptom-monitoring-and-management-of-essential-staff-with-COVID-19-related-illness-final-2.pdf Guidelines for symptom monitoring and management of essential workers for COVID-19 related infection]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NIDC, ND<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>oH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>March 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.samedical.org/files/covid19/doctor_resource/NDOH%20guidelines_positive_worker_19_May_20.pdf Guidance note for workplaces in the] <font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.samedical.org/files/covid19/doctor_resource/NDOH%20guidelines_positive_worker_19_May_20.pdf event of identification of a COVID-19 positive employee]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NDoH, NHLS, NIOH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>May 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Guidelines-for-Quarantine-and-Isolation-in-relation-to-COVID-19.pdf Guidelines for Quarantine and Isolation in relation to COVID-19]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> [https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Guidelines-for-Quarantine-and-Isolation-in-relation-to-COVID-19.pdf Exposure and Infection]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NICD, ND<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>oH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>May 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://mhsc.org.za/sites/default/files/public/publications/Annexure%203%20HSPractitioner%20guide_1May2020%20%28003%29.pdf HSPractitioner guide]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>M<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>HSC, NDoE&H Dept Labo<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>ur {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>May 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipc-guidelines-covid-19-version-2-21-may-2020.pdf COVID-19 Disease: Infection Prevention and Co]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipc-guidelines-covid-19-version-2-21-may-2020.pdf ntrol Guidelines Version 2]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NICD, ND<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>oH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>May 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/National-Infection-Prevention-and-Control-Strategic-Framework-March-2020-1.pdf National Infection Prevention and Control Strategic Framework]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NICD,<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> ND<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>oH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>March 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.idealhealthfacility.org.za/docs/Manuals-and-Handbooks/Practical%20Manual%20for%20implementation%20of%20the%20National%20IPC%20Strategic%20Framework%20March%202020.pdf Practical Manual for Implementation of the National Infection Prevention and Control Str]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.idealhealthfacility.org.za/docs/Manuals-and-Handbooks/Practical%20Manual%20for%20implementation%20of%20the%20National%20IPC%20Strategic%20Framework%20March%202020.pdf ategic Framework]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NDoH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>March 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PROVISION-OF-PSYCHOSOCIAL-SUPPORT-FOR-HEALTH-OFFICIALS-DURING-LOCKDOWN-PERIOD.pdf Provision of Psychosocial Support for Health Care Workers During Lockdown Per]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PROVISION-OF-PSYCHOSOCIAL-SUPPORT-FOR-HEALTH-OFFICIALS-DURING-LOCKDOWN-PERIOD.pdf iod]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NDoH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>March 2020<br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[http://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Reporting-line-for-HW-31-MARCH-2020.pdf Reporting Line for Health Workers wi]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[http://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Reporting-line-for-HW-31-MARCH-2020.pdf th Suspected/Confirmed COVID-19]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NHLS, NIOH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>March 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[http://www.nioh.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Risk-Assessment-Guideline_General-Workplaces_vf-010520.pdf Risk Assessment Template General Workplaces]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NIOH {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font> {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[http://www.labour.gov.za/DocumentCenter/Publications/Occupational%20Health%20and%20Safety/Final%20Employer%20Risk%20Assessment%201%20May%202020.pdf?platform=hootsuite Specialised health risk assessment f]<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[http://www.labour.gov.za/DocumentCenter/Publications/Occupational%20Health%20and%20Safety/Final%20Employer%20Risk%20Assessment%201%20May%202020.pdf?platform=hootsuite or workplaces]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>NDoH, Dept Labour {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>May 2020<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font><br />
|-<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>[https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202004/43257gon479.pdf COVID-19 Occupational Health and Safety Measures in Workplaces]<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>SA Gaze<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>tte {{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
|<font size="3" face="Times New Roman"></font>April 2020<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:COVID-19]]</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Sandbox&diff=4413Sandbox2020-07-14T06:20:49Z<p>SheldonBole: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Page in progress}}<br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="6" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="center" /><br />
|<mapframe latitude="-26" longitude="28" zoom="8" lang="en" width="400" height="300" align="right" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<mapframe latitude=-26 longitude=28 zoom=5 width=400 height=300 align=left /><br />
<br />
<maplink zoom="13" latitude="37.8103" longitude="-122.3995" /><br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=600|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|type=rect|x=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8|y=10,12,6,14,2,10,7,9}}<br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=100|height=100|type=pie|legend=Legende<br />
|x=A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I|y1=100,200,150,300,100,100,150,50,200<br />
|y2=7,8,9,8,8,9,10,9,5|showValues=}}<br />
<br />
{{Graph:Chart|width=400|height=100|xAxisTitle=X|yAxisTitle=Y<br />
|legend=Legend|type=stackedarea|x=1,2,3,4,5,6|y1=10,12,6,14,2,10<br />
|y2=2,4,6,8,13,11|interpolate=monotone|colors=seagreen,orchid}}<br />
<br />
=some other section=<br />
this is a test<br />
this is a test page on cycling<br />
edit 1<br />
edit 2<br />
35 ab<br />
<br />
This sentence shows the template used at the end.{{citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
See how to use Cite: ->https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite#book_referencing<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The Sun is pretty big.<ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> The Moon, however, is not so big.<ref>R. Smith, "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 46 (April 1978): 44–6.</ref><br />
<br />
This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref><br />
<br />
Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple" /> Any reused tag should not contain extra content, that will spawn an error. Only use empty tags in this role.<br />
<br />
A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end. Although this may reduce redundant work, please be aware that if a future editor removes the first reference, this will result in the loss of all references using the empty ref tags.<ref name="multiple" /><br />
<br />
According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big <ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23–5.</ref> In fact, it is very big <ref group="footnotes"> Take their word for it. Don't look directly at the sun!</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="footnotes" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&diff=4412Module:Yesno2020-07-14T06:10:05Z<p>SheldonBole: 43 revisions imported: Import Template:Page in progress</p>
<hr />
<div>-- Function allowing for consistent treatment of boolean-like wikitext input.<br />
-- It works similarly to the template {{yesno}}.<br />
<br />
return function (val, default)<br />
-- If your wiki uses non-ascii characters for any of "yes", "no", etc., you<br />
-- should replace "val:lower()" with "mw.ustring.lower(val)" in the<br />
-- following line.<br />
val = type(val) == 'string' and val:lower() or val<br />
if val == nil then<br />
return nil<br />
elseif val == true <br />
or val == 'yes'<br />
or val == 'y'<br />
or val == 'true'<br />
or val == 't'<br />
or val == 'on'<br />
or tonumber(val) == 1<br />
then<br />
return true<br />
elseif val == false<br />
or val == 'no'<br />
or val == 'n'<br />
or val == 'false'<br />
or val == 'f'<br />
or val == 'off'<br />
or tonumber(val) == 0<br />
then<br />
return false<br />
else<br />
return default<br />
end<br />
end</div>SheldonBolehttps://thehillside.info/index.php?title=Module:Template_translation&diff=4368Module:Template translation2020-07-14T06:10:05Z<p>SheldonBole: 90 revisions imported: Import Template:Page in progress</p>
<hr />
<div>local this = {}<br />
<br />
function this.checkLanguage(subpage, default)<br />
--[[Check first if there's an any invalid character that would cause the<br />
mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag function() to throw an exception:<br />
- all ASCII controls in [\000-\031\127],<br />
- double quote ("), sharp sign (#), ampersand (&), apostrophe ('),<br />
- slash (/), colon (:), semicolon (;), lower than (<), greater than (>),<br />
- brackets and braces ([, ], {, }), pipe (|), backslash (\\)<br />
All other characters are accepted, including space and all non-ASCII<br />
characters (including \192, which is invalid in UTF-8).<br />
--]]<br />
if mw.language.isValidCode(subpage) and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(subpage)<br />
--[[However "SupportedLanguages" are too restrictive, as they discard many<br />
valid BCP47 script variants (only because MediaWiki still does not<br />
define automatic transliterators for them, e.g. "en-dsrt" or<br />
"fr-brai" for French transliteration in Braille), and country variants,<br />
(useful in localized data, even if they are no longer used for<br />
translations, such as zh-cn, also useful for legacy codes).<br />
We want to avoid matching subpagenames containing any uppercase letter,<br />
(even if they are considered valid in BCP 47, in which they are<br />
case-insensitive; they are not "SupportedLanguages" for MediaWiki, so<br />
they are not "KnownLanguageTags" for MediaWiki).<br />
To be more restrictive, we exclude any character<br />
* that is not ASCII and not a lowercase letter, minus-hyphen, or digit,<br />
or does not start by a letter or does not finish by a letter or digit;<br />
* or that has more than 8 characters between hyphens;<br />
* or that has two hyphens;<br />
* or with specific uses in template subpages and unusable as languages.<br />
--]]<br />
or string.find(subpage, "^[%l][%-%d%l]*[%d%l]$") ~= nil<br />
and string.find(subpage, "[%d%l][%d%l][%d%l][%d%l][%d%l][%d%l][%d%l][%d%l][%d%l]") == nil<br />
and string.find(subpage, "%-%-") == nil<br />
and subpage ~= "doc"<br />
and subpage ~= "layout"<br />
and subpage ~= "sandbox"<br />
and subpage ~= "testcases"<br />
and subpage ~= "init"<br />
and subpage ~= "preload"<br />
then<br />
return subpage<br />
end<br />
-- Otherwise there's currently no known language subpage<br />
return default<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[Get the last subpage of an arbitrary page if it is a translation.<br />
To be used from templates.<br />
]]<br />
function this.getLanguageSubpage(frame)<br />
local title = frame and frame.args[1]<br />
if not title or title == '' then<br />
title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()<br />
end<br />
return this._getLanguageSubpage(title)<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[Get the last subpage of an arbitrary page if it is a translation.<br />
To be used from Lua.<br />
]]<br />
function this._getLanguageSubpage(title)<br />
if type(title) == 'string' then<br />
title = mw.title.new(title)<br />
end<br />
if not title then<br />
-- invalid title<br />
return mw.language.getContentLanguage():getCode()<br />
end<br />
--[[This code does not work in all namespaces where the Translate tool works.<br />
-- It works in the main namespace on Meta because it allows subpages there<br />
-- It would not work in the main namespace of English Wikipedia (but the<br />
-- articles are monolignual on that wiki).<br />
-- On Meta-Wiki the main space uses subpages and its pages are translated.<br />
-- The Translate tool allows translatng pages in all namespaces, even if<br />
-- the namespace officially does not have subpages.<br />
-- On Meta-Wiki the Category namespace still does not have subpages enabled,<br />
-- even if they would be very useful for categorizing templates, that DO have<br />
-- subpages (for documentatio and tstboxes pages). This is a misconfiguration<br />
-- bug of Meta-Wiki. The work-around is to split the full title and then<br />
-- get the last titlepart.<br />
local subpage = title.subpageText<br />
--]]<br />
local titleparts = mw.text.split(title.fullText, '/')<br />
local subpage = titleparts[#titleparts]<br />
return this.checkLanguage(subpage, mw.language.getContentLanguage():getCode())<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[Get the last subpage of the current page if it is a translation.<br />
]]<br />
function this.getCurrentLanguageSubpage()<br />
return this._getLanguageSubpage(mw.title.getCurrentTitle())<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[Get the first part of the language code of the subpage, before the '-'.<br />
]]<br />
function this.getMainLanguageSubpage()<br />
parts = mw.text.split( this.getCurrentLanguageSubpage(), '-' )<br />
return parts[1]<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[Get the last subpage of the current frame if it is a translation.<br />
Not used locally.<br />
]]<br />
function this.getFrameLanguageSubpage(frame)<br />
return this._getLanguageSubpage(frame:getParent():getTitle())<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[Get the language of the current page.<br />
Not used locally.<br />
]]<br />
function this.getLanguage()<br />
local subpage = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subpageText<br />
return this.checkLanguage(subpage, mw.language.getContentLanguage():getCode())<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[Get the language of the current frame.<br />
Not used locally.<br />
]]<br />
function this.getFrameLanguage(frame)<br />
local titleparts = mw.text.split(frame:getParent():getTitle(), '/')<br />
local subpage = titleparts[#titleparts]<br />
return this.checkLanguage(subpage, mw.language.getContentLanguage():getCode())<br />
end<br />
<br />
function this.title(namespace, basepagename, subpage)<br />
local message, title<br />
local pagename = basepagename<br />
if (subpage or '') ~= ''<br />
then<br />
pagename = pagename .. '/' .. subpage<br />
end<br />
local valid, title = xpcall(function()<br />
return mw.title.new(pagename, namespace) -- costly<br />
end, function(msg) -- catch undocumented exception (!?)<br />
-- thrown when namespace does not exist. The doc still<br />
-- says it should return a title, even in that case...<br />
message = msg<br />
end)<br />
if valid and title ~= nil and (title.id or 0) ~= 0<br />
then<br />
return title<br />
end<br />
return { -- "pseudo" mw.title object with id = nil in case of error<br />
prefixedText = pagename, -- the only property we need below<br />
message = message -- only for debugging<br />
}<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[If on a translation subpage (like Foobar/de), this function returns<br />
a given template in the same language, if the translation is available.<br />
Otherwise, the template is returned in its default language, without<br />
modification.<br />
This is aimed at replacing the current implementation of Template:TNTN.<br />
<br />
This version does not expand the returned template name: this solves the<br />
problem of self-recursion in TNT when translatable templates need themselves<br />
to transclude other translable templates (such as Tnavbar).<br />
]]<br />
function this.getTranslatedTemplate(frame, withStatus)<br />
local args = frame.args<br />
local pagename = args['template']<br />
<br />
--[[Check whether the pagename is actually in the Template namespace, or<br />
if we're transcluding a main-namespace page.<br />
(added for backward compatibility of Template:TNT)<br />
]]<br />
local title<br />
local namespace = args['tntns'] or ''<br />
if (namespace ~= '') -- Checks for tntns parameter for custom ns.<br />
then<br />
title = this.title(namespace, pagename) -- Costly<br />
else -- Supposes that set page is in ns10.<br />
namespace = 'Template'<br />
title = this.title(namespace, pagename) -- Costly<br />
if title.id == nil<br />
then -- not found in the Template namespace, assume the main namespace (for backward compatibility)<br />
namespace = ''<br />
title = this.title(namespace, pagename) -- Costly<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Get the last subpage and check if it matches a known language code.<br />
local subpage = args['uselang'] or ''<br />
if (subpage == '')<br />
then<br />
subpage = this.getCurrentLanguageSubpage()<br />
end<br />
if (subpage == '')<br />
then<br />
-- Check if a translation of the pagename exists in English<br />
local newtitle = this.title(namespace, pagename, 'en') -- Costly<br />
-- Use the translation when it exists<br />
if newtitle.id ~= nil<br />
then<br />
title = newtitle<br />
end<br />
else<br />
-- Check if a translation of the pagename exists in that language<br />
local newtitle = this.title(namespace, pagename, subpage) -- Costly<br />
if newtitle.id == nil<br />
then<br />
-- Check if a translation of the pagename exists in English<br />
newtitle = this.title(namespace, pagename, 'en') -- Costly<br />
end<br />
-- Use the translation when it exists<br />
if newtitle.id ~= nil<br />
then<br />
title = newtitle<br />
end<br />
end<br />
-- At this point the title should exist<br />
if withStatus then<br />
-- status returned to Lua function below<br />
return title.prefixedText, title.id ~= nil<br />
else<br />
-- returned directly to MediaWiki<br />
return title.prefixedText<br />
end<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[If on a translation subpage (like Foobar/de), this function renders<br />
a given template in the same language, if the translation is available.<br />
Otherwise, the template is rendered in its default language, without<br />
modification.<br />
This is aimed at replacing the current implementation of Template:TNT.<br />
<br />
Note that translatable templates cannot transclude themselves other<br />
translatable templates, as it will recurse on TNT. Use TNTN instead<br />
to return only the effective template name to expand externally, with<br />
template parameters also provided externally.<br />
]]<br />
function this.renderTranslatedTemplate(frame)<br />
local title, found = this.getTranslatedTemplate(frame, true)<br />
-- At this point the title should exist prior to performing the expansion<br />
-- of the template, otherwise render a red link to the missing page<br />
-- (resolved in its assumed namespace). If we don't tet this here, a<br />
-- script error would be thrown. Returning a red link is consistant with<br />
-- MediaWiki behavior when attempting to transclude inexistant templates.<br />
if not found then<br />
return '[[' .. title .. ']]'<br />
end<br />
<br />
-- Copy args pseudo-table to a proper table so we can feed it to expandTemplate.<br />
-- Then render the pagename.<br />
local args = frame.args<br />
local pargs = (frame:getParent() or {}).args<br />
local arguments = {}<br />
if (args['noshift'] or '') == ''<br />
then<br />
for k, v in pairs(pargs) do<br />
-- numbered args >= 1 need to be shifted<br />
local n = tonumber(k) or 0<br />
if (n > 0)<br />
then<br />
if (n >= 2)<br />
then<br />
arguments[n - 1] = v<br />
end<br />
else<br />
arguments[k] = v<br />
end<br />
end<br />
else -- special case where TNT is used as autotranslate<br />
-- (don't shift again what is shifted in the invokation)<br />
for k, v in pairs(pargs) do<br />
arguments[k] = v<br />
end<br />
end<br />
arguments['template'] = title -- override the existing parameter of the base template name supplied with the full name of the actual template expanded<br />
arguments['tntns'] = nil -- discard the specified namespace override<br />
arguments['uselang'] = args['uselang'] -- argument forwarded into parent frame<br />
arguments['noshift'] = args['noshift'] -- argument forwarded into parent frame<br />
<br />
return frame:expandTemplate{title = ':' .. title, args = arguments}<br />
end<br />
<br />
--[[A helper for mocking TNT in Special:TemplateSandbox. TNT breaks<br />
TemplateSandbox; mocking it with this method means templates won't be<br />
localized but at least TemplateSandbox substitutions will work properly.<br />
Won't work with complex uses.<br />
]]<br />
function this.mockTNT(frame)<br />
local pargs = (frame:getParent() or {}).args<br />
local arguments = {}<br />
for k, v in pairs(pargs) do<br />
-- numbered args >= 1 need to be shifted<br />
local n = tonumber(k) or 0<br />
if (n > 0)<br />
then<br />
if (n >= 2)<br />
then<br />
arguments[n - 1] = v<br />
end<br />
else<br />
arguments[k] = v<br />
end<br />
end<br />
if not pargs[1]<br />
then<br />
return ''<br />
end<br />
return frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Template:' .. pargs[1], args = arguments}<br />
end<br />
<br />
return this</div>SheldonBole